西花蓟马抗药性研究进展

西花蓟马是世界范围内蔬菜和花卉上的重要害虫之一,使用化学药剂是防治西花蓟马的主要手段,目前西花蓟马已对有机氯、有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯、阿维菌素和多杀菌素等多种杀虫剂产生了抗药性。本文从抗药性现状、抗性机制和抗性治理等几个方面介绍了国内外有关西花蓟马抗药性的研究进展。     

Inheritance of resistance to acrinathrin in Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

BACKGROUND: The western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is an economically important pest. The genetic basis of acrinathrin resistance was investigated in WFT. RESULTS: The resistant strain, selected in the laboratory for acrinathrin resistance from a pool of thrips populations collected in Almeria (south-eastern Spain), showed a high resistance to acrinathrin (43-fold based on LC(50) values) compared with the laboratory susceptible strain. Mortality data from reciprocal crosses of resistant and susceptible thrips indicated that resistance was autosomal and not influenced by maternal effects. Analysis of probit lines from the parental strains and reciprocal crosses showed that resistance was expressed as a codominant trait. To determine the number of genes involved, a direct test of monogenic inheritance based on the backcrosses suggested that resistance to acrinathrin was probably controlled by one locus. Another approach, which was based on phenotypic variances, showed n(E), or the minimum number of freely segregating genetic factors for the resistant strain, to be 0.79. CONCLUSION: The results showed that acrinathrin resistance in WFT was autosomal and not influenced by maternal effects, and was expressed as a codominant trait, probably controlled by one locus.     

Esterase inhibition by synergists in the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis

BACKGROUND: Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is among the most important crop pests in the south‐eastern region of Spain. Its increasing resistance to insecticides constitutes a serious problem, and understanding the mechanisms involved is therefore of great interest. Use of synergists to inhibit the enzymes involved in insecticide detoxification is widely used to determine their responsibility for insecticide resistance. However, they do not always act as intended or expected, and caution must be exercised when interpreting synergist results. RESULTS: Laboratory‐selected strains of WFT were used to analyse the effects of the synergists piperonyl butoxide (PBO), S,S,S‐tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) and methiocarb on total esterase activity. Significant differences were found, indicating esterase activity inhibition by DEF, a lower effect for methiocarb and a small inhibition of the activity by PBO. Esterase isoenzyme inhibition by these compounds showed a similar result; this assay revealed an extreme sensitivity of Triplet A (resistance‐associated esterases) to DEF. In an in vivo assay carried out with these compounds at different incubation times, only DEF caused posterior in vitro esterase activity inhibition, with a maximum effect 1 h after treatment. CONCLUSION: In this work, only DEF shows true synergistic inhibition of WFT esterases. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

西花蓟马传播病毒病的研究进展

西花蓟马［Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)］是一种世界性的重要农业害虫,目前在69个国家和地区已有报道。西花蓟马能以持久性的方式传播番茄斑萎病毒属(Tospovirus)的病毒,所传播病毒造成的经济损失远远大于其本身所造成的损失。因此,许多学者对西花蓟马及其传播的番茄斑萎病毒属病毒进行了大量研究。本文主要综述了近年来西花蓟马传播病毒的种类、番茄斑萎病毒属病毒的结构以及西花蓟马的传毒机制等方面的研究进展。     

西花蓟马天敌种类及主要种类的控害潜能

西花蓟马[Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)]是国际上备受关注的检疫性有害生物,近年来该虫分布范围不断扩大,对农作物、园林园艺植物的危害日趋加重,发挥天敌对该虫的自然控制作用已引起人们广泛重视。本文根据国内外研究报道,总结和记述了西花蓟马的天敌种类及其主要种类对西花蓟马的控制作用。西花蓟马的天敌约有60种,其中天敌昆虫50种,昆虫病原线虫5种,虫生真菌5种。同时,对主要天敌种类小花蝽、昆虫病原线虫和虫生真菌对西花蓟马的捕食寄生及控制潜力进行了阐述。     

阿维菌素与三种杀虫剂对西花蓟马的联合毒力

阿维菌素是防治西花蓟马的常用药剂,为筛选出对西花蓟马具有增效作用的阿维菌素与其他药剂的混配组合,采用浸叶法测定了阿维菌素、毒死蜱、吡虫啉和吡蚜酮等药剂对西花蓟马2龄若虫的毒力,并通过共毒因子法和共毒系数法分别确定了最佳药剂配伍和最佳复配比例。结果表明,阿维菌素与毒死蜱复配表现出明显的增效作用;阿维菌素与毒死蜱比值为2∶8与8∶2时,增效作用最显著;阿维菌素与吡蚜酮、吡虫啉均表现出拮抗作用。     

