Comparison of the reproductive potential of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Monochamus galloprovincialis</Emphasis> on two pine species under laboratory conditions

Monochamus galloprovincialis Olivier (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is one of the vectors of the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae), the causal agent of pine wilt in susceptible pine trees. It is therefore important to study both the biological and ecological characteristics of the beetle. In this study reproductive potentials of female beetles reared on two pine species were investigated under laboratory conditions and compared using fertility tables constructed for beetles reared on each tree species. Beetle population parameters were compared between tree species. The intrinsic rate of increase and associated population parameters of beetles reared on Pinus sylvestris L. were consistently higher than those reared on P. nigra Arnold. This result suggests that P. sylvestris has a significantly greater positive effect on the reproductive potential of M. galloprovincialis populations than does P. nigra.     

Seasonal emergence of weeds in cultivated soil in New Zealand

Patterns of seedling emergence of ten weed species from soil cultivated at intervals of approximately one month are described. All species examined showed clearly defined emergence patterns. Polygonum persicaria L. seedlings emerged in spring and early summer. Seedlings of Chenopodium album agg., Portulaca oleracea L. and Solanum nigrum L. emerged in late spring, summer and early autumn.Plantago major L., Rumex spp. (mostly R. obtusifolius L.) and Trifolium spp. (mostly T. repens L.) emerged mostly in spring and early summer. Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. and Juncus bufonius L. tended to emerge in both autumn and spring.Veronica persica Poir. emerged in spring, summer and autumn. Close similarity between emergence patterns in New Zealand and northern Europe, despite differences in rainfall and temperature, suggests that annual dormancy:nondormancy cycles of seeds buried in the soil are largely responsible for seedling emergence patterns. In New Zealand, seedling emergence tended to be more spread out than in Europe, although seasonal patterns were still distinct. Further work on dormancy cycles in these species would be useful, as would a comparison of the factors inducing and breaking dormancy of comparable seed populations in northern and southern Europe and New Zealand. When seeds were left buried for several years before being encouraged to germinate, seedling emergence patterns tended to be of smaller amplitude, although the overall patterns were still very similar.     

Cohort-dependent seedling recruitment, survival and reproductive capacity of Tribulus terrestris

Knowledge of the population biology of the summer annual Tribulus terrestris can provide valuable information for managing the risk of its colonising crop fields. Because of spring‐summer crop management practices, fields can exhibit bare ground in late April and early May. In this situation, four cohorts in 2000 and three cohorts in 2001 were censused and monitored throughout the vegetative and reproductive season, in order to evaluate the relationship between time of emergence, survival, vegetative growth and plant reproductive capacities. To a great extent, seedling survivorship depended on emergence timing; the earlier the emergence of the seedlings, the higher was the proportion of survivorship (64% and 4%, for early and late emergences). The time of emergence also influenced plant development; in both years, surviving individuals of the first cohorts presented significantly greater plant biomass and larger numbers of reproductive structures (60.5 fruits per plant) than those of later cohorts (0.8 fruits per plant). Reproductive meristem allocation was also highest in the earliest cohorts. Results showed that T. terrestris can increase its population size in fields if gaps of bare soil surface are available from mid spring to early summer.     

Density—yield relationships for Colorado potato beetle adults on potatoes

A model composed of two straight lines describes the relation between overwintering spring adults of Colorado potato beetle [Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)] and potato yield. Potato vines (Solarium tuberosum (L.), cv. ‘Superior’) had a damage boundary of around 5.8 spring adults per plant. However, under conditions favorable for reproduction, overwintering adults of 0.07 beetles per plant would produce a large population of first-generation larvae that would reduce considerably the potato yield if not controlled. There is no appreciable seasonal overlapping between adults and young larvae in the field. Monitoring activities should therefore be directed at the beginning of the season against overwintering adults and later against first-generation larvae. For summer adults, an action threshold of 10 per plant is proposed.     

Output and dispersal of propagules of Carduus acanthoides L

Propagules of Carduus acanthoides are pappus-bearing achenes. Flower production, potential achene output, seedbank and wind dispersal of propagules of Carduus acanthoides were analysed. Flower production was measured in four cohorts in 1986–87 and three cohorts the following reproductive season, when the potential achene output was estimated. Achene output was very large in all cases but early cohorts had a longer fruiting period and produced more flowers and fruits per plant. The seedbank was small and results from autumn and spring samples showed a low seed persistence in soil. In laboratory experiments greater landing and dispersion distances were reached at higher wind speeds, the major wind effect being that on the movement of propagules after landing. Barriers simulating vegetation almost completely stopped this movement after landing and the final distances reached were almost the same at all wind speeds. In field experiments achenes recovered in seed traps and seedling emergence show the same pattern of distribution around the parent plant. The implication of these results for the behaviour of thistle populations are discussed.     

