Precursory chemical changes in ground water: kobe earthquake, Japan

Chloride (Cl(-)) and sulfate (SO(4)(2-)) ion concentrations of ground water issuing from two wells located near the epicenter of the Kobe earthquake in Japan fluctuated before the disastrous magnitude 7.2 event on 17 January 1995. The samples measured were pumped ground water packed in bottles and distributed in the domestic market as drinking water from 1993 to April 1995. Analytical results demonstrate that Cl(-)and SO(4)(2-) concentrations increased steadily from August 1994 to just before the earthquake. Water sampled after the earthquake showed much higher Cl(-) and SO(4)(2-) concentrations. The precursory changes in chemical composition may reflect the preparation stage of a large earthquake.     

Radon Anomaly: A Possible Precursor of the 1978 Izu-Oshima-kinkai Earthquake

Precursory changes in the radon concentration of groundwater were observed prior to the Izu-Oshima-kinkai earthquake (magnitude 7.0) 14 January 1978. The distance from the epicenter to a continuous radon-monitoring station at Nakaizu was about 25 kilometers. A sudden drop and a subsequent increase in the radon concentration recorded on 9 January 1978 were significant. The size of the spike-like change was about 15 percent. After the earthquake, a remarkable increase in the radon concentration occurred.     

Tomography of the Source Area of the 1995 Kobe Earthquake: Evidence for Fluids at the Hypocenter?

Seismic tomography revealed a low seismic velocity (-5%) and high Poisson's ratio (+6%) anomaly covering about 300 square kilometers at the hypocenter of the 17 January 1995, magnitude 7.2, Kobe earthquake in Japan. This anomaly may be due to an overpressurized, fluid-filled, fractured rock matrix that contributed to the initiation of the Kobe earthquake.     

The magnitude 6.7 northridge, california, earthquake of 17 january 1994

The most costly American earthquake since 1906 struck Los Angeles on 17 January 1994. The magnitude 6.7 Northridge earthquake resulted from more than 3 meters of reverse slip on a 15-kilometer-long south-dipping thrust fault that raised the Santa Susana mountains by as much as 70 centimeters. The fault appears to be truncated by the fault that broke in the 1971 San Fernando earthquake at a depth of 8 kilometers. Of these two events, the Northridge earthquake caused many times more damage, primarily because its causative fault is directly under the city. Many types of structures were damaged, but the fracture of welds in steel-frame buildings was the greatest surprise. The Northridge earthquake emphasizes the hazard posed to Los Angeles by concealed thrust faults and the potential for strong ground shaking in moderate earthquakes.     

汶川地震前后温江不同土层温度的变化特征

运用地面气象测报业务软件,结合铂电阻地温传感器分别采集地震前后4年(2004~2012年)的土层温度,探讨汶川Ms 8.0级地震前后温江不同土层温度的变化特征。结果表明,随着土层的加深,土壤温度呈下降的趋势,且在0 cm时达最高;0、10、15、20 cm土层的5月份平均温度随着年份的增加,其温度总体上表现出先增加后降低的趋势,在2007年5月时达最高值;而40、80、320 cm土层的5月份平均温度的年际变化相对较小。浅层(0~40 cm)地温的变化幅度较大,而深层地温(80~320 cm)的变化幅度较小;其原因主要是由于浅层地温受地面天气现象的影响较大,而深层地温则受此影响较小,但其地温总体上呈逐渐增加的趋势,与太阳辐射的增强有关,且基本不受地震释放的热量影响。地震对不同土层的温度均有不同程度的影响,且随土层的加深,其影响逐渐降低,在0、5、10、15、20 cm的土层温度中,其作用尤为明显。地震对不同土层温度的影响集中体现在震后1~3 d,而震前无明显的变化,这也是当前地震预警预报较低的原因之一。     

Estimation of fault strength: reconstruction of stress before the 1995 Kobe earthquake

We have estimated the stress field before the 1995 Kobe, Japan, earthquake (moment magnitude 6.9) using in situ post-shock stress measurements obtained from hydraulic fracturing experiments near the fault. We reconstructed the pre-shock stress field using a kinematic source model inverted from seismic waveforms and geodetic deformations. We found that at the center of the fault, two sides of the fault surface coupled completely before the earthquake, with a coefficient of friction of 0.6, which is equivalent to strong crust. At the edge of the fault, a possible aseismic slip is expected to occur from the pre-shock stress orientation.     

