马铃薯品种抗旱性评价及遗传多样性分析

马铃薯是重要的粮食作物,对水分十分敏感,随着全球气候变暖,干旱对农业的危害不断增加。为了丰富内蒙古自治区马铃薯抗旱新品种,以18个马铃薯品种作为供试材料,测定干旱对马铃薯农艺性状、产量和品质性状的影响。对单株结薯数、平均薯重、大中薯数等10个主要性状进行主成分分析,得到的3个主成分的累计贡献率达71.293%。根据综合得分值,‘中薯31号’‘华颂7号’和‘华颂56’为相对抗旱的马铃薯品种。利用SSR分子标记技术对18个马铃薯品种的遗传多样性进行分析,以遗传距离（Genetic distance,GD）值0.66为基准,将18个马铃薯品种分为4类：‘中薯9号’‘中薯28号’‘中薯31号’‘内农薯2号’‘大西洋’‘中薯18号’和‘中薯668号’为一类;‘中薯27号’‘中薯19号’‘V7’‘华颂56’‘希森6号’‘华颂58’‘内农薯1号’和‘华颂34’为一类;‘华颂7号’和‘Innovator’为一类;‘冀张薯12号’单独归为一类。此研究结果为今后马铃薯种质资源的利用及抗旱育种亲本选配提供了依据。     

马铃薯高淀粉生理基础的研究——块茎淀粉含量与单株若干性状

本试验以高淀粉品种晋薯2号、中淀粉品种内薯3号和低淀粉品种紫花白为试验材料,设置了小区试验.在生育期间,从植株茎叶淀粉含量、单株叶面积、单株干物重、单株茎数和块茎数等方面与块茎淀粉含量的相关关系进行了研究,其结果:(1)叶片和茎秆中的淀粉含量与块茎淀粉含量呈正相关.因此,生育前中期叶片和生育中后期茎秆的淀粉含量,可做为马铃薯高淀粉育种早期选择的生理指标和品质预测的依据;(2)单株叶面积和单株干物重始终与块茎淀粉含量呈正相关.因此,单株最大叶面积和任何生育时期的单株干物重,均可做为马铃薯高淀粉育种早期选择和品质预测的生理指标;(3)单株茎数、单株块茎数与块茎淀粉含量呈正相关或显著正相关.故单株茎数、单株块茎数可做为马铃薯高淀粉育种早期选择的重要生理指标和品质预测的依据.     

马铃薯杂种群体的性状相关及其配合力分析

本试验以7个优良马铃薯品种(系)按不完全双列杂交设计配制组合,分析了群体主要性状与生产力的遗传相关及其配合力效应.结果表明,群体平均单株结薯数、平均块茎重、商品薯数量和产量及小薯数量和产量与群体产量的遗传相关达显著或极显著.平均块茎重、商品薯数量和产量是筛选商品价值较高的优良群体的重要相关性状.亲本的一般配合力效应在平均单株结薯数、平均决茎重、商品薯产量、小薯产量和数量几个性状上对模型Ⅰ差异显著,组合间的特殊配合力效应均达到显著差异.特殊配合力方差为总方差的61.47%～147.52%,表明该群体的生产力主要由非加性基因控制.相对配合力总效应值与产量的相关达极显著水平(r_(3.4)=0.99).综合评定亲本801-5,Katahdin和Baraka在马铃薯群体和品种选育中具有较高的利用价值.     

叶片数量调控对雾培马铃薯生长发育的影响

通过去叶和植株下放的处理方式改变雾化栽培马铃薯植株的源强来探讨源器官调控对植株生长的影响。结果表明:去叶和植株下放能显著增加雾化栽培马铃薯植株的高度,但会极显著降低植株的茎粗、分枝数、根系体积、单株匍匐茎数和单株合格薯块数。     

解除顶端优势对马铃薯块茎的影响

以“鄂马铃薯3号”为试验材料,在其现蕾期采用切除茎尖的物理方法,解除试验材料的顶端优势,研究块茎性状的变化。试验结果表明:试验材料自茎尖往下第5叶带叶切除为最佳方案,其单株结薯数、平均产量、商品薯率分别比对照提高48%、49%、12%。研究结果说明马铃薯切除茎尖后,其顶端优势消失,块茎增大、块茎数量增多、单株产量提高。     

新型腐植酸有机肥对马铃薯茎基腐病的防效

马铃薯茎基腐病是影响马铃薯生产的重要病害,目前尚未有效的综合防控措施.试验的目的是通过新型腐植酸肥料与同等养分配方化肥的田间比较试验,探讨新型腐植酸有机肥对马铃薯茎基腐病预防效果.结果表明,5～15 g壤动FT/100 kg种薯配合腐植酸肥料对马铃薯生长发育安全,在出苗率、苗高、单株根数、最大根长、芽长分别优于配方化肥...     

