3种内源氨基酸测定方法的准确性比较分析

本试验采用无氮口粮法(PF法)、回归法(REG法)、高精氨酸法(HA法)测定生长猪回肠内源氨基酸流量,并以3种方法测定的内源氨基酸值对氨基酸回肠表观消化率(AID)进行校正,通过校正后消化率值随日粮蛋白质水平变化的平稳性来判断内源氨基酸测定值的准确性.选用体质量28 kg的阉公猪6头,回肠末端安装简单"T"形瘘管.饲喂6种试验H粮.日粮粗蛋白水平分别为0、5%、10%、15%、20%和25%.采用6×6拉丁方试验设计.每期持续时间8 d.其中前5 d为H粮适应期,第6天连续采集食糜24 h,以测定AID和采用PF法测定的内源氨基酸值计算回肠标准消化率(STID).第8天每头猪日喂1次高精氨酸饲粮,然后连续24 h采集回肠食糜,以便用HA法测定内源氨基酸值并计算回肠真消化率(RID).试验结果表明,采用REG法测定的内源氨基酸流量,除廿氨酸、脯氨酸外,都比PF法的测定的值低(P<0.1);PF法与HA法比较,在10%～25%日粮蛋白质浓度范围内,低估了内源氨基酸的损失(P<0.01).除苯丙氨酸、缬氨酸外,必需氨基酸AID随蛋白质水平增加呈二次性提高(P<0.05).必需氨基酸STID随饲粮蛋白质水平的增加呈线性和二次性降低(P<0.05).而RID在20%的饲粮粗蛋白水平内呈恒定平稳状态,完全不依赖于饲粮蛋白质水平(P>0.05).本试验可得出以下结论:REG法和PF法低估了饲粮内源氨基酸损失,HA法是估计内源氨基酸损失的较准确方法.     

大豆制品在猪日粮中的应用

大豆制品中氨基酸的生物利用率完整蛋白质中的氨基酸首先必须被消化 ,然后才能被猪利用。猪对大豆蛋白质中的氨基酸有较高的消化率。表 1显示了在小肠末端 (即回肠末端 )测得的常规豆粕、去皮豆粕、加热大豆和二种大豆制品中蛋白质表观消化率系数和真消化率系数。真消化率系数已就内源氨基酸排泄量 (脱落的肠细胞、肠道中的酶以及其它非日粮来源的氨基酸 )作了校正 ,真消化率系数略高于表观消化率系数。　表 1　猪对豆粕中氨基酸的消化率氨基酸豆粕去皮豆粕加热大豆浓缩大豆蛋白离析大豆蛋白回肠表观消化率系数 (% )精氨酸 9190 8997 91组氨…     

低蛋白日粮添加合成氨基酸对鲁莱生长猪氮平衡和氨基酸消化率的影响

试验旨在研究低蛋白日粮添加不同种类合成氨基酸对培育品种鲁莱猪生长猪氮平衡及氨基酸消化率的影响。采用4×4拉丁方设计,选用平均体重为(35.00±1.05)kg的健康鲁莱阉公猪4头,回肠末端手术安装简单T型瘘管。对照组饲喂高蛋白质水平(粗蛋白为16.50%,可消化赖氨酸为0.78%)日粮,3个试验组分别饲喂添加赖氨酸+苏氨酸+蛋氨酸、赖氨酸+苏氨酸和赖氨酸+蛋氨酸的低蛋白质水平(粗蛋白为13.50%,可消化赖氨酸为0.78%)日粮。结果表明:低蛋白添加3种合成氨基酸组粪氮排出量显著低于其他各组(P0.05),尿氮排出量显著低于高蛋白组(P0.05),与其他低蛋白组相比差异不显著(P0.05),氮表观消化率、氮沉积各组间差异均不显著(P0.05);低蛋白日粮添加3种合成氨基酸组总氨基酸消化率显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。采用低蛋白(粗蛋白为13.50%)并同时添加适量合成氨基酸日粮饲喂鲁莱猪,可以显著降低粪氮和尿氮的排出,对氮利用率和回肠末端总氨基酸消化率影响不显著。     

