The In Vitro Activity of 15 Antimicrobial Agents against Bacterial Isolates from Dogs

The in vitro activity of 15 antimicrobial agents against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pasteurella spp. and Streptococcus canis from dogs was investigated. For Staphylococcus spp., the highest frequency of resistance was observed for penicillin, followed by ampicillin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol. The highest frequency of resistance in E. coli isolates was recorded for tetracycline and streptomycin. Pasteurella spp. and S. canis had the highest resistance rate for tetracycline and chloramphenicol. Most isolates showed full susceptibility to low-level resistance to colistin, florfenicol and fluoroquinolones. Further studies using larger number of isolates from both healthy and diseased dogs would provide a broader picture of antimicrobial resistance at a national level and promote prudent use of antimicrobial agents in companion animals.     

In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Sarafloxacin against Clinical Isolates of Bacteria Pathogenic to Fish

Abstract

An in vitro susceptibility assay of sarafloxacin (A-56620), a new 4-quinolone, was performed against five important bacterial species that are pathogenic to fish. A collection of 44 clinical isolates and five corresponding type strains were included in the study. The objectives were to determine the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of sarafloxacin by a drug microdilution method and to compare the MIC values at two different temperatures, 4 and 15°C. Sarafloxacin was active against all species tested and showed the following mean MIC values at 15 and 4°C, respectively, against the bacterial pathogens investigated: Aeromonas salmonicida subspecies salmonicida, 0.029 and 0.045 μg/mL; atypical A. salmonicida, 0.053 and 0.041 μg/mL; Vibrio anguillarum, 0.085 and 0.054 μg/mL; V. salmonicida, 0.125 and 0.123 μg/mL; and Yersinia ruckeri, 0.023 and 0.031 μg/mL. The MICs ranged from 0.0025 μg/mL (or less) for two strains of A. salmonicida salmonicida to 0.32 μg/mL for one strain of atypical A. salmonicida and one strain of V anguillarum. A decrease in antimicrobial activity was observed as the incubation temperature was lowered from 15 to 4°C; however, no significant statistical difference between the measured values was demonstrated.     

18种抗菌药物对绵羊肺炎支原体和丝状支原体分离株的抗菌活性

应用微量法测定了18种常用抗菌药物对绵羊肺炎支原体分离株HD1-goat和丝状支原体分离株XT1-goat的抗菌活性.结果表明,喹诺酮类药物及盐酸多西环素、酒石酸泰乐菌素对两个分离株均有很高的抗菌活性;硫氰酸红霉素对分离株HD1-goat无抑制生长作用,但对分离株XT1-goat有很高的抑制和杀灭活性;氨基糖苷类药物和...     

Escherichia coli Isolates from Young Calves in Bavaria: In Vitro Susceptibilities to 14 Anti‐microbial Agents

During the occasional testing of Escherichiacoli from faecal samples of young calves we observed multi‐resistant isolates. Because of the significance of E. coli as an indicator bacterium for resistance trends we tested E. coli populations of young calves over a longer period. Here we present the results of a retrospective study comparing isolates from 1998 to 2000. Moreover, we compared, in a clinical study, the resistance rates of E. coli populations from 67 hospitalized calves both before and after hospitalization (with or without anti‐microbial therapy), and with their anamnestic data of antibiotic usage. The highest resistance rates were found to be more than 80% for tetracyclines, ampicillin, sulfonamide/trimethoprim combinations, and chloramphenicol. A significant increase or decrease over the years was not observed. In analysing the data of hospitalized calves, an increase of resistance to some anti‐microbials had to be registered that seemed to be connected with the selective pressure due to agents used in the clinic. In comparing anamnestic data and resistance rates it became obvious that reliable data are not easily available and that a number of potential anti‐microbial influence factors have to be taken into account.     

