一株重配型H1N2猪流感病毒的进化分析及对小鼠的致病性

为了进一步了解我国辽宁省猪流感(SI)的流行情况及病原的进化规律,对2016年年末在辽宁省某生猪屠宰场进行SI病原学监测时分离到的一株H1N2亚型猪流感病毒(SIV)A/swine/Liaoning/FX575/2016(简称FX575)进行全基因组序列测定,通过对其8个基因片段的基因来源进行分析,确定基因型;构建系统进化树;分析相关分子特征;进一步以6周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠为感染模型,通过测定感染后小鼠的体重变化和脏器病毒含量评估病毒的致病性。结果显示:FX575为一株三重重配型的H1N2病毒,遗传进化分析结果显示病毒的HA基因来自于欧亚类禽型H1N1(EA H1N1)分支的SIV,NA基因来自于北美三重配型H1N2分支的SIV,6个内部基因(PB2、PB1、PA、NP、M和NS)均来自于2009/H1N1分支的病毒。以10~6EID₅₀的剂量经鼻腔途径感染小鼠后,能够引起小鼠出现明显的体重下降,其中有1只小鼠在感染后第7天体重下降的比率超过25%,判为死亡;感染后第3天在小鼠肺及鼻甲骨中均检测到较高滴度的病毒,含量分别为4.82、4.20 log₁₀EID₅₀·mL^-1。结果表明SIV在不断流行的过程中,不同基因型病毒之间发生重组导致出现基因三重配的病毒,病毒对小鼠呈现中等致病力特征,提示应进一步加强对SI的主动监测,从而降低病毒对兽医及公共卫生学风险。     

猪流感病毒H1、H3、N1、N2亚型分型 RT-PCR方法的建立

根据GenBank中H1N1和H3N2亚型猪流感病毒(SIV)血凝素(hemagglutinin,HA)、神经氨酸酶(neuraminidase,NA)和M基因保守序列,分别设计合成了5对特异性引物,利用RT-PCR技术对SIV的型和亚型进行鉴定。结果表明,该方法的型RT-PCR可以检测出10⁴ EID₅₀病毒量所提取的RNA;H1、H3、N1和N2的亚型RT-PCR均可以检测出10⁴ EID₅₀病毒量所提取的RNA。除每对特异性引物所对应的亚型外,对其他亚型及猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)和猪瘟病毒(CSFV)的检测均为阴性,应用该方法对临床样品进行检测,其结果与病毒分离结果符合率为100%。结果表明,该方法特异性好、敏感性高,有望成为SIV的一种特异、敏感、快速的分型检测方法,为猪流感分子流行病学的调查奠定了良好的基础。     

H3N2亚型禽流感病毒及猪流感病毒感染人肺腺癌细胞后增殖的差异性变化

人肺腺癌细胞A549被H3N2亚型禽流感病毒和猪流感病毒感染后,探讨不同毒株跨种属感染人呼吸道组织的可能性和趋势性。通过观察病毒感染A549细胞后的细胞病变(CPE)、血凝试验(HA)和50%组织细胞感染量(TCID50)来比较不同毒株感染细胞后的复制差异和毒力改变,发现同一亚型不同来源的流感病毒对A549细胞感染和复制能力有较大差异,哺乳动物来源的病毒更有感染人呼吸道细胞的趋势,SW/GX/NS2783/2010有潜在的感染人细胞的能力。感染过程中的细胞因子变化和病毒基因组组成特点是进一步研究的方向,应重点关注具有跨种属感染趋势的流感病毒及其特殊分子决定簇的组成和特点。     