精油对生长猪蛋白质和氨基酸等回肠末端表观消化率的影响

试验旨在通过采用T型瘘管法,研究精油对生长猪蛋白质和氨基酸等回肠末端表观消化率的影响。试验选用6头(杜×长×大)去势公猪([28.6±1.3)kg],采用3×3双拉丁方试验设计,分别饲喂正对照日粮:玉米-豆粕型基础日粮+抗生素;负对照日粮:无抗基础日粮;精油组日粮:负对照+0.01%精油。每个试验期为7 d,前5 d为适应期,后2 d为食糜收集期。结果表明,在日粮中添加精油可提高(P<0.05)蛋白质、能量、精氨酸、赖氨酸、亮氨酸、色氨酸、蛋氨酸、丙氨酸、总必需氨基酸、总氨基酸的回肠末端表观消化率,并有提高干物质、苏氨酸、天冬氨酸、丝氨酸和酪氨酸表观消化率的趋势(P<0.10)。在日粮中添加0.01%的精油可提高生长猪蛋白质、能量、总必需氨基酸和总氨基酸的回肠末端表观消化率,并有提高干物质表观消化率的趋势。     

辣木在生长猪上的营养价值评定

本试验通过在生长猪上测定辣木叶和辣木枝的消化能、代谢能和氨基酸标准回肠消化率,旨在评定辣木在生长猪上的营养价值。选择24头回肠末端安装T型瘘管的“杜×长×大”去势公猪,平均体重为(39.80±1.06)kg,随机分为4个组,分别饲喂无氮饲粮、玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮、辣木叶饲粮和辣木枝饲粮,每组6个重复。预饲7 d后,进行4 d消化代谢试验,收集全部粪尿,用于测定消化能和代谢能。消化代谢试验结束后,继续2 d收集回肠食糜用于测定氨基酸表观回肠消化率和标准回肠消化率。结果表明:与辣木枝相比,辣木叶含有较高含量的营养成分,尤其是粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和钙,含量分别为26.29%、6.25%和2.70%。辣木叶的消化能、代谢能和总能表观消化率分别为9.35、8.24 MJ/kg和49.26%,辣木枝的消化能、代谢能和总能表观消化率分别为7.51、6.03 MJ/kg和40.81%,辣木叶的有效能值和总能表观消化率显著高于辣木枝(P<0.05)。辣木叶总必需氨基酸、总非必需氨基酸和粗蛋白质标准回肠消化率分别为42.05%、42.59%和49.03%,而辣木枝总必需氨基酸、总非必需氨基酸和粗蛋白质标准回肠消化率分别为35.13%、37.31%和40.15%,辣木叶的总必需氨基酸、总非必需氨基酸和粗蛋白质标准回肠消化率显著高于辣木枝(P<0.05)。综上所述,辣木叶的消化能、代谢能和总必需氨基酸标准回肠消化率分别为9.35、8.24 MJ/kg和42.05%,而辣木枝的消化能、代谢能和总必需氨基酸标准回肠消化率分别为辣木叶的80.3%、73.3%和83.5%。因此,辣木叶具有更高的营养价值,更适合作为生长猪的蛋白质饲料原料。     

生长猪高蛋白豆粕氨基酸回肠可消化率的研究

选用10头健康回肠末端安装简单T型瘘管的杂交(杜×长×大),阉公猪体重(37.8±0.7)kg,采用有重复5×5拉丁方设计,比较4种不同豆粕产品(去皮与带皮高蛋白豆粕,去皮与带皮常规豆粕)在生长猪的氨基酸回肠表观和真消化率。结果表明:豆粕加工类型显著地影响豆粕中氨基酸回肠表观和真消化率,除精氨酸外,去皮豆粕氨基酸回肠表观消化率显著高于带皮豆粕(P<0.05);去皮豆粕必需氨基酸中的组氨酸、亮氨酸、蛋氨酸和苏氨酸均显著高于带皮豆粕(P<0.05)。与常规豆粕相比,高蛋白豆粕中苯丙氨酸、色氨酸、缬氨酸、丙氨酸的回肠表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05),这预示着高蛋白豆粕是生长猪的优良蛋白质和氨基酸来源。     