不同灌注剂对动物血管灌注效果的实验研究

为了探讨动物尸体血管灌注的最佳方法和效果,笔者用红色墨水、蓝色墨水、医用红汞、甲紫蓝、红色油画颜料及蓝色油画颜料六种不同的血管灌注剂对兔子尸体进行灌注实验。结果显示红色油画颜料与蓝色墨水灌注的效果最佳。良好的灌注效果对动物血管的解剖与观察以及动物标本的制作、解剖和血管疾病的研究有重要意义。     

动物源性链球菌红霉素耐药基因的分布

致病性链球菌可导致人和动物的各种化脓性疾病、肺炎、乳腺炎、败血症等，且部分致病性链球菌是重要的人畜共患病病原，对人畜健康均造成极大危害，已引起高度重视。大环内酯类抗生素作为青霉素药物的替代药物是治疗致病性链球菌感染的有效药物。国内外对人医重要的链球菌诸如肺炎球菌、化脓性链球菌的研究表明，临床分离株对大环内酯类抗生素的耐药率较高，     

Comparative In Vitro Activity of 16 Antimicrobial Agents Against Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae

Sixteen antimicrobial agents were tested for their activity against 68 isolates of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae by determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Ceftiofur and the fluoroquinolones danofloxacin and enrofloxacin were the most active compounds, with a MIC for 90% of the isolates (MIC₉₀) of 0.05 µg/ml. The MIC₉₀ values of benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin and aspoxicillin were 0.78 units/ml, 0.39 µg/ml and 0.05 µg/ml, respectively. Three isolates (4.4%) were resistant to penicillins, but aspoxicillin was as active as ceftiofur against the susceptible isolates, with MICs of 0.05 µg/ml for all isolates. Resistance to oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol occurred in 22 (32.4%), 14 (20.6%) and 15 (22.1%) of the isolates, respectively. Doxycycline was more active than oxytetracycline, with a MIC₉₀ of 1.56 µg/ml as against 25 µg/ml. Florfenicol was not only as active as thiamphenicol, with a MIC for 50% of the isolates (MIC₅₀) of 0.39 µg/ml, but also active against thiamphenicol-resistant isolates. All the isolates were susceptible to florfenicol. All the isolates were also susceptible to gentamicin, spectinomycin, tilmicosin, colistin and tiamulin. Of these, spectinomycin was the least active, with a MIC₅₀ of 25 µg/ml, followed by tiamulin, with a MIC₅₀ of 6.25 µg/ml. Of the 68 isolates tested, 49 (72.0%) were of serotype 2; 14 (20.5%) were of serotype 1; 2 each (3.0$) were of serotypes 5 and 6; and one was of serotype 7. Of the isolates, 23 (33.8%) were resistant to one or more of the major antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance was found only infrequently among serotype 2, with 5 (10.2%) of 49 isolates being resistant to chloramphenicol and/or oxytetracycline, while it occurred in 18 (94.7%) of the 19 isolates of other serotypes.     

A Review of Systemic Antifungal Agents

Résumé— Cet article est une revue des antifongiques systémiques communément utilisés. Sont présentés les origines des diverses substances, leur pharmacocinétique, leur mode d'action, leurs effets secondaires et enfin, leurs indications en médecine vétérinaire. [Hill, P.B., Moriello, K.A., Shaw, S.E. A review of systemic antifungal agents (Antifongiques systémiques: une revue).
Abstract— This paper is a review of commonly used systemic antifungal antibiotics. Included is a review of the origins of the drugs, pharmacokinetics, modes of action, adverse effects and clinical uses in veterinary medicine.     