Demography of Digitaria sanguinalis: Effect of the emergence time on survival,reproduction, and biomass

Knowledge of weed population dynamics is crucial for designing effective weed management practises. A field experiment was carried out at Torre Marimon (near Barcelona, north‐eastern Spain) in 2006 and 2007 in order to study the effects of the seedling emergence time on Digitaria sanguinalis fitness. Three and four cohorts were monitored in 2006 and 2007, respectively. In 2007, the seedling density was fourfold greater than in 2006. At the end of the growing season, no statistically significant differences in survival were detected among the cohorts in 2006 (the mean survival rate was 88%); in contrast, in 2007, individual survival varied depending on the cohort, ranging from 25–88%. The reproductive traits and seed production were significantly influenced by the emergence time. In the cohorts that emerged very close in time, the individuals of the first cohort on average had more than threefold the amount of seed production than those of the last cohort. However, not all the surviving individuals were able to reproduce because they were infected by the smut, Ustilago syntherismae.     

Temporal variation in contamination of pine engraver beetles with Fusarium circinatum in native Monterey pine forests in California

The relative importance of beetle species associated with Fusarium circinatum‐infected Monterey pines was investigated in three Monterey pine forests along the coast of central California, USA from April to November in 2004 and 2005. Fusarium circinatum was frequently isolated from Ips mexicanus and I. plastographus. The mean percentage isolation based upon numbers of I. mexicanus and I. plastographus carrying propagules of F. circinatum was 17·7 and 10·9% in 2004 and 16·7 and 17·3% in 2005, respectively. The mean percentage isolation was high in the spring and early summer and low in late summer and autumn in all three locations for both species. Isolation was higher from beetles emerging from harvested F. circinatum‐infected pine‐stems than for trapped beetles, 42·4% for I. mexicanus and 45·9% for I. plastographus. The mean (± SE) propagule load of trapped I. mexicanus was 269·5 (± 14·1) in 2004 and 281·7 (± 35·7) in 2005 and was 216·1 (± 28·9) in 2004 and 251·9 (± 28·4) in 2005 for I. plastographus. Mean propagule loads decreased from May to November in all locations for both species. Propagule loads of beetles emerged from infected stems were lower than that of trapped beetles, with means of 89·4 (± 23·2) and 93·0 (± 23·2) for I. mexicanus and I. plastographus, respectively. Thus beetles must acquire fungal propagules from more than one infected host. These results also suggest that higher contamination rates and propagule loads in spring and early summer may indicate a higher risk of pitch canker transmission, relative to late summer or autumn.     

Shrub presence and shrub species effects on ground beetle assemblages (Carabidae,Curculionidae and Tenebrionidae) in a sandy desert,northwestern China

Shrub presence has an important effect on the structuring of ground beetles in desert ecosystems. In this study, in order to determine how shrubs and different species influence ground beetle assemblages in a sandy desert scrubland dominated by two different shrub species, namely Calligonum mongolicum and Nitraria sphaerocarpa, we sampled the ground beetles using pitfall traps during spring, summer and autumn in 2012. At the community level, the activity density of the ground beetles was shown to be significantly higher under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats in spring; but an opposite pattern occurred in autumn, suggesting the presence of season-specific shrub effects on the activity density of the ground beetles. Meanwhile, at the trophic group level, the activity density and species richness of predators were significantly greater under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats in spring, whereas an opposite trend occurred on the activity density in autumn. N. sphaerocarpa shrubs had a positive effect on the activity density of herbivores in the three seasons, and C. mongolicum shrubs had a positive effect on the activity density of detritivores in spring and autumn. At the species level, more Microdera sp. was captured under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats in spring. During the same time, we also found that C. mongolicum shrubs had a positive effect on Blaps gobiensis in spring, Carabus sp. in autumn, and Tentyria sp. in spring and autumn, and N. sphaerocarpa shrubs had a positive effect on Cyphogenia chinensis, Sternoplax setosa in spring and summer, and Curculionidae sp. 1 in summer and autumn. The study results suggest that shrub presence, shrub species and season variation are important factors for ground beetle assemblages in this desert ecosystem, but the responses of beetles differed among trophic and taxonomic levels.     