紫花豌豆热处理对育肥猪营养和能量消化率的影响

本研究是探讨紫花豌豆热处理对育肥猪粗蛋白质、氨基酸、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和能量消化率的影响。日粮包括6个处理组,其中5组为豌豆日粮:未热处理组、75℃膨化组、115℃膨化组、155℃膨化组以及75℃制粒组;另外一组是无氮日粮组。无氮日粮组用来评估内源蛋白和氨基酸损失。试验采用6×6拉丁方设计,选用6头育肥猪(初重:69.3±2.9kg),在每头猪回肠末端安装一T型瘘管用来收集回肠食糜。每个试验期9d,在试验第6和7d收集粪样,在试验第8和9d收集回肠食糜。计算蛋白质、氨基酸、淀粉和能量表观回肠消化率以及蛋白、氨基酸校正回肠消化率,同时也计算中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维、淀粉和能量的表观全消化道消化率。结果显示:随着膨化温度的增加,蛋白质和氨基酸(脯氨酸除外)的表观回肠消化率和校正回肠消化率都二次显著增加。与对照组相比,75℃制粒组有相似的蛋白质和氨基酸(精氨酸和脯氨酸除外)表观回肠消化率和校正回肠消化率,但表观回肠消化率低于75℃膨化组。随着膨化温度的增加,淀粉和能量的表观消化率线性显著增加。75℃制粒组和对照组有一致的淀粉和能量表观消化率。在各膨化组中,淀粉的表观全消化道消化率没有差异(98.6%～99.7%)。然而,随着膨化温度的增加,能量的表观全消化道消化率线性和二次显著增加;75℃制粒组能量的表观全消化道消化率高于对照组。结果表明,紫花豌豆膨化提高了蛋白质、氨基酸、淀粉和能量的表观消化率和能量的表观全消化道消化率。制粒对养分的表观消化率没有影响,却增加了能量的全消化道消化率。     

大鼠作为生长猪饲料氨基酸回肠末端消化率测定的模型动物研究

本研究开展2次试验,研究大鼠作为生长猪饲料氨基酸回肠末端消化率测定的模型动物的可行性和灵敏性.试验1选用30只6周龄Sprague-Dawley雄性大鼠(体重140-160g),随机分成2组.同时选用10头大白×长白公猪(平均体重40kg),随机分成2组.2组大鼠和2组生长猪分别采食含不同品质血粉(Batch干燥法加工的血粉或Ring干燥法加工的血粉)的半纯合饲粮.试验2的设计同试验1,但试验饲粮为含生大豆或热处理大豆的半纯合饲粮.2次试验的预试期和正试期均各为7d.在正试期最后1天,将大鼠和猪屠宰,采集回肠末端食糜,测定氨基酸回肠末端消化率.结果显示(1)不同品质血粉的氨基酸回肠末端消化率存在极显著(P＜0.001)的差异.但是,氨基酸(除丝氨酸外)回肠末端消化率在大鼠和生长猪之间的差异不显著(P＞0.05).(2)不同品质大豆的氨基酸回肠末端消化率存在极显著(P＜0.001)的差异.但是,氨基酸回肠末端消化率在大鼠和生长猪之间没有显著差异(P＞0.05).结果表明,对于测定生长猪血粉和大豆的氨基酸回肠末端消化率,大鼠似乎是较为合适的模型动物,但对此尚需开展更多的研究.     