托氟沙星纳米乳的体内外抗菌作用研究

为考察托氟沙星纳米乳的体外抑菌活性及体内药效作用,用CLSI推荐的微量肉汤稀释法测定托氟沙星纳米乳的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MBC),并与盐酸左氧氟沙星进行比较;以鼠伤寒沙门菌人工感染的雏鸡为研究对象,测定不同浓度托氟沙星纳米乳的体内药效作用。体外抑菌试验表明,托氟沙星纳米乳对无乳链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、多杀巴氏杆菌、大肠埃希菌、痢疾志贺菌、鼠伤寒沙门菌、甲型副伤寒沙门菌的MIC为0.25μg/mL~2.00μg/mL,其抑菌活性是托氟沙星原药的2倍~4倍,盐酸左氧氟沙星的2倍~8倍;MBC为0.25μg/mL~4.00μg/mL,其抗菌活性是托氟沙星原药的2倍~8倍,盐酸左氧氟沙星的2倍~8倍。体内药效试验结果表明,低剂量(40mg/L)和中剂量(60mg/L)的托氟沙星纳米乳可显著降低鼠伤寒沙门菌感染雏鸡的死亡率和体重损失。托氟沙星纳米乳以纳米乳作为药物载体,增强了托氟沙星对临床常见细菌的体内外抵抗作用,提高了托氟沙星的临床应用价值。     

Documentation of In Vivo and In Vitro Aerobic Resistance of Feline Tritrichomonas foetus Isolates to Ronidazole

Background: The mainstays of treatment for clinically important trichomonad infections are the 5‐nitroimidazoles. Metronidazole resistance of feline Tritrichomonas foetus is presumed because of common treatment failure, and tinidazole does not consistently eradicate infection. To date, ronidazole is the only drug demonstrated as effective for treatment of cats infected with T. foetus. Objective: To document in vivo treatment failure and identify underlying causes and in vitro conditions of resistance of feline T. foetus to ronidazole. Animals: Two intact male Abyssinians failing ≥5 courses of treatment with increasing doses of 5‐nitroimidazole drugs. An intact male Abyssinian documented to clear infection after treatment with a single course of ronidazole. Methods: T. foetus isolates were cultured from feces and tested in vitro for susceptibility to ronidazole under aerobic and anaerobic culture conditions. A urogenital nidus of T. foetus infection was investigated by culture, polymerase chain reaction, or immunohistochemical testing of urogenital specimens. Results: Resistance to ronidazole under aerobic conditions was uniquely identified in T. foetus isolated from cats with well‐documented treatment failure. Treatment failure could not be attributed to reinfection, inappropriate treatment protocol, or presence of a urogenital nidus of infection. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Clinical resistance to metronidazole, low efficacy of tinidazole, and present documentation of in vivo and in vitro resistance to ronidazole in some cats are consistent with a high level of cross resistance of feline T. foetus to 5‐nitroimidazole drugs. Current lack of alternative drugs with clinical efficacy against feline T. foetus suggests that active investigation of other treatment approaches is warranted.     

动物源大肠杆菌及沙门氏菌抗药性的快速检测

利用本室自主研制的新型96点阵药敏检测盒检测山东地区动物源大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌的药物敏感性,试验结果表明,大肠杆菌对氨苄西林和喹诺酮类药物的抗药率达98%以上,禽源大肠杆菌的抗药率高于猪源大肠杆菌,猪源大肠杆菌的抗药谱广于禽源大肠杆菌;沙门氏菌抗药率略低于大肠杆菌,但同样呈现多重抗药,主要集中在5抗-7抗和13抗-14抗两个范围。96点阵抗生素药敏检测盒是适合于试验室进行大规模抗药性监测的新工具,具有简易、准确、快速、大通量、节约的优点,为临床治疗中抗生素的使用、细菌病的治疗提供了技术保障,从而达到避免盲目使用抗生素,降低细菌抗药率的目的。     