延庆县马铃薯加工型品种不同栽培密度试验

本试验对延庆县种植的2个马铃薯加工型品种“大西洋”和“夏波蒂”的种植密度进行了试验。试验结果的方差分析表明:每667m2种植密度在4000￣5500株范围内,大西洋的单株结薯数、单株商品薯数、单株薯重都存在显著与极显著差异;而小区产量、总薯数及商品薯数无显著差异。夏波蒂各产量指标的分析结果都无显著差异。     

二倍体马铃薯主要农艺性状及其2n花粉频率的表现

通过田间种植,比较了马铃薯二倍体与四倍体的长势、叶色、薯形、薯皮色、薯肉色、芽眼深浅、单株产量、单株块茎数、平均块茎重等植物学和农艺性状,并对二倍体马铃薯的花粉育性以及２ｎ花粉的频率进行了鉴定。根据单株产量、块茎数、薯形、２ｎ花粉频率等综合性状,筛选出ＤＹ１４－４－２５、ＤＹ４－３０以及Ｑ４９－１－９,为进一步开展马铃薯分解育种工作打下物质基础。     

福建田埂豆地方品种资源研究Ⅱ．地方品种遗传特性研究

265份田埂豆地方品种遗传特性研究结果表明：福建省田埂豆地方品种各性状均有较大的遗传变异和选择潜力,尤以分枝数、单株荚数、单株 粒数和单株粒重的变异最大：茎粗的遗传率最高,结荚高度,分枝数、株高其次。各性状对产量的遗传相关系数的大小顺序为单株粒数＞单株荚数＞分枝数＞主茎节数＞株高＞茎粗＞百粒重。单株粒数对单株粒重的直接作用最大,株高对单株粒重的直接作用最小。从中选出10个生育期适中,分枝多、结荚多、株高适宜、单株生产力较高,可用于生产或作为育种的基础材料;系统选择了埂青81、埂青82两个田埂豆品种,且提纯改良了16个田埂豆品种。     

不同氯化钾施用量对陇中地区马铃薯产量和品质的影响

为了确定陇中地区马铃薯生产中氯化钾的合理用量,于2010年在甘肃兰州和定西两地进行了不同氯化钾施用量试验,测定了马铃薯单株块茎数、块茎重、大中薯率、烂薯率和薯块产量,分析了不同用量下马铃薯品质。结果表明,在施N 120 kg/hm2和P2O5 60 kg/hm2的基础上,K2O用量在0~84 kg/hm2的范围内,随着钾肥施入量的增加,单株块茎数、块茎重、大中薯率和薯块产量以及马铃薯干物质、粗淀粉和还原糖含量不断提高,而烂薯率明显减小,维生素C含量不断下降;且在钾肥施入量为84 kg/hm2时,单株块茎数、块茎重、大中薯率和薯块产量以及马铃薯干物质、粗淀粉含量最高,而烂薯率最低。因此,甘肃马铃薯主产区马铃薯生产过程中,在施纯N 120 kg/hm2和P2O5 60 kg/hm2条件下,氯化钾适宜用量为K2O 36~84 kg/hm2。     