水解羽毛粉作为生长猪蛋白质原料饲喂效果的研究

研究旨在测定水解羽毛粉的消化能、代谢能及其日粮回肠末端氨基酸消化率。试验1采用全收粪法测定水解羽毛粉消化能及代谢能;试验2采用指示剂法测定水解羽毛粉日粮粗蛋白和氨基酸的表观回肠末端消化率和标准回肠末端消化率。结果表明:干物质基础状态下水解羽毛粉的消化能和代谢能分别为15.04和12.80 MJ/kg,生长猪日粮中添加14.50%水解羽毛粉时,除蛋氨酸外,日粮中粗蛋白质和氨基酸的表观回肠末端消化率和标准回肠末端消化率较低,氮的有效利用率低。     

味精菌体蛋白粉在肉仔鸡中的能量和回肠氨基酸表观消化率的研究

通过两个试验测定了味精菌体蛋白粉在肉仔鸡中的能量和回肠氨基酸的表现消化率.试验1选用体重相近的22日龄健康肉仔鸡64只,随机分成2个组,每组8个重复,其中一组饲喂基础日粮,另一组饲喂供试日粮.选用二氧化钛(TiO2)为外源指示剂进行代谢试验.以评定肉仔鸡对味精蛋白粉的能量利用率.结果表明:味精菌体蛋白粉对内仔鸡的氮校正能量的表观利用率为(36.07±2.76)%.试验2选用体重相近的26日龄健康肉仔鸡32只,随机分为8组,选用TiO2为外源指示剂,采用回肠末端法进行代谢试验,对味精菌体蛋白粉的回肠末端氨基酸的表现消化率进行评定.结果表明:肉仔鸡时味精菌体蛋白粉中4种限制性氨基酸的回肠末端表现消化率分别为:赖氨酸(44.45±0.04)%、蛋氨酸(64.66±0.11)%、苏氨酸(45.16±0.04)%、胱氨酸(90.12±0.03)%;肉仔鸡对味精菌体蛋白粉中17种氨基酸的回肠末端表观消化率平均值为(48.23±0.62)%.表明内仔鸡对味精菌体蛋白粉中能量和氨基酸的利用率均较低.     

Standardized ileal protein and amino acid digestibility by growing pigs and sows

Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of the physiological condition of swine on standardized ileal digestibility coefficients (SID). The apparent ileal digestibility coefficients were determined for crude protein and amino acids in six feed ingredients (corn, barley, wheat, soybean meal, canola meal, and meat and bone meal) in growing pigs and in gestating and lactating sows. Growing pigs and lactating sows were given free access to their diets, whereas gestating sows were allowed to consume only 2 kg of feed daily. The nonspecific (basal) endogenous losses of protein and amino acids were determined under similar feeding regimens after feeding a protein-free diet. The SID for crude protein and amino acids were calculated by correcting the apparent ileal digestibility coefficients for the nonspecific endogenous losses of protein and amino acids. With a few exceptions, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in the SID for crude protein and amino acids between growing pigs and lactating sows. Overall, gestating sows had higher (P < 0.05) SID for crude protein and all amino acids, except for tryptophan and aspartate, compared with growing pigs. Likewise, the SID of most amino acids obtained by gestating sows were higher (P < 0.05) than those obtained by lactating sows. Interactions (P < 0.05) between animals and diets were observed for gestating sows compared with growing pigs as well as gestating sows compared with lactating sows. As a consequence, it is not possible to extrapolate data from one feed ingredient to another. On most occasions, the lowest SID among the indispensable amino acids was calculated for threonine, valine, and lysine. It is concluded that gestating sows fed 2 kg of feed per day have higher standardized digestibility coefficients than do growing pigs and lactating sows given free access to their diets. This difference may be due to differences in daily feed intake rather than to the physiological status of the animals.     