寒冷地区工业厂房砌体裂缝观测及分析

以寒冷地区工业厂房墙体裂缝发生、发展的观测数据为依据，通过理论计算分析，确定了裂缝产生的原因及其发生、发展与温度的关系。制定的预防措施－隔离法。在几个厂房中进行的实际应用表明，是解决墙体裂缝的有效途径。     

冬季河蟹人工育苗的生产试验

随着我国河蟹（Ｅｒｉｏｃｈｉｒ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｈ． Ｍｉｍｅ－Ｅｄｗａｒｄｓ １８５３年）养殖业的日益发展,河蟹的人工繁育和增养殖技术不断完善,河蟹产量不断上升;但是,北方河蟹的性早熟,制约着河蟹的养殖,该试验旨在探讨蟹苗当年养成商品蟹的养殖途径。在北方当年苗养成商品蟹生长期仅有５个多月,所以很难达到商品规格。若在冬季育,经过暂养,春季投放大规格的仔蟹,当年养成商品蟹就成为可能。为此,我们在１９９４～１９９５年１月,在大港区滨海养殖场进行了冬季河蟹人工育苗的生产性试验,通过对生产车间的改造,亲蟹的暂养、交配、抱卵及人工育苗等,于１９９４年 １２月 ８日和 １９９５年１月１５日,共人工繁育蟹苗（大眼幼体）１１５ ｋｇ,取得了冬季育苗的成功。然后将蟹苗养成仔蟹,（在张家港）当年１０月,养成商品蟹,平均规格１００ｇ／只以上。取得了很高的经济效益和社会效益。     

海南省方头甲属种类记述（鞘翅目：方头甲科）

方头甲是一类重要的捕食性天敌，对盾蚧类害虫的生物防治有一定应用前景，该文简要记述了海南省产方头甲属种类共８种，并列出分种检索表。     

2015年武汉市PM2．5变化特征及其与气象要素的关系

利用空气质量监测数据和气象观测数据,采用统计分析方法,对武汉市2015年PM2．5变化特征及其与降水、气温、风速、气压和相对湿度的关系进行分析。结果表明,PM2．5浓度变化趋势呈U型,1～12月的浓度变化是逐渐先减小后增大;1～3、10～12月的浓度大于4～9月的浓度,其中1月浓度最大,7月浓度最小,冬季各个月份的浓度普遍比夏季高。 PM2．5浓度与月平均气温、月降水量呈现负相关关系,与月平均气压呈现正相关关系,最大风速和平均相对湿度对于PM2．5浓度的影响存在双重性。     

中国蔬菜生产空间集聚演变、机制、效应及政策应对

【目的】近年来,中国“大市场、大流通”的蔬菜供需格局基本形成,蔬菜产业空间布局发生了显著变化。本研究以31个省市为研究单元,系统探讨了1995-2012年中国蔬菜生产的空间集聚演变特征、效应与机制,并提出了应对政策建议,为优化生产布局、有效保障供给提供依据。【方法】基于集中度指数计算蔬菜产量最大的n个省（市/区）占全国蔬菜总产量的份额,基于基尼系数模型测度中国蔬菜生产省级层面的空间集中水平,揭示1995-2012年间中国蔬菜产业空间集聚的变动特征;应用修正的柯布-道格拉斯生产函数,建立评估模型,分析蔬菜产业集聚水平、蔬菜价格、单位面积劳动力投入、单位面积资本投入等对蔬菜产值影响的显著性,揭示蔬菜生产聚集对产业发展的影响效应。【结果】研究初期中国蔬菜生产东南聚集、东多西少的空间特征在研究期内发生了显著变化。1995-2012年,西部省份产量比重提高了6个多百分点,东、西部地区产量差距梯度明显减弱;南北方向上,北方省份占全国比重提升了近5个百分点,蔬菜生产向北方转移明显。研究期内,CR₄和CR₈两个集中度指标均是前期波动并略有提高,后期基本保持稳定并略降, 大致在 0.4和0.6之间徘徊,两者的最高点分别发生在2001年与2004年,最低是1995年与1997年;基尼系数同样呈先升后降的变化,2004年的0.5045为研究期内最高点,之后逐步下降。蔬菜生产空间集聚的变化是自然、社会、经济等多种要素共同参与导致空间重构的结果,也是蔬菜产业本身优化提升的过程。初期分布格局更加依赖光、温、水、土等自然条件,在演变过程中,科技创新使得自然因素作用降低,经济、政策等层面因素的作用逐渐突出。修正后的效应评估方程通过了F检验,并且具有较高的解释水平,基尼系数在10%的显著性水平下通过了t检验,它每提高1个百分点,蔬菜单位面积产值将增加2.48个百分点。【结论】1995-2012年,中国蔬菜生产东、西部产量差距梯度明显减弱,生产重心向北方发生转移,空间分布特征变化明显,尤其在前期更具波动性;蔬菜生产空间聚集对蔬菜产值影响显著,集聚的加强可有效促进蔬菜产值的增加;基于优化蔬菜生产空间格局角度,未来应从加强主产区建设、推进规模化与专业化生产、注重产业各环节间协同入手,促进产业健康发展。     