Effects of shrub presence and shrub species on ground beetle assemblages (Carabidae,Curculionidae and Tenebrionidae) in a sandy desert,northwestern China

Shrub presence has an important effect on the structuring of ground beetles in desert ecosystems. In this study, in order to determine how shrubs and different species influence ground beetle assemblages in a sandy desert scrubland dominated by two different shrub species, namely Calligonum mongolicum and Nitraria sphaerocarpa, we sampled the ground beetles using pitfall traps during spring, summer and autumn in 2012. At the community level, the activity density of the ground beetles was shown to be significantly higher under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats in spring; but an opposite pattern occurred in autumn, suggesting the presence of season-specific shrub effects on the activity density of the ground beetles. Meanwhile, at the trophic group level, the activity density and species richness of predators were significantly greater under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats in spring, whereas an opposite trend occurred on the activity density in autumn. N. sphaerocarpa shrubs had a positive effect on the activity density of herbivores in the three seasons, and C. mongolicum shrubs had a positive effect on the activity density of detritivores in spring and autumn. At the species level, more Microdera sp. was captured under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats in spring. During the same time, we also found that C. mongolicum shrubs had a positive effect on Blaps gobiensis in spring, Carabus sp. in autumn, and Tentyria sp. in spring and autumn, and N. sphaerocarpa shrubs had a positive effect on Cyphogenia chinensis, Sternoplax setosa in spring and summer, and Curculionidae sp. 1 in summer and autumn. The study results suggest that shrub presence, shrub species and season variation are important factors for ground beetle assemblages in this desert ecosystem, but the responses of beetles differed among trophic and taxonomic levels.     

Attraction of Ips typographus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) beetles by lure-baited insecticide-treated tripod trap logs and trap trees

The numbers of Ips typographus beetles captured by lure-baited insecticide-treated tripod trap logs (TRIPODs) versus classic trap trees (TRAP TREEs) were compared in a spruce forest in northeastern Czech Republic in the year 2012. During the time of I. typographus flight activity (22 April–24 August), TRAP TREEs were periodically deployed and replaced, while TRIPODs were deployed at the start of flight activity, and lure and insecticide were periodically refreshed. The numbers of I. typographus beetles captured was significantly greater on TRAP TREEs than on TRIPODs during the first sampling period (22 April–25 May) but did not differ between the two kinds of traps in the subsequent sampling periods (26 May–29 June, 30 June–27 July, or 28 July–24 August). More females than males were captured by both kinds of trap. Similarly, more beetles were captured in the spring (April–June) than in the summer (July–August) by both trap models. The main advantages of TRIPODs compared to the TRAP TREEs are twofold: first, that pheromone lures will make any spruce timber attractive to I. typographus; and second, that logs need not be decontaminated at a particular time and, consequently, they require significantly less surveillance.     

Seasonal abundance of sap beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in date plantations in Israel

Seasonal abundance of nitidulid beetles infesting date plantations in Israel was studied through captures of adults in traps.Carpophilus mutilatus andC. hemipterus were found throughout autumn, winter and spring; in the summer their populations declined considerably.Urophorus humeralis predominated during the summer whileHaptoncus luteolus was most abundant during late summer and autumn. Damage to ripening fruit by sap beetles is apparently inflicted mainly byH. luteolus andU. humeralis.     

纽荷尔脐橙树体中黄龙病菌的分布规律及其对叶片组织结构和木质素合成的影响

为明确纽荷尔脐橙树体不同部位叶片在不同季节的黄龙病菌Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus感染情况,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测采集自不同季节及树体不同部位叶片样品中的黄龙病菌,并对秋季采集的相同叶龄且黄龙病菌含量不同的叶片进行叶脉显微结构观察、木质素含量测定以及木质素合成相关基因表达模式分析。结果显示,夏季采集的 122 份叶片样品的阳性率为16.02%,秋季采集的486份叶片样品的阳性率为33.02%,后者的阳性率显著高于前者;其中178份采集自秋季枝条顶端的叶片样品阳性率最高,为36.88%,308份采集自秋季枝条底端的叶片样品阳性率为26.84%,二者均显著高于采集自夏季枝条的60份顶端叶片的阳性率（22.98%）和62份底端叶片的阳性率（8.96%）。对秋季不同含菌量叶片样品进行比较后发现,含菌量较高的叶片其韧皮部厚度较对照显著增加;叶片内木质素含量随着黄龙病菌含量的增加而增加,同时3个木质素合成相关基因Cs4g17860、orange1.1t02755和orange1.1t04489的表达量也随着黄龙病菌含量的增加而上调表达。表明感染黄龙病的纽荷尔脐橙在秋季时其枝条顶端的叶片的阳性率相较于底端叶片以及夏季叶片更高,且黄龙病菌入侵后叶片韧皮部厚度、木质素含量及部分木质素合成相关基因表达量均随着叶片中菌含量的升高而增加。     