Effectiveness of insecticide-treated and non-treated trap plants for the management of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in greenhouse ornamentals

The effectiveness of trap cropping as an integrated control strategy against western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), was explored in potted chrysanthemum, Dendranthema grandiflora (Tzvelev), greenhouse crops. The efficacy of flowering chrysanthemum trap plants, either treated with the insecticide spinosad or untreated, to regulate F. occidentalis populations was tested at different spatial scales (small cage, large cage and commercial greenhouse) and for different time periods (1 or 4 weeks). It was demonstrated that flowering chrysanthemums as trap plants lower the number of adult F. occidentalis in a vegetative chrysanthemum crop and, as a result, reduce crop damage. In the 4 week large-cage trial and the commercial trial, significant differences between the control and the trap plant treatments started to appear in the third week of the experiment. Larvae were only significantly reduced by the presence of trap plants in the 1 week small-cage trials. There were no significant differences between treatments with spinosad-treated and untreated trap plants in the number of F. occidentalis on the crop. This suggests that there was minimal movement of adult F. occidentalis back and forth between the trap plants and the crop to feed and oviposit. It is concluded that the trap plant strategy is a useful tool for integrated pest management against F. occidentalis in greenhouses.     

Resistance to spinosad in the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), in greenhouses of south-eastern Spain

Susceptibility to spinosad of western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), from south-eastern Spain was determined. LC(50) values of the field populations without previous exposure to spinosad collected in Murcia in 2001 and 2002 ranged from 0.005 to 0.077 mg L(-1). The populations collected in Almeria in 2003 in greenhouses were resistant to spinosad (LC(50) > 54 mg L(-1)) compared with the authors' highly susceptible laboratory strain. The highly sensitive laboratory strain leads to very high resistance ratios for the field populations (>13 500), but these ratios do not necessarily mean resistance problems and control failures (spinosad field rate 90-120 mg L(-1)). The populations collected in Murcia from some greenhouses in 2004 were also resistant to spinosad (RF > 3682). Spinosad overuse, with more than ten applications per crop, produced these resistant populations in some greenhouses. Spinosad showed no cross-resistance to acrinathrin, formetanate or methiocarb in laboratory strains selected for resistance towards each insecticide. Correlation analysis indicated no cross-resistance among spinosad and the other three insecticides in 13 field populations and in nine laboratory strains. The synergists piperonyl butoxide (PBO), S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) and diethyl maleate (DEM) did not enhance the toxicity of spinosad to the resistant strains, indicating that metabolic-mediated detoxification was not responsible for the spinosad resistance. These findings suggest that rotation with spinosad may be an effective resistance management strategy.     

Relationship between esterase activity and acrinathrin and methiocarb resistance in field populations of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis

The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a serious pest in the south-east of Spain owing to its direct feeding on crops, transmission of the tomato spotted wilt virus and its very high level of resistance to insecticides. Mechanisms of resistance were examined using field populations of F. occidentalis with different susceptibilities to acrinathrin, methiocarb (selective insecticides), endosulfan, metamidophos and deltamethrin (broad-spectrum insecticides). Esterase activity towards alpha-naphthyl acetate and p-nitrophenyl acetate in resistant strains was significantly higher than in the reference strain (MLFOM) for both model substrates. This higher activity was significantly correlated with acrinathrin and methiocarb resistance.     

Compatibility of spinosad with predaceous mites (Acari) used to control Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

BACKGROUND: Spinosad is a biopesticide widely used for control of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). It is reported to be non‐toxic to several predatory mite species used for the biological control of thrips. Predatory mites Typhlodromips montdorensis (Schicha), Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) and Hypoaspis miles (Berlese) have been used for control of F. occidentalis. This study investigated the impact of direct and residual toxicity of spinosad on F. occidentalis and predatory mites. The repellency of spinosad residues to these predatory mites was also investigated. RESULTS: Direct contact to spinosad effectively reduced the number of F. occidentalis adults and larvae, causing > 96% mortality. Spinosad residues aged 2–96 h were also toxic to F. occidentalis. Direct exposure to spinosad resulted in > 90% mortality of all three mite species. Thresholds for the residual toxicity (contact) of spinosad (LT₂₅) were estimated as 4.2, 3.2 and 5.8 days for T. montdorensis, N. cucumeris and H. miles respectively. When mites were simultaneously exposed to spinosad residues and fed spinosad‐intoxicated thrips larvae, toxicity increased. Residual thresholds were re‐estimated as 5.4, 3.9 and 6.1 days for T. montdorensis, N. cucumeris and H. miles respectively. Residues aged 2–48 h repelled T. montdorensis and H. miles, and residues aged 2–24 h repelled N. cucumeris. CONCLUSION: Predatory mites can be safely released 6 days after spinosad is applied for the management of F. occidentalis. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

