Magnetic field-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in Mediterranean flour moth Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae

Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is cosmopolitan pest of stored products. The effect of strong magnetic fields (MFs) on DNA damage and oxidative stress on larvae stage of E. kuehniella was assessed. Antioxidant enzyme systems, which include superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and malondialdehyde (MDA), the end product of lipid peroxidation as a result of strong MF intoxication that might occur in the larvae tissue, were evaluated. A simple technique of single-cell gel electrophoresis (DNA comet assay) enabled a quick detection of MF treatment on larvae. The larvae were exposed in a 1.4-Tesla (T) MF from a DC power supply at 50 Hz for different time periods (3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h). MFs caused increasing DNA damage and demonstrated using the comet assay with its parameters including tail DNA%, tail length and tail moment. DNA damage at increasing exposure times were significantly larger than the control group (p < 0.05). These parameters were detected using BS 200 ProP with image analysis software. SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST activities decreased and MDA level increased in the MF-treated group in larvae tissue compared to control group for increasing exposure times at 1.4 T (p < 0.05). In our investigation, we showed that MFs caused oxidative stress and proved to be DNA damage as revealed by the comet assay. MFs may be used to determine potential toxic effects as a control agent against E. kuehniella larvae.     

Einsatz von Prallmaschinen zur Bekämpfung der MehlmotteEphestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Mehl und Grieß

Zusammenfassung Durch den Einsatz eines Doppelrotors konnte die Durchsatzleistung beim Prallvorgang von Mehlen von 7 t/h auf 12 t/h bei gleichzeitiger vollständiger Abtötung der Eier vonEphestia kuehniella gesteigert werden.Bei der Prallung von Grießen in Prallmaschinen kann durch Verringerung der Umlaufgeschwindigkeiten der Prallbolzen eine unerwünschte Verfeinerung des Produktes vermieden werden. Eine Abtötung von Mehlmotteneiern ist bei Leistungen von mindestens 12 t/h weiterhin gewährleistet.

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Use of impact machines to control the Mediterranean Flour MothEphestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in flour and semolina

By using a double rotor system in impact machines for flour treatment the capacity can be increased from 7 t/h to 12 t/h and still showing 100% mortality of eggs from the Mediterranean Flour MothEphestia kuehniella.By semolina treatment in impact machines the velocity of the bolts can be reduced to insure that the granulation of the treated product is not influenced to an unacceptable degree. A 100% kill ofE. kuehniella eggs can be reached for a capacity of at least 12 t/h.

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Mit 3 Tabellen     

Effect of thiacloprid against the potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

The effect of the chloronicotinyl insecticide (thiacloprid 480 SC) was evaluated to determine its potential in controlling the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella. Application of thiacloprid at various concentrations (0.1–0.4 ml/l) on different age groups of eggs (1–4.5 day-old) had no effect on egg hatchability. However, slight embryocidal effect was noted in all egg age groups exposed to 0.4 ml/l concentration. Egg incubation period was increased (20%) when 4–4.5 day-old eggs were treated with thiacloprid at a rate of 0.4 ml/l compared with the untreated control. Thiacloprid was effective in reducing larval survival on potato seedlings or adults emergence from potatoes, exhibiting activity for at least 14 days after application. When already infected potato seedlings or tubers were treated with thiacloprid at a rate of 0.4 ml/l, adult emergence was decreased. Larvae that hatched from thiacloprid-treated eggs and fed, untreated tubers, encountered some difficulties in surviving and emerging as adults. Our data suggest that potato plants or tubers treated with thiacloprid at a commonly used rate (0.4 ml/l) should be well protected from the possibility of infestations by the potato tuber moth. Publication of this article was held up owing to technical problems. The publisher apologizes sincerely for this lengthy delay.     

Comparison of spinosad with three traditional grain protectants against Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) and Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) at different temperatures