食品动物源大肠杆菌多重耐药菌株整合子-基因盒的分子特征

为研究分离自四川省食品动物源大肠杆菌多重耐药菌株整合子-基因盒分布及分子特征,采用多重PCR方法检测327株多重耐药菌株中I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型整合酶基因,用PCR-测序法对整合子阳性菌进行基因盒序列分析.结果表明327株Escherichia coli中294株(89.91%)检出有I型整合子,未检出Ⅱ、Ⅲ型整合子.在随机选取的81株l型整合子阳性菌中,67株(82.72%)能扩增出800～3000 bp的耐药基因盒插入区.基因盒以编码对甲氧磺胺嘧啶类和氨基糖苷类药物耐药的dfrA、dhfrI和aadA基因家族为主,尤其以dfrA17+aadA5为优势基因盒.分别在2株菌中检出aacA4+catB3+dfrA1和aadA22基因盒.aadA22是四川分离菌株中首次报道,介导氨基糖苷类耐药.结果表明I型整合子普遍存在于大肠杆菌临床菌株中.尽管菌株携带的整合子-基因盒与其多重耐药谱间不存在对应关系,但不同来源菌株中检测出相同的耐药基因盒片段,说明了通过整合机制耐药基因可在不同菌株问水平传递.     

REP-PCR Analysis of Pasteurella multocida Isolates from Wild and Domestic Animals in India

Repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence-based PCR (REP-PCR) was used to characterize 67 field isolates of Pasteurella multocida originating from different animal species and geographical regions of India. REP-PCR was found to be rapid and reproducible (three repeats were done). These isolates yielded different 23 profiles which were clustered into eight groups. The discrimination index was moderate (D value 0.83). Somatic and antigenic typing of the isolates did not reveal any correlation with REP-PCR profiles. There was no host-specific, type-specific, region-specific or pathenogenicity-specific pattern. The REP profiles of isolates obtained from wild animals were similar to those obtained from domestic animals. Two common bands were present in all the isolates irrespective of somatic or antigenic types. The results were not comparable with earlier findings, which had shown high discrimination index and correlation with disease presentation. Saxena, M.K., Singh, V.P., Kumar, A.A., Chaudhuri, P., Singh, V.P., Shivachandra, S.B., Biswas, A. and Sharma, B., 2006. REP–PCR analysis of Pasteurella multocida isolates from wild and domestic animals in India. Veterinary Research Communications, 30(8), 851–861     

食品动物源沙门氏菌质粒介导喹诺酮类耐药基因的检测与分析

为了解食品动物源沙门氏菌质粒介导喹诺酮类耐药性(Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance,PMQR),采用微量肉汤稀释法和PCR方法,检测了316株食品动物源沙门氏菌对20种抗菌药物的敏感性,以及菌株中PMQR基因的携带率.结果显示:316株沙门氏菌对20种抗菌药物呈不同程度的耐药性,95.57％菌株为多重耐药菌;316株菌中未检出qnrA、qnrC、qnrD、qnrS和qepA基因,7.91％菌株检出qnrB基因,15.19％菌株检出aac(6 ′ )-Ib-cr基因,7.91％菌株检出oqxA基因,8.86％菌株检出oqxB基因,这是首次在沙门氏菌中发现oqxAB基因;98.11％PMQR阳性菌同时携带2种及以上的耐药基因,呈8～17耐的多重耐药性,其中以qnrB和aac(6′)-Ibcr基因型为主;53株PMQR阳性菌分属于5种不同的基因型,耐药表型或耐药基因型不同的菌株却有相同的PFGE谱型.本次检测的316株食品动物源沙门氏菌耐药较为严重;菌株主要携带qnrB、aac(6 ′ )-Ib-cr及oqxAB基因;不同来源菌株存在同一耐药克隆株的流行.     