猪流感病毒H1N1广东分离株HA基因的克隆与进化分析

采用常规的血清学试验和特异性RT-PCR,从广东不同地区猪场分离鉴定出8株H1N1亚型猪流感病毒(SIV)。用流感病毒血凝素(HA)基因通用引物扩增了8株病毒的血凝素(HA)基因,经克隆测序,HA基因全长1 757 bp,编码566个氨基酸。8个毒株的HA基因推导氨基酸序列分析表明,均含有8个潜在的N糖基化位点,且糖基化位点相同,其HA1、HA2之间切割位点序列为IPSIQSR↓G,从分子水平推论,此8株H1N1 SIV均属于非高致病性毒株。同源性分析表明,此8株病毒的氨基酸序列与经典SIV之间的同源性在92.3%~94.7%之间;与2009年甲型H1N1流感病毒同源性在80.4%~92.4%之间;与欧洲类禽SIV分离株同源性在80.4%~84.1%之间。进化关系表明,该8株SIV与A-swine-Shanghai-3-2005-H1N1同处一分支,与2009年甲型H1N1流感病毒和经典SIV分离株亲缘关系较近,与欧洲类禽SIV分离株亲缘关系较远。     

Serological Evidence of Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus Infections in Greek Swine

The introduction of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) influenza virus in pigs changed the epidemiology of influenza A viruses (IAVs) in swine in Europe and the rest of the world. Previously, three IAV subtypes were found in the European pig population: an avian‐like H1N1 and two reassortant H1N2 and H3N2 viruses with human‐origin haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase proteins and internal genes of avian decent. These viruses pose antigenically distinct HAs, which allow the retrospective diagnosis of infection in serological investigations. However, cross‐reactions between the HA of pH1N1 and the HAs of the other circulating H1 IAVs complicate serological diagnosis. The prevalence of IAVs in Greek swine has been poorly investigated. In this study, we examined and compared haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titres against previously established IAVs and pH1N1 in 908 swine sera from 88 herds, collected before and after the 2009 pandemic. While we confirmed the historic presence of the three IAVs established in European swine, we also found that 4% of the pig sera examined after 2009 had HI antibodies only against the pH1N1 virus. Our results indicate that pH1N1 is circulating in Greek pigs and stress out the importance of a vigorous virological surveillance programme.     

Prokaryotic Expression and Antigenic Analysis of H3N2 Swine Influenza Virus HA1 and HA2 Genes

Hemagglutinin protein plays an important role in disease prevention and treatment of the swine influenza virus (SIV).In order to clone and express subtype H3N2 SIV A/swine/Henan/1/2010 (H3N2) HA1 and HA2 genes with chicken embryo allantoic fluid containing the H3N2 SIV after extraction of RNA.The HA1 gene and HA2 gene were amplified from the total RNA using RT-PCR and they were inserted into prokaryotic expression vector pET-28a (+) to construct recombinant expression vector.Then the vector was transformed and expressed in E.coli BL21 (DE3) pLyS.Then the bacteria were induced by IPTG and their lysates were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting,respectively.The monoclonal antibody 1C10,which was specific to HA protein,was used as primary antibody in Western blotting analysis.It was found that the expressed recombinant HA1 protein was 34.8 ku and recombinant HA2 protein was 23.2 ku analyzed by SDS-PAGE.As demonstrated by Western blotting,this HA1 expressed products showed the capacity of reacting with monoclonal antibody 1C10.All the results suggested that the expressed HA1 and HA2 proteins of H3N2 influenza virus would be very helpful in the development of rapid diagnosis method and vaccine development,which would facilitate further study on the function of HA at the same time.     

H3N2亚型猪流感病毒HA1、HA2基因的原核表达及抗原性分析

血凝素（hemagglutinin,HA）蛋白是猪流感病毒（swine influenza virus,SIV）的一个重要蛋白,在疾病预防和治疗中具有重要作用。本试验旨在克隆和表达H3N2亚型猪流感病毒A/swine/Henan/1/2010（H3N2）的HA1和HA2基因。用含有H3N2亚型SIV的鸡胚尿囊液提取RNA,RT-PCR扩增后将目的基因定向克隆到pET-28a（+）原核表达载体上,并将其转入宿主菌BL21（DE3）pLyS进行表达,IPTG诱导后经SDS-PAGE检测并用该病毒重组HA蛋白制备的特异性单克隆抗体1C10作为一抗对两种蛋白进行Western blotting分析。SDS-PAGE结果显示,得到HA1和HA2大小分别为34.8、23.2 ku的重组蛋白,Western blotting结果表明,HA1蛋白与1C10单克隆抗体具有良好的反应原性,且1C10单克隆抗体表位在HA1蛋白上。本试验结果为进一步研究血凝素蛋白的结构和功能,以及建立快速诊断方法和基因工程疫苗提供材料。     