The insecticidal effects of deltamethrin, chlorpyriphos-methyl, pirimiphos-methyl, and spinosad were evaluated against adults of Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) and larvae of Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Spinosad was applied at 1 and 0.5 ppm, deltamethrin at 0.5 ppm, chlorpyriphos-methyl at 2.25 ppm, and pirimiphos-methyl at 4 ppm. All tests were carried out on wheat for E. kuehniella and in maize for P. truncatus, at three temperature levels, 20, 25, and 30 °C. Mortality of the exposed individuals of P. truncatus was measured after 7, 14, and 21 days of exposure, and 60 days later, the progeny production in the treated and untreated substrate was recorded. In the case of Ephestia kuehniella, mortality was assessed after 25 days. Spinosad was highly effective against P. truncatus adults, even at 0.5 ppm, but 1 ppm provided a better “speed of kill” and a higher suppression of progeny production. Mortality of the exposed P. truncatus adults after 21 days of exposure on maize treated with 0.5 ppm of spinosad was 100 %, regardless of the temperature level tested. A complete (100 %) mortality level was also noted in the case of maize treated with deltamethrin and pirimiphos-methyl, while in the case of chlorpyriphos-methyl, mortality at the 21 day exposure ranged between 61 and 90 %. Progeny production was completely suppressed only on maize treated with deltamethrin. In contrast, pirimiphos-methyl was the most effective grain protectant for E. kuehniella, since mortality was usually <99 %. In general, for both species tested, temperature had a significant effect on mortality, but this trend was different at different insecticides.     

Effect of cold storage and different diets on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ephestia kuehniella</Emphasis> Zeller (Lep:Pyralidae)

Ephestia kuehniella adults were stored at 10°C for 1–10 weeks. Reproductive ability and number of living adults decreased depending on the length of the storage period. Long-term exposure to cold lengthened the life of the adults and 50% mortality was reached after 6 weeks. To obtain complete mortality and sterility 10 weeks of storage was needed. The larvae reared on corn flour diet developed to the adult stage more rapidly than that of the other treatments. The adults reared on oat flour produced significantly more eggs than the other diets. There was no difference among diets with regard to emergence rate, longevity or sex ration of E. kuehniella adults. Trichogramma evanescens did not differentiate among hosts from different food sources with respect to parasitization, adult emergence and sex ratio. The suitability of the eggs from cold-exposed adults with respect to parasitization was found to be the same as the control during the first 3 weeks.     

Effects of gamma radiation on the Mediterranean flour moth, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ephestia kuehniella</Emphasis>, eggs and acceptability of irradiated eggs by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichogramma cacoeciae</Emphasis> females

The sensitivity of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella, eggs in different stages of development to gamma irradiation was studied and the acceptability of irradiated eggs by Trichogramma cacoeciae females was examined. Eggs ranging in age from 1–24 to 49–72 h were exposed, at 24 h intervals, to gamma radiation dosages ranging from 25 to 400 Gy and effects of gamma radiation on egg hatch and adult emergence was investigated. In addition, the developmental rate of immature stages (larvae and pupae), resulting from irradiated eggs, to the adult stage was examined and the acceptance of irradiated eggs to T. cacoeciae females was evaluated. Results showed that the radio-sensitivity of E. kuehniella eggs decreased with increasing age. Egg hatch in 1–24-h-old eggs was significantly affected at 25 Gy dose and at 75 Gy dose, no egg hatch was observed. When irradiating 25–48-h-old eggs, however, egg hatch was less than 5% at 100 Gy dose, and eggs 49–72-h-old were more resistant; 50 Gy had no significant effect on egg hatch and 300 Gy did not completely prevent it. Irradiation also negatively affected survival to the adult stage. When 25–48-h-old eggs were irradiated, survival to the adult stage was completely prevented at 75 Gy dose and no survival was observed beyond 100 Gy dose in 49–72-h-old eggs. In addition, the rate of development of immature stages resulting from irradiated eggs was negatively affected. While more than 97% of control moths emerged within 30 days, this ratio decreased to 53 and 69% in 1–24 and 25–48-h-old eggs exposed to 25 Gy dose. Furthermore, irradiation positively affected the degree of acceptance of eggs to parasitization; irradiated eggs (≤49-h-old) were more acceptable to T. cacoeciae than cold-treated ones.     

当前沙棘木蠹蛾研究中存在的主要问题

沙棘木蠹蛾的大面积暴发,使得其控制研究取得了前所未有的进展,从基础性研究到多种控制方法的实施,都在一定程度上控制了沙棘木蠹蛾的进一步发生和危害。然而,在研究过程中,也出现了许多分歧和问题。为此,本文对沙棘木蠹蛾的研究现状、研究中所存在的问题以及控制技术等方面进行了详细的研究和探讨,以期为沙棘木蠹蛾的综合控制提供较好的理论依据,同时为更有效地控制其危害提供理论指导。     