Seasonal development of the eucalypt borer,Phoracantha semipunctata,In Israel

Observations on the seasonal development ofPhoracantha semipunctata (Fab.) (Coleopteia: Cerambycidae), the eucalypt borer, were carried out in 11 plantations ofEucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. and two ofE. gomphocephala DC, situated in areas from Qiryat Shemona (Upper Galilee) to Ze’elim (western Negev), using trap logs. Egg masses of the borer were usually found during the warm season but also in small numbers during the winter. Larvae which hatched during the colder season generally died, due to the relatively accelerated drying of the bark. Mean minimum duration of development from egg laying to the onset of adult emergence wasca 100 days for individuals which began to develop between spring and mid-summer (March to July);ca 215 days for the late summer brood (August to September); andca 195 days for the autumn brood (October to November). Mean larval development comprised about 66%, 64%, 36% and 81% of the total development period in spring, early and mid-summer, late summer, and autumn, respectively. Mean spring development of the larvae lasted 70 days in fresh materialvs 118 days in old (partly dry) material. The pupation period lasted between 32 and 40 days when it began between spring and late summer, andca 110 days when it started in the autumn. When adult emergence began between spring and mid-summer it was usually completed within 2–3 months, whereas when starting from late summer onward it lasted up to 9 months. Emergence was arrested during the winter and resumed with a rise of temperature in the spring. The borer develops two or three annual generations, depending upon the area.     

民勤绿洲物候季节划分及景观季相特征

本文根据甘肃民勤沙生植物园 1 974- 2 0 0 2年的物候观测资料 ,应用“植物物候频率分布型法”对民勤绿洲物候季节和季相特征进行了研究 ,通过分析 ,民勤绿洲物候季节可分为 4个大季段和 1 2个小季段 ,春、夏、秋、冬四大季段中冬长秋短 ,春夏居中 ,每个季段都具有明显的指示物候、典型的植物物候形态组合以及独特的季相特征。这一研究结果客观地反映了该地区自然季节更替的规律和景观季相的演变特点。     

Factors affecting seed germination of Echium plantagineum L. and Trifolium subterraneum L.

Echium plantagineum L. is a widespread, persistent, and often dominant volunteer species in southern Australia. This paper describes laboratory and field experiments investigating seed germination in E. plantagineum and a commonly associated species, Trifolium subterraneum L. In the laboratory, E. plantagineum germination was favoured by relatively high temperatures, and the seed showed considerable innate and temperature-enforced dormancy. In the field, this dormancy appeared to prevent some germination in response to rainfalls immediately after seed formation, and permitted sporadic germination during summer and autumn in subsequent years. In 1972 and 1974, both species emerged well in autumn whilst E. plantagineum was favoured in summer and T. subterraneum was favoured in winter. No seedlings emerged in spring. Emergence appeared to be controlled primarily by moisture availability and temperature but also was affected by cultivation and removal of soil-surface litter. The results of these seed germination studies show that E. plantagineum is well adapted to persist in a Mediterranean-type climate, and will be favoured in years with early seasonal breaks. T. subterraneum is likely to be favoured with later breaks.     

甘肃省季节性干旱综合指数的特征

利用甘肃省71个气象站1971-2013年月降水量资料,借助Z指数构建了基于干旱频率、干旱强度的干旱综合指数评价指标,从季节性干旱以及季节性连旱着手分析了不同时间尺度的干旱特征。结果表明:研究区季节性趋旱程度(MK0)和趋旱范围(DR,%)差异显著,其中春季陇东高原为-0.154(100%),重旱为灵台(-0.238*)、宁县(-0.180)、镇原(-0.178);夏季河西走廊为-0.081(73.7%),重旱为马鬃山(-0.271*)、安西(-0.255*)、敦煌(-0.171);秋季陇中高原为-0.017(50.9%),重旱在会宁(-0.186)。季节性干旱综合指数重旱时段显示,春季为1995年(陇东0.481),夏季为1997年(陇南0.405),秋季为1972年(甘南0.366),冬季为1998年(陇东0.586)和2009年(甘南0.449)。两季连旱高值区在白银、会宁、古浪、玛曲、灵台、永登、华池、静宁等地(0.030),其中秋冬连旱最为严重(0.0274);三季连旱高值区为会宁、古浪、静宁、白银、永登等地(0.020),其中夏秋冬连旱最为显著(0.017 5);四季连旱高值区为会宁、古浪、西峰、灵台、泾川等地(0.015),即除了冬春夏秋连旱外,其余季节性连旱程度均比较显著(0.009)。     