Optimization of Proliferation Parameter of H1N1 Influenza Virus in Chicken Embryo

In order to study the best propagation parameters of H1N1 subtype influenza virus in chicken embryo,this study was conducted to research the effects of egg selection and preservation before hatching and hatching parameters setting on production of H1N1 subtype influenza virus.In the egg selection and preservation,we mainly investigated the egg weight,egg shape index,storage period,disinfection time and method and other factors,the results showed that egg weight of 55 to 65 g,egg shape index of 1.30 to 1.35,egg storage period of 1 to 4 d,storage temperature of 16 to 18 ℃,humidity of 70% to 80%,during storage period,eggs formaldehyde fumigation time 30 min,we could provide the best eggs for H1N1 subtype influenza vaccine production.The effect of hatching parameters on production of H1N1 subtype influenza virus,this experiment mainly investigaed incubation temperature,humidity,times of turning over eggs,aeration and other parameters,the results showed that in the production of H1N1 subtype influenza virus,the optimal parameter set to hatch:temperature 1 to 7 d was 38.2 ℃,8 to 9 d was 38.0 ℃,10 d was 37.8 ℃;Humidity was 65% to 70% from 1 to 10 d;Turning over eggs frequency was 1 times/2 h,before and after each dip 45°;1 to 5 d aeration set to 4,6 to 10 d set to 5.The results provided quality chicken hatchery technology for H1N1 subtype influenza vaccine production in order to ensure the quality and yield of allantoic fluid.     

H1N1亚型流感病毒鸡胚增殖参数的优化

为了研究最佳的H1N1亚型流感病毒鸡胚增殖参数,本试验进行了孵化前种蛋的选择与保存、鸡胚孵化中各参数设定等因素对H1N1亚型流感病毒产毒量影响的研究。其中种蛋的选择与保存,主要考察了蛋重、蛋形指数、保存期、消毒时间及方法等因素,结果显示,蛋重为55~65 g,蛋形指数为1.30~1.35,种蛋保存期为1~4 d,保存温度为16~18 ℃,保存湿度为70%~80%,保存期种蛋的甲醛熏蒸消毒时间为30 min时,可以为H1N1亚型流感疫苗生产提供最佳的种蛋。孵化过程中孵化参数对H1N1亚型流感病毒产毒量的影响,本试验主要将孵化温度、湿度、翻蛋、通风等参数作为研究对象,结果显示在生产H1N1亚型流感疫苗时,最佳孵化参数设定为:温度1~7 d为38.2 ℃、8~9 d为38.0 ℃、10 d为37.8 ℃,湿度1~10 d为65%~70%,翻蛋频率为1次/2 h,前后倾角各为45°,通风风门设定为1~5 d为4、6~10 d为5。本试验结果为H1N1亚型流感疫苗生产提供优质的鸡胚孵化技术,确保鸡胚尿囊液的质量和收获量。     

1株H1N1亚型猪流感病毒的全基因组特征及其对小鼠的致病性

旨在了解河南省猪流感病毒的流行情况及其遗传进化和基因组特征。2018年4月,从河南省某一出现疑似流感症状猪群中采集鼻拭子样品150份用于分离病毒,对分离病毒的全基因组进行序列测定和分析。同时感染6周龄BALB/c小鼠,研究其对小鼠的致病性。结果显示,获得1株H1N1亚型病毒[命名为A/swine/Henan/NY20/2018（H1N1）]。遗传进化表明,其HA和NA基因属于欧亚类禽H1N1分支,PB2、PB1、PA、NP和M基因属于2009甲型H1N1分支,NS基因属于经典H1N1分支。HA蛋白的裂解位点序列为PSIQSR↓GL,具有低致病性流感病毒的分子特征,在小鼠肺和鼻甲有效复制并能引起肺组织病理学变化。本研究分离到1株3源重排H1N1亚型病毒,对小鼠呈现一定致病力,提示应进一步加强对SIV的监测。     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒NP基因的克隆与表达