西花蓟马在中国的适生性分布研究初报

根据西花蓟马生物学及生态学特性的研究,利用地理信息系统ArcView 3.2分析预测了该虫在中国可能适生分布范围。结果表明,西花蓟马在中国可能的最适宜分布范围大体在16.53-30.77°N,97.85-121.9°E范围内,涉及华南、西南、华东地区的11个省(自治区、市)的123个县(市或地区);潜在适宜分布范围大体在25.43-48.77°N,75.23-132.96°E范围内,涉及华东、华南、西南、华中、西北、华北共28个省(自治区、直辖市)的468个县(市或地区)。     

应用实验种群生命表评价巴氏新小绥螨对西花蓟马的控制能力

以西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)(Thysanoptera,Thripidae)一龄若虫为猎物组建巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri(Hughes)(Acari:Phytoseiidae)实验种群生命表,获得净生殖力Ro=27.37,世代平均历期T=22.17天,内禀增长率rm=0.15,周限增长率λ=1.16,种群倍增所需时间t=4.64天等参数。将获得参数值与西花蓟马的相关参数值进行比较,巴氏新小绥螨瞬间增长率大于西花蓟马的瞬间增长率(0.14),雌成螨日取食7～12头西花蓟马一龄若虫,表明巴氏新小绥螨可以作为控制西花蓟马种群数量的有效天敌。     

Verbena × hybrida flower volatiles attractive to Western flower thrips,Frankliniella occidentalis

Western flower thrips (WFT) are attracted to three flowering verbena cultivars. The volatile components of these cultivars contain different enantiomers of linalool oxide which have been synthesised and one shown to be attractive to WFT.     

Addition of alarm pheromone to insecticides and the possible improvement of the control of the western flower thrips,Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

This study represents the first attempt to improve insecticide contact using the dodecyl acetate component of the alarm pheromone of the western flower thrips ( Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande ). Dodecyl acetate dissolved in ethanol was added to both fipronil and maldison and used in three spray applications (7 days apart) against field infestations of F. occidentalis on strawberries in two separate trials. Fipronil alone was highly effective against larvae and to a lesser extent against adults; however, the addition of dodecyl acetate did not significantly enhance thrips mortality. Although maldison was significantly less effective against adults and larvae, the larval mortality rate was significantly increased with the addition of dodecyl acetate. In one trial, dodecyl acetate applied on its own caused a significant reduction in larval numbers. Frequent insecticide applications are recommended for control of F. occidentalis in Australia because of the short-term effectiveness of most insecticides. This may hasten the development of insecticide resistance, which is already evident in F. occidentalis populations across the continent. Hence, either cultural methods, biological control agents or more effective chemicals need to be identified. This study has shown that there is potential for dodecyl acetate to enhance insecticide control of F. occidentalis .     

Evaluation of medium treatments for management of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thripidae: Thysanoptera) and Bradysia coprophila (Diptera: Sciaridae)

Two greenhouse experiments, each comprising two trials, were conducted to evaluate medium drenches of insect growth regulators and conventional insecticides to reduce emergence of adult western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), and fungus gnats, Bradysia coprophila (Lintner) from the medium. In the insect growth regulator trials, diflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen provided the greatest reduction in thrips emergence, and fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen and azadirachtin resulted in the most significant reduction of fungus gnat emergence. Treatments with the contact insecticides, methiocarb and chlorpyrifos, resulted in the greatest reduction of thrips and fungus gnat populations. These data suggest that fungus gnats are susceptible to many compounds used in commercial greenhouse production. Even though medium drenches are not currently used for thrips management, drenches with diflubenzuron, pyriproxyfen, methiocarb and chlorpyrifos could aid in reducing thrips populations in greenhouse management programs. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

基于生物防治的西花蓟马治理及思考

西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)是世界性的大害虫,对温室中蔬菜花卉造成巨大的危害。20世纪70年代后在世界范围内广泛而迅速地传播蔓延,近年入侵中国。西花蓟马对农药产生了广泛的抗性,使得生物防治一直作为其综合治理中的主导措施。本文综述了世界上西花蓟马生物防治的现状,以期为中国西花蓟马的治理提供一定的借鉴作用。     

西花蓟马对不同寄主植物的选择及嗅觉行为反应

为比较西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis对不同寄主植物的选择性,本研究采用罩笼法观察了西花蓟马对8种不同蔬菜寄主植物(茄子、甘蓝、辣椒、黄瓜、莴笋、番茄、芹菜、香菜)的选择性,并使用"Y"形嗅觉仪评价了西花蓟马对不同蔬菜的嗅觉行为反应.结果 表明,在8种不同蔬菜寄主植物中,西花蓟马对茄子、甘蓝...