Establishment of Tabulated Values for Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Crude Protein and Essential Amino Acids in Common Feedstuffs for Pigs

Literature data on apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein (CP) and amino acids in pigs from 79 references (203 observations) including 13 different common feedstuffs, and other data on basal endogenous ileal loss of CP and amino acids from 32 references (36 observations) were analysed statistically. The analyses revealed that the cannulation method as well as the method for determining endogenous ileal losses of CP and amino acids affected the results. After correction for these effects a new set of tabulated values for apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of crude protein and essential amino acids was generated. The results were in most cases in good agreement with three recently published tables for standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in feedstuffs. Therefore, it was concluded that the data obtained in the present work, together with those given in the recently published tables, would be a suitable basis for a general table for standardized ileal digestibility of CP and amino acids in common feedstuffs for pigs.     

Nitrogen and amino acid absorption in the small intestine of growing pigs. 2. Apparent and true crude protein digestibility and amino acid absorption to the end of the small intestine

Studies of the apparent and true ileal digestibility of crude protein and the apparent and true amino acid (AA) absorption were carried out with 7 female pigs in the live weight range between 22 and 34 kg after ileorectostomy. Protein sources of varied quality with regard to the method of treatment (toasted) and untoasted soybean oilmeal) and to the AA composition (vital gluten or vital gluten + L-lysine X HCl) were used. Distinct differences regarding the apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein and the apparent absorption of amino acids were discovered between the protein sources, the cause of which is to be seen in the different amounts of endogenous N. The true ileal digestibility of crude protein and amino acid absorption were partly distinctly higher than the values of the apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein and AA absorption. On the whole one can say that the results of the investigation gained by means of ileorectostomy can be compared to the values gained from cannulated animals. Thus the experimental method used is suitable for studying the absorption process to the end of the small intestine of pigs.     

不同处理对麻疯树籽仁粕蛋白质营养价值的影响

试验旨在研究不同处理对麻疯树籽仁粕（Jatropha curcas kernel meal,JCKM）蛋白质营养价值的影响。选择脱油后的JCKM为研究对象,对其分别进行干热、湿热、热化学和微生物发酵处理,通过测定其营养成分、蛋白质溶解度（PS）、粗蛋白质体外消化率（IVCPD）等指标,以未处理的JCKM为对照,评价不同处理对JCKM蛋白质营养价值的影响。结果显示：微生物发酵处理组粗蛋白质（CP）含量显著高于其他组（P < 0.05）;微生物发酵处理组粗纤维（CF）含量显著低于热化学处理组（P < 0.05）,其他各组间差异不显著（P > 0.05）;各处理组间钙（Ca）含量差异不显著（P > 0.05）;微生物发酵处理组总磷（TP）含量最高,显著高于其他组（P < 0.05）。微生物发酵处理组Gly、Arg、Cys、Val、Ile含量高于其他组。干热处理、微生物发酵处理及对照组PS显著高于湿热处理和热化学处理组（P < 0.05）;微生物发酵处理组IVCPD显著高于其他组（P < 0.05）。综上所述,微生物处理JCKM后CP含量升高,氨基酸组成较为均衡,是一种有效的处理方法。     

Neutral detergent fiber increases endogenous ileal losses but has no effect on ileal digestibility of amino acids in growing pigs

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) on endogenous amino acids and protein ileal losses; and also apparent ileal digestibility (AID), and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids and crude protein. Sixteen barrows were fed four protein‐free diets containing graded NDF levels in Experiment 1. NDF was a mixture of sugarcane bagasse and corn leaves (SBCL). Twenty‐four barrows were fed diets with soybean protein concentrate (SPC) or casein as protein sources and SBCL or corncobs (CC) as NDF sources in Experiment 2. In Experiment 1, a linear increase (P < 0.05) in endogenous amino acid and protein ileal losses was observed with increased NDF levels, except for arginine, histidine, methionine and proline. In Experiment 2, protein (P < 0.001) and NDF (P < 0.01) sources significantly affected AID of dry matter, which was higher in casein diets (71.7%) and CC diets (70.7%). Protein and NDF sources significantly affected (P < 0.05) SID of crude protein, which was higher in casein diets (92.8%) and CC diets (92.7%). NDF source had no effect (P > 0.05) on SID of amino acids. Overall, this study showed that NDF increased endogenous amino acid and protein ileal losses, but did not affect ileal digestibility of amino acids.     