根据已知H5N1亚型禽流感病毒NP基因序列设计、合成PCR克隆引物。自H5N1阳性病料中提取总RNA,反转录后采用高可信度DNA聚合酶,经PCR扩增NP基因,采用Invitrogen定向表达系统进行克隆表达,纯化获得N末端携带多聚组氨酸标签的重组NP蛋白,分子质量约66.0ku。采用单克隆抗体和阳性血清经ELISA、免疫印迹分析重组蛋白的免疫反应性。结果表明:所获得的重组NP蛋白在ELISA分析中均能与阳性血清和单克隆抗体发生特异性结合,但在免疫印迹分析中仅与阳性血清发生特异性结合。     

两株H1N1亚型重组流感病毒的猪致病性研究

选取2种不同宿主来源的新型甲型重组H1N1亚型流感病毒(犬流感病毒(A/canine/Guangxi/QZ5/2013)(简称CIV-QZ5)和猪流感病毒(A/swine/Guangxi/QZ5/2014)(简称SIV-QZ5),以猪为动物模型,分别以106 PFU/mL病毒剂量和气管攻毒的方式感染3周龄仔猪,从而探究新型甲型重组犬流感病毒对猪的致病性。试验发现CIV-QZ5及SIV-QZ5均能有效感染仔猪,攻毒仔猪均出现发热(≥39.5℃)、流鼻涕、食欲减退、活动减少等流感症状,其中CIV组出现1头仔猪(A3)死亡。通过对肺脏灌洗液进行病毒滴定,发现CIV组在攻毒后3d和5d在肺脏的复制能力较SIV组强,最高达到3.12log10PFU/mL。病理剖检发现,肺脏出现不同程度的实变。肺脏病理切片发现两组均出现不同病变,其中以死亡仔猪(A3)最为明显,主要以支气管上皮细胞坏死脱落,肺泡壁增厚,肺泡腔以及支气管内有大量的弥漫性浸润的单核细胞为主要特征。结果表明,猪源甲型重组CIV不仅能引发猪出现明显流感症状,而且能有效地在肺脏复制,为了解潜在的猪-犬跨宿主传播机制奠定了基础。     

H9亚型禽流感病毒HF株的分离鉴定和免疫原性评价

2015年,从安徽合肥某养鸡场分离出一株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒（AIV）,命名为HF株。该毒株鸡胚半数感染量（EID₅₀）为10^9.17/0.1 mL,最小致死量的平均死亡时间（MDT）为87 h。对其HA基因分析发现,其氨基酸裂解位点为RSSR↓GLF,符合低致病性AIV特征;HA基因的遗传进化分析结果表明,该分离株属于h9.4.2.5谱系,符合当前毒株流行趋势。将HF株与2006-2018年分离自全国各地的10株H9N2亚型AIV分离株同时制备灭活疫苗,免疫SPF鸡,制备阳性血清,通过交叉血凝抑制试验分析病毒抗原性,结果显示HF株与2014年之前毒株抗原相关性介于0.50~0.56之间,与2014年及之后毒株抗原相关性介于0.89~1.00之间,表明该分离株与2014年之后的流行毒株具有良好的抗原相关性。用0.2%甲醛灭活HF株病毒液,其HA效价在灭活前后未发生变化;用灭活抗原制备油乳剂灭活疫苗免疫SPF鸡,免疫后21 d HI抗体效价几何平均值达到9.0log2以上,可使免疫鸡完全抵抗H9亚型AIV的感染,提供100%的攻毒保护。研究结果表明,HF株具有良好的免疫原性,可作为疫苗候选株用于H9N2亚型禽流感疫苗的研制。     