关于剑麻行业标准有效性确认工作的思考

阐述了剑麻行业标准的发展现状,以GB/T15029-1994附录B和NY/T245-1995对含油率测试方法以及GB/T15029-1994附录A和NY/T243-1995对回潮率测试方法为例分别作比较,两组标准所制定的试验步骤上存在较大差异。说明在颁布实施的剑麻纤维制品回潮率的测定等13个农业行业标准较GB/T15029-1994《剑麻白棕绳》等产品标准的部分项目测试方法标准更科学、简便、实用。     

元谋县长防林不同林分结构小气候效应的初步研究

１９９４年和１９９５年４、５月份，分别在赤桉纯林，赤桉与三叶豆混交林内以及与它们立地条件相同的林外设立气象观测点，对主要气象要素进行了同步观测。结果表明，干旱季节，两种林分的小气候效应基本一致，都具有调温，增湿和减小风速等作用，且混交林的效应均比纯林强。     

Stress triggering of the 1994 m = 6.7 northridge, california, earthquake by its predecessors

A model of stress transfer implies that earthquakes in 1933 and 1952 increased the Coulomb stress toward failure at the site of the 1971 San Fernando earthquake. The 1971 earthquake in turn raised stress and produced aftershocks at the site of the 1987 Whittier Narrows and 1994 Northridge ruptures. The Northridge main shock raised stress in areas where its aftershocks and surface faulting occurred. Together, the earthquakes with moment magnitude M >/= 6 near Los Angeles since 1933 have stressed parts of the Oak Ridge, Sierra Madre, Santa Monica Mountains, Elysian Park, and Newport-lnglewood faults by more than 1 bar. Although too small to cause earthquakes, these stress changes can trigger events if the crust is already near failure or advance future earthquake occurrence if it is not.     

Corrections and clarifications

The 1994 and 1995 federal science budget appropriations for two of the activities were inadvertently transposed in a table that accompanied the article "Hitting the President's target is mixed blessing for agencies" by Jeffrey Mervis (News & Comment, 14 Oct., p. 211). The correct figures for Defense Department spending on university research are $1.460 billion in 1994 and $1.279 billion in 1995; for research and development at NASA, the correct figures are $9.455 billion in 1994 and $9.824 billion in 1995.     

Strain-softening instability model for the san fernando earthquake

Changes in the ground elevation observed before and immediately after the 1971 San Fernando, California, earthquake are consistent with a theoretical model in which fault zone rocks are strain-softening after peak stress. The model implies that the slip rate of the fault increased to aboul 0.1 meter per year near the focus before the earthquake.     

小麦-玉米高产区肥料施用状况与养分平衡研究

以兖州市为例,分析了1985年以来高产粮区的肥料施用和养分平衡状况。结果表明:1985- 1993年兖州市的化肥施用量呈逐年递增趋势,1993年以后化肥施用量基本趋于稳定。小麦单产从 1985到1997年稳定增加,1997年以后有下降趋势;玉米单产从1985-1994年稳定增加,1995年以 后变化很大。粮食总产和单产在1985-1994年稳定增加,1995以后波动比较大。化肥用量与粮食总 产和单产之间显著相关。施肥现状调查表明,小麦上化肥N、P2O5、K2O平均用量分别是289．3 kg/hm2、 212．1 kg/hm2、112．7 kg/hm2。分别占粮食作物肥料总投入量的22．6％、16．6％和8．8％;玉米上化肥N、 P2O5、K2O平均用量分别为462．3 kg/hm2、143．0 kg/hm2、58．8 kg/hm2,分别占粮食作物肥料总投入量的 36．2％、11．2％和4．6％。     

Detection and monitoring of ongoing aseismic slip in the Tokai region,central Japan

Analysis of global positioning system data shows that the rate of crustal deformations in the Tokai region of Japan, a seismic gap area, changed over the past 18 months. Kalman filtering analysis shows aseismic slip on the plate boundary in the western Tokai region centered on Lake Hamana, adjacent to the anticipated Tokai earthquake source area. The cumulative moment magnitude reaches 6.7 in June 2002 with a relative slip increase northeast of Lake Haman from January 2002. An existence of aseismic slip in the western Tokai supports the hypothesis of a silent event as the cause of uplifting several days before the 1944 Tonankai earthquake.     

Stress anomaly accompanying the 1979 lytle creek earthquake: implications for earthquake prediction

An unusual stress transient was recorded 15 kilometers from the epicenter of the Lytle Creek earthquake in southern California. It was observed at the recording site as an increased shear stress parallel to the fault surface and with the proper sense of shear to have triggered the earthquake. The anomaly began 2 to 4 weeks before the earthquake and lasted for 3 months.     

乌鲁木齐河源最高和最低气温变化趋势分析

利用乌鲁木齐河源天山大西沟气象站1959～2006年最高和最低气温观测资料,对乌鲁木齐河源的最高和最低气温变化进行了分析。结果表明：河源最高和最低气温的升高始于1995年,1959～1995年的最高和最低气温在波动中变化。1995～2006年比1959～1995年的平均最高气温升高了0．8～1．1℃,平均最低气温升高了1．O～1．2℃。