高油玉米在猪和家禽中氨基酸消化率和能量利用率的研究

通过两个试验测定了两种高油玉米和普通玉米在猪和家禽中营养物质消化率和有效能。试验1选用48只33周龄海兰蛋用种公鸡,随机分为4个处理,每个处理12只鸡。前3个处理分别给每只家禽强饲50g待测原料测定氨基酸消化率,第4个处理作为对照组,绝食法测定内源排出量。试验2使用6头去势公猪,通过手术置入T型瘘管,采用重复拉丁方设计测定3种玉米的氨基酸回肠消化率和营养物质消化率。试验结果显示,随着玉米籽粒含油量的上升,两种高油玉米的总能分别比普通玉米提高了4 29%和6 23%;粗蛋白含量也分别较普通玉米提高了17 26%和35 19%。高油玉米家禽真代谢能、猪消化能和代谢能显著高于普通玉米(P<0 05);家禽氨基酸消化率3个玉米品种差异不显著。猪回肠氨基酸消化率随玉米籽粒蛋白质含量的提高有上升的趋势,其中高油玉米B的异亮氨酸,苯丙氨酸和天门冬氨酸消化率显著高于普通玉米(P<0 05);酪氨酸消化率高油玉米显著优于普通玉米(P<0 05)。平均氨基酸消化率高油玉米B高于普通玉米(P<0 05)。研究结果证实高油玉米品种比普通玉米含有更多的能量和必需氨基酸,而且氨基酸消化率和有效能含量都优于普通玉米,是一种优质高效的饲料原料。     

Digestion of soybean meal and canola meal protein and amino acids in the digestive tract of young ruminants

Eight male Holstein calves (body weight 68 +/- 5 kg; age 75 +/- 6 d), each with a permanent re-entrant pancreatic cannula and T-type ileal and duodenal cannulas, were used in a crossover design with four animals per group to determine amino acid kinetics and digestibilities in the digestive tract of calves fed soybean meal (SBM) and canola meal (CM) protein. The SBM and CM diets were fed twice daily at a level of 900 g at each feeding time (air-dry basis). With the exception of methionine, crude protein and amino acid flows at the proximal duodenum, expressed as a percentage of intake, were not influenced by dietary protein source. Apparent ileal and total tract digestibilities of CP and amino acids were reduced (P less than .05) by feeding CM compared to SBM, but apparent ileal digestibility of methionine was not affected by dietary protein source. Except for methionine, net disappearance of all amino acids in the small intestine, relative to the amount fed, was higher for the SBM diet than for the CM diet. Net disappearance or synthesis of amino acids in the large intestine were not affected by dietary protein source. Similarly, dietary protein source did not affect (P greater than .05) the secretion of pancreatic juice or concentrations of protein, chymotrypsin and trypsin in pancreatic juice. Soybean meal protein has higher ileal and total gastrointestinal tract digestibility than CM protein for young, growing calves.     

Ileal digestibility of amino acids in pigs fed barleys differing in protein content

The apparent digestibility of nitrogen and amino acids was measured by the ileal and faecal methods in pigs fed nine barleys differing in nitrogen content (from 1.73 to 2.16 per cent/DM). A positive (r = 0.87) and significant relationship was found between the apparent nitrogen digestibility at the end of the ileum and the crude protein content of barley. Generally, the higher the protein of the grain, the higher the ileal digestibilities of the amino acids. For most amino acids the faecal values were greater than the ileal ones. This being specially so for threonine, tryptophan, histidine and cystine belonging to the nutritionally important amino acid group. When the relationship between the amino acid and nitrogen digestibilities at the level of ileum is considered, the values were found to be similar to that of nitrogen in the case of tryptophan, higher for isoleucine, valine (both 2-3 units), cystine, histidine, leucine, methionine (all 5-6 units) and phenylalanine (10 units) and lower only for lysine and threonine (7-8 dig. units).