Virulence and mycotoxic effects of Metarhizium anisopliae on Mahogany shoot borer, Hypsipyla robusta (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Developing appropriate control measures for the Mahogany shoot borer,Hypsipyla robusta Moore has become increasingly important due to the severe damaging effect of the pest on the establishment of the saplings of Swietenia mahagoni Jacq(Sapindales:Meliaceae).Existing management methods are largely limited to silvicultural practices and spraying of chemical insecticides.To identify a potential fungal biocontrol agent,we compared the virulence of six native and two standard ARSEF isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae Metsch.against this pest.The average survival time and conidial yield of IWST-Ma7 was higher(6.2 to 7.3 days and 4.9 to 4.7 × 10 5 conidia/ml) than the standards.Significant difference in sporulation on the cadavers between isolates,doses and incubation periods were substantiated for the selection of potential strain.The mycotoxic effects of crude soluble protein extract when incorporated in the artificial diet,the ARSEF 2596 and ARSEF 3603 showed LD 50 value of 3.7% and 5.6%.However,IWST-Ma7 was highly lethal with significant lowest LD 50 value of 2.6%.The enzyme activity of IWST-Ma7 was highest for chitinase,CDA,protease and lipase viz.,1.90 U/mg,1.80 U/mg,0.98 U/mg and 0.80 U/mg respectively.However the enzyme activity of chitinase and Chitin deacetylase assay for all the isolates was significantly higher than protease and lipase activity.The ITS regions(5.8S rDNA and 28S rDNA) of seven isolates of M.anisopliae were amplified using the ITS1 and ITS4 primers which was a unique fragment of approximately 550 bp.Based on ITS regions,phylogenetic tree have been constructed and the isolates have been grouped in to 5 clades.The virulence and mycotoxic effects of different isolates could rationally be used to employ them for the management of the mahogany borer.     

Leaves from grafted Meliaceae species affect survival and performance of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hypsipyla grandella</Emphasis> (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae

In order to determine their effects on growth and mortality of instar II Hypsipyla grandella (Zeller), larvae were fed with leaf disks taken from shoots of susceptible species (Cedrela odorata L. and Swietenia macrophylla King) scions grafted onto resistant ones (Khaya senegalensis Desr. A. Juss and Toona ciliata M. Roem.), from their reciprocal grafts, and from both intact and autografted plants. In addition, crude leaf extracts from the susceptible and resistant plants, as well as from C. odorata grafted onto T. ciliata plants, were tested on C. odorata leaf disks. Mortality was evaluated 2, 10, and 25 days after starting the bioassay. Leaf area consumed and weight gain per larva were assessed 2 days after starting bioassay. Time to reach pupation, pupal weight and length 1 day after pupation, and time to adult stage and appearance of wings were determined at the end of the bioassay. Plant species significantly affected mortality (P ≤ 0.04) throughout the test. Eighty to 100% of larvae fed leaf disks from intact T. ciliata and its autograft, or C. odorata onto T. ciliata and its reciprocal graft died in the first 2 days of evaluation. All other factors measured, except pupal weight and length, were also affected (P ≤ 0.01) by the leaf disks. Intact resistant plants and reciprocal grafted plants reduced leaf consumption and caused larval weight loss. Larvae fed on K. senegalensis grafted onto S. macrophylla extended by 8 days the time to pupa and to adult stages and induced abnormal wing formation compared to larvae fed intact leaves of C. odorata. Crude extracts from resistant plants equally affected larval survival and performance compared to crude extract from C. odorata grafted onto T. ciliata plants, and these extracts were more detrimental to larvae than those from susceptible species. This study demonstrated that grafting borer-susceptible species on resistant rootstocks can affect the survival and performance of instar II H. grandella larvae.     

模毒蛾性信息素应用技术研究

模毒蛾Lymantria monacha是内蒙古大兴安岭林区重大森林害虫。通过对模毒蛾性信息素诱捕器应用技术的研究显示:不同类型的诱捕器诱虫效果不同,圆筒型和船型诱捕器的诱捕效果较好,方形的较差;诱捕器设置高度对诱虫效果的影响不同,设置在树冠下层和中层的诱捕器诱捕效果较好,上层的较差;不同设置距离的诱捕器的诱虫效果不同,随着设置距离的增加,诱捕器的诱捕量逐渐下降,设置于距林缘50 m的诱捕器诱虫效果最好,性信息素诱捕器的最远引诱距离可能为280 m。研究结果为利用性信息素对模毒蛾进行种群监测和防治提供了依据。     

First discovery of a cave-dwelling Tineid moth （Lepidoptera,Tineidae） from East Asia

In this study, we report Monopis crocicapitella （Clemens, 1859） （Tineidae）, which was collected from bat guano in a cave in the southern region of Korea, for the first time from East Asia. We briefly redescribe and illustrate the external morphology and genital structures of both sexes. Also, we discuss the local habitat characteristics and some of the ecological information that was observed during our field investi-gation.     