鸡胚中H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的分离鉴定

将来自有产蛋下降的肉用型父母代种鸡群的种蛋孵化,每日观察鸡胚死亡情况。在孵化的50个鸡胚中9日龄时开始死亡1个,尿囊液无血凝性,盲传一代后,鸡胚尿囊液有血凝性。在HI试验中,对H9亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)单因子血清在1∶26稀释度时呈现血凝抑制活性,对新城疫病毒(NDV)和H5亚型AIV单因子血清不呈血凝抑制活性,由此确定为低致病性禽流感病毒,命名为ZKH90901。对该毒株进行HA和NA基因扩增克隆测序,把获得的HA和NA基因与已经发表的H9N2毒株的相应序列比较,结果表明该毒株确实为H9N2亚型禽流感病毒,HA基因的裂解位点序列为KSGR↓GLF,符合低致病性禽流感病毒H9N2蛋白裂解位点的分子特征,仍属于低致病力毒株。从鸡胚中分离到H9N2亚型禽流感病毒在国内尚未见报道。     

焦磷酸测序技术在确证猪甲型H1N1流感病毒中的应用

目的本研究旨在通过对猪甲型H1N1流感病毒进行序列信息分析的基础上,利用焦磷酸测序技术建立一种快速、简单地确证猪甲型H1N1流感病毒的方法。方法通过序列信息比对,设计H1HA和N1NA基因保守区段的扩增引物及测序引物。从感染猪甲型H1N1病毒的鸡胚尿囊液中提取病毒RNA,RT-PCR扩增目的基因片段,采用焦磷酸测序技术(PSQ)针对HA基因和NA基因进行保守核苷酸区段的测序分析。利用扩增引物与其他猪源病毒进行特异性试验,利用测序引物进行重复性试验。将该方法与病毒分离和荧光定量RT-PCR方法做临床样品的平行检测,并比较结果。结果通过序列信息比对寻找到表征H1N1亚型的核苷酸保守区段,经焦磷酸测序后能进一步确证毒株的序列信息为猪甲型H1N1流感病毒。特异性试验表明,不与其他猪源病毒发生交叉反应;重复性试验表明,重现性为100%。对221份临床样品检测表明,病毒分离鉴定与焦磷酸测序方法结果符合率为96.8%,与TaqMan荧光定量方法检测结果符合率90.3%。经统计学分析,焦磷酸测序确证与病毒分离鉴定在检测临床样品上,两者差异不显著。结论基于序列分析的焦磷酸测序技术可以作为进一步确证方法使用。     

Isolation,Identification and Immunogenicity Evaluation of H9N2 Subtype Avian Influenza Virus HF Strain

In 2015,an H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) strain was isolated from a chicken farm in Hefei,Anhui,and named HF strain.The results of the chicken embryo proliferation characteristics study showed that the half infection rate of chicken embryo (EID₅₀) was 10^9.17/0.1 mL,and the mean time to death for minimum lethal dose(MDT) was 87 h.The analysis result of HA gene showed that its amino acid cleavage site was located in RSSR↓GLF,which accorded with the characteristics of low pathogenic avian influenza.The genetic evolution analysis of HA gene revealed that the isolate belonged to the h9.4.2.5 lineage,which accorded with the current virus strain epidemic characteristics.The HF strain was prepared with 10 H9N2 subtype AIV isolates which isolated from all over the country from 2006 to 2018 to prepare inactivated vaccines,immunize SPF chickens,prepare positive sera,and analyze the virus antigenicity by cross hemagglutination inhibition test.The results showed that the correlation between the HF strain and the virus antigens before 2014 and was between 0.50-0.56,and the virus antigen correlation after 2014 was 0.89-1.00.This showed that the isolate had good antigenic correlation with epidemic strains in recent years.Inactivate HF strain virus solution with 0.2% formaldehydel,and its HA titer did not change before and after inactivation.After the inactivated virus solution was prepared into an oil emulsion inactivated vaccine to immunize SPF chickens,21 days after immunization,the average value of the HI antibody titer reached 9.0log2.It could make immune chicken completely resistant to H9 subtype AIV infection and provide 100% protection from challenge.The above research results showed that the HF strain had good immunogenicity and could be used as a vaccine candidate strain for the prevention of H9N2 subtype AIV.     