基于TVDI的攀西地区干旱时空变化特征研究

利用MODIS地表温度数据（LST）和归一化植被指数（NDVI）构建Ts-NDVI特征空间，通过计算温度植被干旱指数（TVDI）详细分析了攀西地区2001—2020年干旱时空变化规律。结果表明：（1）从时间角度来看，20年间攀西地区TVDI年均值介于0.5481~0.5820，以-0.0001·a^-1速率缓慢减小，且在2001年和2009年出现大范围中旱。季节性干旱特点表现为冬干春旱，各季TVDI均值分别为冬季0.5618、春季0.6058、夏季0.5590、秋季0.5365，表明冬、春两季较夏、秋两季更容易形成干旱。TVDI月均最大值出现在5月份，为0.6089；最小值出现在9月份，为0.5204；每年2—6月以中旱为主；7月起旱情减轻，转为轻旱；10月起旱情逐渐加重。（2）从空间角度来看，攀西地区旱情变化趋势南北差异明显，南部干旱发生的频率和范围大于北部地区，呈现出中部、南部及西南部高，北部、西北部及东北部低的空间分布特征。（3）从典型干旱年份来看，攀西地区2001年、2006年和2011年春旱耕地在空间分布上具有一定的相似性。其中，受中旱的耕地主要分布在攀西北部和中部；而受重旱的耕地主要集中分布在攀西西南部。研究结果表明，2001—2020年攀西地区旱情稍有缓解，不同季节间干旱差异性较大，干旱范围以攀西中部和南部为主。     

Different thermal responses in two coexisting aphids may account for differences in their seasonal abundance in cotton fields

The coexistence of species competing for resources can be facilitated by differential effects of temperature on fitness components. The coexisting cotton aphids Aphis gossypii Glover and Acyrthosiphon gossypii Mordvilko show seasonal differences in abundance in North-Western China, the former reaching higher field abundances and declining later in the season than the latter. We hypothesized that differences in responses to temperature might be the proximate mechanism driving this difference in population dynamics between the two species. Aphids from laboratory-reared colonies and directly collected from the field in early summer were used to study their development, survival and reproduction under a range of constant temperatures. Life-table parameters suggest that A. gossypii performed better than Ac. gossypii under all temperature treatments tested, and the difference tended to be strongest under high temperatures. These observations are consistent with the higher numbers and the later decline of A. gossypii in the field compared with Ac. gossypii. Our findings help in understanding the seasonal population dynamics of both species, as well as in forecasting pest trends under global warming scenarios.     

Potential for Nonhost Volatiles as Repellents in Integrated Pest Management of Ambrosia Beetles

Semiochemical-based mass trapping of the striped ambrosia beetle, Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), has been the cornerstone of an integrated pest management (IPM) programme for ambrosia beetles on the British Columbia coast since 1981. However, there is no available tactic of protecting logs from attack that could be incorporated into the IPM programme. We tested nonhost volatiles (NHVs) from the bark of angiosperm trees for their ability to disrupt catches of T. lineatum in multiple-funnel traps baited with the aggregation pheromone lineatin. In one set of experiments, a blend of 1-hexanol and benzyl alcohol caused 77.9% and 80.0% reduction in captures of males and females, respectively, and in another a blend of methyl salicylate and salicylaldehyde caused reductions of 65.0% for males and 66.9% for females. All four NHVs combined caused reductions in captures for males and females of 82.3% and 81.4%, respectively, not much greater than to the blend of 1-hexanol and benzyl alcohol. However, because both blends were active alone, their redundancy when combined lends confidence to the selection of the four-component blend for operational testing. Although disruption was increased when a 16-component NHV blend was tested, or when (±)–(E)-conophthorin was added to the four-component blend, addition of more compounds to the four-component blend was not considered operationally or economically justifiable. When deployed from low-density polyethylene tubes stapled along the length of pheromone-baited conifer logs, this blend caused prolonged and significant reductions in landing by T. lineatum and also by Gnathotrichus sulcatus (LeConte) and G. retusus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). However, attacking beetles generally overcame the NHV treatment by the end of the flight period, leading to similar attack densities on treated and control logs. Therefore, we recommend that further operational investigations explore using repellent NHVs in combination with disruptive visual, tactile or gustatory stimuli.     

水浸处理原木杀虫效果的研究

对水浸处理原木杀灭木材中的松褐天牛、横坑切梢小蠹、材小蠹及病害松材线虫的效果进行了研究。结果表明天牛成虫、蛹及小蠹虫较易死亡，而天牛幼虫和松材线虫抗逆性强，需长时间浸泡。结论认为水浸处理原木需1年时间或在高温季节处理3个月才能达到检疫杀虫的目的。