食品动物源沙门菌aac(6')-Ib-cr基因检测

为检测质粒介导的喹诺酮类耐药性aac(6')-Ib-cr基因在食品动物源沙门菌的分布状况.采用PCR结合BstC1酶切法,以及DNA测序法检测316株食品动物源沙门菌中aac(6')-Ib-cr基因;微量肉汤稀释法检测aac(6’)-Ib-cr阳性和阴性菌株对10种抗菌药物的耐药性;采用PFGE分析阳性菌株的亲缘关系.结果是aac(6')-Ib-cr基因检出率15.82％(50/316);aac(6')-Ib-cr阳性株对氨基糖苷类耐药率高于阴性株,但对环丙沙星、恩诺沙星和氧氟沙星的耐药率低于阴性株;aac(6’)-Ib-cr阳性菌株具有不同的PFGE谱型.结论:aac(6’)-Ib-cr基因在本次检测的食品动物源沙门菌中普遍存在,以水平和垂直传播方式在菌群间传播.     

鸡毒支原体不同地区分离株对常用抗菌药物的敏感性试验

从广东、四川和北京等地疑似鸡毒支原体感染鸡中分离并利用种特异性基因（fMG-2）PCR方法鉴定了51株鸡毒支原体,并测定了这些分离株对常用抗菌药物的敏感性。结果表明,三个地区临床分离鸡毒支原体对泰乐菌素仍然保持较好的敏感性,可作为鸡毒支原体感染的首选药物。三个地区的鸡毒支原体对林可霉素和庆大霉素敏感性显著下降,广东、四川两地分离株对强力霉素也有明显耐受性,部分广东分离株对氟喹诺酮类药物敏感性显著下降。     

采用Real-time PCR技术评价三种药物体外抗鸭瘟病毒效果

本研究采用real-time PCR技术,对阿昔洛韦、利巴韦林及禽重组干扰素等三种药物体外抗鸭瘟病毒的作用进行了评价。结果显示,该方法具有客观、快速、敏感、高通量等特点;阿昔洛韦能有效抑制鸭瘟病毒在鸭胚成纤维细胞中的增殖。研究结果为抗鸭瘟病毒药物筛选提供了一种有效的技术平台,同时说明阿昔洛韦制剂有可能作为一种有效的抗鸭瘟病毒药物用于其感染的防治。     

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Postantibiotic Effect of Amikacin for Equine Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus In Vitro

Objective— To report the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of amikacin sulfate for equine clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and characterize the initial kill and duration of the postantibiotic effect (PAE) for selected strains.
Study Design— Experimental study.
Methods— Isolates of MRSA (n=35) had their amikacin MIC determined using the E-test agar diffusion method. Two isolates with MICs>256 μg/mL limit were further characterized using broth macrodilution. Six distinct isolates with amikacin MICs of 32, 48, 128 (2 isolates) and 500 (2 isolates) μg/mL had PAE determinations made over a range of amikacin concentrations from 31.25–1000 μg/mL using standard culture-based techniques.
Results— Median MIC of the 35 isolates was 32 μg/mL (range 2 to >256 μg/mL). Mean PAE of selected MRSA strains had an overall mean (all amikacin doses) of 3.43 hours (range 0.10–9.57 hours). PAE for MRSA exposed to amikacin at 1000 μg/mL was 6.18 hours (range 3.30–9.57 hours), significantly longer than that for all other concentrations ( P <.0001). There was no statistically significant effect of isolate MIC on PAE.
Conclusions— Isolates had a wide range of MIC; however, growth of all 6 selected strains were inhibited within the range of concentrations tested, including 2 strains with MICs of 500 μg/mL. PAE duration was not influenced by the MIC of amikacin but was significantly longer with treatment at 1000 μg/mL than at lower concentrations.
Clinical Relevance— Clinical isolates of MRSA are susceptible to amikacin at concentrations achieved by regional perfusion: however, the modest duration of PAE observed suggest that further laboratory and in vivo evaluation be conducted before recommending the technique for clinical use.     

家畜体外受精技术研究新进展

体外受精技术是由卵母细胞成熟、精子获能、受精、受精卵体外培养、胚胎移植等程序组成的完整系统.笔者较详细地综述了该技术近年来的研究现状、进展,并对其发展前景进行了探讨.