H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒对鸽的致病性分析

为评估H5N1亚型禽流感病毒对鸽的致病性,用我国2004年分离的一株H5NI亚型禽流感病毒A/pigeon/GD/C2/2004( H5NI)人工感染4周龄鸽,进行了致病性试验.结果表明,该株病毒以106EID50/I00μL剂量感染能致死鸽,致死率为22.2％,病毒能在感染鸽体内广泛分布,其中肺脏和肾脏中病毒含量达到...     

一株H5N6亚型禽流感病毒对鸭和小鼠的致病性研究

为了研究一株从鹭中分离到的禽流感病毒(AIV)A/Heron/Guangdong/C1/2013(H5N6)对鸭和小鼠的致病力,本研究通过对鸭和小鼠滴鼻点眼和鸡的颈静脉注射进行攻毒试验,观察其致病力和组织病理学等变化,对其生物学特性进行初步研究。结果显示,该毒株的鸡胚半数感染量(EID₅₀)为10^-8.16/0.1 mL,静脉接种致病指数(IVPI)为2.76。对鸭的半数致死量(LD₅₀)为10^-4.0/0.2 mL,对小鼠的LD₅₀为10^-4.67/0.05 mL。以10⁶ EID₅₀/只滴鼻点眼感染鸭,主要表现为食欲下降、精神萎靡、肿头流泪等症状,大多数鸭在感染后4~7 d死亡,感染后第7 天肝脏、肺脏、肾脏仍在排毒,解剖可见心包积液、肺脏淤血、肾脏肿大等症状,病理切片可见心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏炎性细胞浸润,脑细胞核固缩等病变。以5×10⁵ EID₅₀/只滴鼻感染小鼠,主要表现为食欲下降、精神萎靡、被毛粗乱、聚堆等症状,大部分小鼠在感染后5~7 d死亡,第7天时只有肺脏仍在排毒,各脏器解剖学病变不明显,病理切片可见心脏、肾脏、肺脏炎性细胞浸润,脑细胞核固缩等病变。研究结果表明,该H5N6亚型AIV毒株对鸭和小鼠具有很强的致病力,IVPI大于1.2,为高致病性AIV,本研究为H5N6亚型AIV研究和防控提供了理论基础。     

禽流感H9亚型流行毒株交叉免疫保护试验

采用北京市农林科学院畜牧兽医研究所1998年-2008年在北京及河北省分离的4株禽流感病毒H9亚型流行毒株,分别制备不同分离毒株灭活疫苗,免疫SPF鸡,进行交叉免疫保护试验。结果表明,用4个不同时期的分离毒株所制备出的灭活疫苗免疫鸡后,各免疫组鸡禽流感(H9亚型)的HI抗体效价均明显上升,所诱导产生的HI抗体效价基本相同;不同时期分离毒株大多产生了较好的交叉保护力。用1998年、2004年及2006年分离的流行毒株制备出的灭活疫苗能够保护2008年流行毒株的攻击。     

Serological Surveillance of Influenza A Virus Infection in Swine Populations in Fujian Province,China: No Evidence of Naturally Occurring H5N1 Infection in Pigs

Several highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses were isolated from swine populations in Fujian Province, China, since 2001. Because it is thought that H5N1 infection in pigs might result in virus adaptation to humans, we surveyed swine populations in Fujian Province in 2004 and 2007 for serological evidence of the infection. Twenty‐five pig farms covering all nine administrative districts of Fujian Province were sampled and a total of 1407 serum specimens were collected. The haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests revealed no evidence of H5 infection and only a few cases of H9 infection. The negative results for H5 infection were further verified by micro‐neutralization tests. By contrast, H1 influenza virus infections were prevalent in swine in both surveys according to the results of enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The H3 infection rate was reduced dramatically in 2007 compared with 2004, when examined by HI and ELISA. In summary, the results imply that the swine populations in Fujian Province had not been affected greatly by the H5N1 avian influenza virus, given that there is no serological evidence that H5N1 influenza virus has infected the pig populations. The reported isolates represent only sporadic cases.