马铃薯高淀粉生理基础的研究——块茎淀粉含量与氮、磷、钾代谢的关系

本试验以高淀粉品种晋薯2号、中淀粉品种内薯3号和低淀粉品种紫花白为试验材料,设置了小区试验,在生育期间从植株茎叶生长及各器官氮、磷、钾的含量变化等方面进行了研究,其结果:(1)含生育期3个品种的叶、茎秆、块茎含氮的浓度均随生育期间的推移而呈逐渐下降趋势。各生育时期块茎淀粉含量始终与茎秆含氮浓度呈正相关,与块茎含氮浓度呈负相关,与苗期和淀粉积累期叶片含氮浓度呈正相关。苗期叶片和块茎形成期茎秆的含氮浓度,可做为高淀粉育种早期选择的重要生理指标,块茎含氮浓度可做为品质鉴定的重要依据;(2)全生育期3个品种叶、茎秆、块茎的含磷浓度的变化与氮相同,均随生育期推移而呈下降趋势。各生育时期块茎淀粉含量始终与叶片、茎秆含磷浓度呈正相关.与块茎的含磷浓度不相关。幼苗期叶片和块茎形成期茎秆含磷浓度可做为高淀粉育种早期选择的重要生理指标;(3) 全生育期3个品种叶、茎秆、块茎含钾浓度变化与氮、磷相同,均随生育期推移而呈逐渐下降趋势。块茎淀粉含量除生育后期与叶片含钾浓度呈正相关外,与茎秆、块茎各时期含钾浓度、叶片前中期含钾浓度不相关或相关不强。     

马铃薯块茎还原糖含量与钾代谢关系的研究

通过田间试验和室内分析测定,对马铃薯块茎低还原糖形成的生理基础与钾代谢的关系进行了初步研究。结果表明,马铃薯块茎中还原糖含量随生育进程逐渐减少;叶片、茎秆和块茎中含K量随生育进程呈降低的变化趋势;克新1号茎秆含钾量与其块茎还原糖含量、夏坡蒂块茎中含钾量与还原糖含量相关性均达到了极显著水平。因此,可以把克新1号茎秆中的含钾量和夏坡蒂块茎中的含钾量作为油炸食品加工原料品质预测和新品种选育的重要生理指标。     

Selection of Suitable Parents in the Development of Potato Hybrids in Bangladesh

Potatoes(Solanum tuberosum L)are the thirdlargest food crop in Bangladesh following rice andwheat and make a major contribution to the total foodsupply of the country.Although in many westerncountries potato is the number one staple food,it is al-most entirely used as a vegetable in Bangladesh.Thepotato is a short duration crop that produces a largeamount of calories in a short period of time[1].Thepotato produces more protein and calories per unitarea per unit time than any other major food…     

种薯重量对旱地马铃薯生长发育及产量的影响

在内蒙古阴山北部丘陵区半干旱条件下,通过田间试验研究了不同重量种薯对马铃薯生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明：在干旱条件下,马铃薯植株生长发育、主茎数及块茎产量与种薯重量有着十分密切的关系。在一定范围内,随种薯重量的增加,每穴茎数相应增加,植株表现生长旺盛,单位面积产量呈上升趋势,净产量则随种薯重量的增加呈下降趋势。以５０～７５ｇ种薯净产量最高,达９２８０．５～８０３１．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,商品薯率较高,经济效益最佳,种薯重量≥３００ｇ,净产量最低,仅３２２５．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,经济效益最差。     

马铃薯器官生长发育与产量形成的研究

马铃薯叶面积、叶干重以及块茎干物重和块茎体积的变化动态均符合三次曲线变化 ,地上茎干重、茎粗、株高符合S型曲线变化 ,其中 ,叶干重的峰值早于叶面积的峰值 ,块茎体积的增长则在出苗后 5 5～ 70d内最快。马铃薯地上茎的生长主要是伸长与充实 ,但伸长较充实缓慢、持续时间更长。匍匐茎与块茎的形成是马铃薯产量形成的前提条件 ,二者的建成与植株其它器官的生长发育密切相关 :匍匐茎和块茎的形成与叶片和地上茎形成时期并进 ,所以 ,马铃薯块茎的建成与地上营养器官的生长发育存在着光合产物的竞争 ,但地上部器官的建成依然是产量形成的物质基础。     

Comparative performance of different-sized seed tubers derived from true potato seed