Laboratory rearing of the solitary egg-larval parasitoid, Chelonus oculator Panzer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on a newly recorded factitious host Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is recorded as a new factitious host for the solitary egg-larval parasitoid, Chelonus oculator Panzer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). A short biology and rearing method of the parasitoid on the new host were studied at 30±1°C, 60–70% relative humidity, with a photoperiod of 16:8 (L: D). Chelonus eclosed from 74.60% of parasitized hosts. No significant difference was found between development times of male and female parasitoids. Development of the parasitoid was completed in 28.14±0.47 days in male, and 28.87±0.58 days in female. However, a significant difference was found between adult sizes of male and female parasitoids. Adult dry mass was found 0.88±0.04 mg in male, and 1.99±0.11 mg in female. In addition, C. oculator was successfully reared from P. interpunctella in twenty generations with the explained method. Significant knowledge about biology of C. oculator is still lacking. However, the parasitoid can be candidate for future research as a biological control agent against some important lepidopteran pests, and P. interpunctella may be suitable factitious host for mass rearing of C. oculator.     

Short-term effects of a nun moth suppression programme (Lymantria monacha), (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) on epigeic non-target arthropods

The short-term responses of non-target soil arthropods to insecticides (Nomolt: Teflubenzuron, Karate: lambda-Cyhalothrin) applied against the nun moth (Lymantria monacha L.) were investigated in 2003. This phytophagous pest infested 30–40-year-old monocultures of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) located at an active military training area in northeast Saxony (Germany). According to the non-target epigeic arthropods, extinction of a higher systematic taxon (family, order) was not observed. Activity densities of soil macroarthropods were lower on plots treated with Karate, while those of necrophagous ground beetles increased considerably. Nomolt revealed no distinct impact on soil invertebrate density. Statistical analysis did not prove any consistent insecticidal effects on non-target arthropods. Adjacent open-heathland arthropods were not affected by a possible drift of the agents.     

Simultaneous reduction in incidence of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and Sylepta derogata (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) using velvetleaf,Abutilon theophrasti as a trap crop

Journal of Pest Science - Trap cropping is a useful tool in sustainable pest management. Trap crops usually target a single species or genus of insect pests. In this study, we assessed the...     

冷杉梢斑螟在林芝云杉上的生物学特性

目的 确定冷杉梢斑螟在林芝地区林芝云杉上的生物学特性,为以后科学防控该害虫提供依据。 方法 2015年3月至2016年8月通过野外定点观察、室内解剖与室内饲养相结合的方法研究了冷杉梢斑螟的年生活史、各虫态形态特征、习性。 结果 表明：冷杉梢斑螟在林芝地区一年发生一代,以幼虫危害林芝云杉球果果轴、种鳞和种子,且以幼虫在球果内越冬,有滞育现象,无转移危害现象,翌年6月中旬开始羽化为成虫,一直持续到8月上旬,成虫期5~8 d,卵期9~14 d,幼虫期近10.5个月,蛹期25~36 d。 结论 冷杉梢斑螟危害林芝云杉球果,影响林芝云杉林的天然更新,建议每年12月、1月对落地球果和挂在树上的畸形球果进行清理并深埋,以减少冷杉梢斑螟的种群数量和对来年林芝云杉球果的危害。     

Bioecological characteristics of Bracon intercessor Nees (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as a parasitoid of the poplar clearwing moth, Paranthrene tabaniformis (Rott.) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) in Bulgaria

The major bioecological characteristics of Bracon intercessor Nees (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of the poplar clearwing moth, Paranthrene tabaniformis (Rott.) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), were studied from 1987 to 2003. Poplar shoots infested with P. tabaniformis larvae were collected in 11 localities in Bulgaria and examined in the laboratory, and infestations were also studied in the field. B. intercessor was recorded in seven localities and was found to be a gregarious external larval parasitoid of P. tabaniformis. Two generations of the parasitoid developed on the host. The first (summer) generation was associated with early and mid-stage (up to third instar) host larvae, and the second (overwintering) generation with third- to fifth-instar larvae. The average number of parasitoid individuals feeding on a host was 4.5 and 12.4 in summer and overwintering generations, respectively. The maximum number recorded was 25 individuals per host in the overwintering generation. B. intercessor overwintered as a mature larva on the host and completed its development in early spring. The adults from the overwintering generation appeared in April, about 1 month prior to emergence of P. tabaniformis. The life cycle of B. intercessor was not in close synchrony with the development of P. tabaniformis in the spring, but the parasitoid adults which fed on honey-sugar solution lived for up to 31 days (males) and 86 days (females), respectively. This suggests that, in the field, B. intercessor females eclosing in the spring could survive until the host larvae appear if nectar is available. Adults of the summer generation emerge from July to September when sufficient suitable host larvae are available. B. intercessor was responsible for 1.5% of the average mortality of the P. tabaniformis overwintering larvae. The host mortality caused by the summer generation of the parasitoid ranged from 3.2% to 5.8%.     