The growth and yield of plants from different-sized seed tubers derived from true potato seed were evaluated on a per stem, per plant, and per unit area basis using either single or multiple-sprout tubers. In single-sprout tubers, haulm dry weight per stem 47 days after planting was greater in the 40–60 g tubers when compared with that in the 5–10 g or the 10–20 g tubers. This resulted in greater tuber weight per stem in the 40–60 g tubers throughout the growing season. The number of tubers per stem was not affected by seed tuber size. In multiple-sprout seed tubers of increasing size, total tuber number and total tuber weight, as well as weight of those tubers larger than 45 mm, increased on a per plant basis but decreased on a per stem basis. At different rates of planting, 1–5 g seed tubers produced smaller tubers than 5–10 g or 10–20 g seed tubers. Increased rate of planting resulted in non-significant yield increases per unit area in plots planted with 1–5 g seed tubers. The yield increases were significant when 5–10 g and 10–20 g seed tubers were planted at higher rates. The number of main stems per unit of seed tuber weight was five times greater in 1–5 g tubers compared with that in 40–60 g tubers. This resulted in low seed weights per hectare when small tubers were planted and in a high ratio of harvested to planted tuber weight.     

Soft rot and blackleg reactions in diploid potato hybrids inoculated withErwinia spp.

From 1993 to 1996 three groups of potato genotypes were evaluated for resistance toErwinia spp.: (1) 31 interspecific diploid hybrids (28 resistant and three susceptible), (2) five hexaploid or pentaploid somatic hybrids ofSolanum tuberosum (tbr) ×S. brevidens (brd), and (3) eight cultivars. Two evaluation methods were applied: tuber point inoculation with eitherErwinia carotovora ssp.atroseptica (Eca) orE. chrysanthemi (Ech) to test tuber soft rot resistance and stem base inoculation with Eca to test blackleg resistance. Some resistant diploid hybrids and somatic hybrids oftbr × brd were superior to cultivars for both tuber and stem resistance. Tuber and stem resistance toErwinia spp. in the most resistant diploid hybrids were equal to the highly resistant somatic hybrids oftbr xbrd. Tuber resistance to Eca was highly correlated to tuber resistance to Ech (r=0.815***). In two years of evaluation for stem resistance, three diploid hybrids and a derivative of one of the somatic hybrids (USA M 264) failed to develop symptoms of blackleg following inoculation with Eca, Analyses of variance for tuber and stem resistance indicated significant effects of genotype, year and genotype × year interaction. A positive relationship between tuber and stem resistance toErwinia spp. has been found, however the genetic control of resistance in tuber and stem is partially independent. In the case of Eca the correlation coefficient was r = 0.725***. Therefore it should be possible to obtain resistant genotypes to both blackleg and tuber soft rot. Several resistant diploid hybrids were selected from among those tested, which also have several other characters desirable for potato breeders.     

Relationships between numbers of main stems and yield components of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Erntestolz) as influenced by different daylengths

Summary The relationshops between numbers of main stems and some measures of growth and yield, as well as total tuber yield, were examined for potatoes grown under different daylengths. Leaf area, tuber number and tuber yield per plant increased significantly with increasing daylength and number of main stems. Numbers of main stems and leaf area were correlated positively with tuber number and tuber yield and negatively with average tuber weight. The correlations were stronger with stem number than with leaf area and were differently affected by daylength. Standard regression coefficients indicated that stem number has strong positive and negative relationships with tuber number and average tuber weight, respectively. Since tuber number was a better determinant of yeild than average tuber weight, the final relationship between the numbers of main stems and tuber yield remained positive for all daylengths. Determinants that will best explain variation in tuber total yield, tuber number, and average tuber weight are suggested.     

Factors affecting the relationship between tuber size and dry-matter content

Two experiments are reported which examined the effect of various treatments on the relationship between tuber dry-matter content and tuber size using 0.25 inch size grade increments. The data were analyzed by an orthogonal polynomial technique and it was found that the relationship was of a quadratic nature in all cases. Significant treatment differences were found between planting densities, row widths and varieties. At small tuber sizes treatments with high stem densities produced tubers with a higher dry-matter content than tubers from low stem densities. At larger tuber sizes the dry-matter content of tubers from high densities declined most rapidly. The treatment differences at small tuber sizes were generally explained by the rates of water use by the crop and it is suggested that the decline in tuber dry-matter content at large tuber sizes may be a result of a moisture sress induced change from starch to sugar in parts of the tuber. The implications of these findings are discussed. The type of relationship found would indicate that the production of large tubers does not necessarily result in high dry-matter content. It is clearly essential to use very closely graded sizes of tuber when examining treatment effects on factors such as dry-matter content.