Sex chromatin body as a marker of radiation-induced sex chromosome aberrations in the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Genetic sexing technique based on the construction of a balanced lethal strain (BLS) has been proposed for Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller). The isolation of female with T(W;Z) translocation is a fundamental step to develop such a strain. Gamma irradiation was used to induce the requested translocations. The availability of sex-linked morphological marker is required to facilitate the detection of such mutations. Since a visible sex-linked marker has not been found in P. operculella, the main objective of our study was therefore to determine the possibility of using sex heterochromatin body as a marker to identify the required translocated females. The appearance of sex heterochromatin body and the analysis of sex chromosomes in F₁ females of irradiated P. operculella females were investigated. The percentage of abnormality in sex heterochromatin body in highly polyploid Malpighian tubule nuclei was positively correlated with the applied dose. Based on the appearance of this body, three mutant lines were isolated: elongated, small and fragmented lines. W chromosome was easily distinguished from Z chromosome when the analysis of pachytene sex chromosome bivalents of P. operculella females was carried out. The aberrations involved in W chromosome directly influenced the appearance of sex heterochromatin body in highly polyploid somatic cells of the isolated mutant lines. The results showed that sex heterochromatin could be used as sex determination and cytogenetic marker in P. operculella.     

Newcone and seed pests collected in Northeastern ChinaBarbara fulgens Kuznetsov (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) the lustrous spruce cone moth

This paper is the first of a series dealing with morphological characteristics, biological cycle and damage importance of insect species newly identified as cone and seed pests in Northeastern China. The spruce cone mothBarbara fulgens appears to be a serious pest of korean spruce cones in Heilongjiang province.     

Susceptibility of different life stages of Tribolium confusum to pyrethrin aerosol: effects of a flour food source on insecticidal efficacy

Accumulated grain dust and flour residues in flour mills can potentially decrease the efficacy of contact surface treatments and aerosol insecticides used for control of adult and immature stages of stored product insects. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of flour residues on the efficacy of piperonyl butoxide-synergized pyrethrin aerosol against different life stages of the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val. Twenty individual adults, pupae, or larvae of T. confusum, confined in Petri dishes containing 0, 0.1, 1, 5, or 10 g of wheat flour, were exposed separately inside an empty shed to the label rate of the aerosol. The formulation contained 1 % active ingredient pyrethrin and the label application rate was 1.04 ml/m³. After 2 h of exposure, all dishes were removed from the shed and placed in an incubator set at 27 °C and 60 % RH. Mortality of T. confusum adults decreased with increasing amount of flour. Recovery of moribund adults 15 days after exposure was greater in the 5 and 10 g flour dishes (15 and 46 %) compared to the 0.1 or 1 g flour dishes (0.7 and 5 %). As the flour amounts increased, more larvae and pupae were able to emerge as adults. Results show accumulated flour residues during aerosol application can compromise aerosol efficacy, and also suggest the flour impaired penetration ability of the aerosol. These results also emphasize the importance of sanitation and cleaning to remove spillage and extraneous material prior to an aerosol application.     

2种红松种实害虫的生物学特性及危害特征的补充研究

红松(Pinus koraiensis)是我国东北地区珍贵的乡土树种,广泛分布于小兴安岭、长白山及完达山山脉,它以冠型优美、材质优良而驰名中外,具有极高的经济价值(周以良等,1986).至目前为止,在黑龙江省内的山区和半山区已营造了大面积的红松人工林.近年来,由于气候异常以及生态环境恶化等因素的影响,红松种实害虫为害越来越严重.1999年在张广财岭东坡调查,红松人工林球果被害率100%(李宏伟等,2003);在牡丹江地区,红松球果被害率达98%以上,种子被害率达56%以上(周彪等,2006b).