滇池内湖滨带重金属污染及其生态风险评价

水体沉积物是重金属元素的重要载体,其含量高低能反映水环境质量现状。采集滇池内湖滨带沉积物样品,分析了滇池内湖滨带表层沉积物中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni、Fe、Mn 8种重金属元素含量特征,并用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法评价其生态危害,旨在为合理预防和治理滇池内湖滨带的重金属污染以及内湖滨带生态系统的修复提供基础资料。结果表明,与“全国土壤环境质量标准”对比,表层沉积物中主要是Cd、Cu、Zn超标,重金属污染强度总体上是草海＞外海。不同重金属间的相关性分析结果表明,Cu-Cd之间呈极显著相关,说明这两种元素污染源可能相同,几种污染重金属与胶体矿物元素Fe、Mn间的相关性不大,说明在所调查沉积物中,Fe/Mn氧化物或氢氧化物共沉淀或吸附Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni元素量较少。由潜在生态风险评价结果可知,滇池内湖滨带表层沉积物已具极强生态危害,各重金属对滇池内湖滨带生态风险影响程度由高到低依次为：Cd〉Cu〉Pb〉Ni〉Zn≈Cr。     

表面流人工湿地在滇池湖滨区面源污染控制中的应用研究

在滇池湖滨带核心区退塘还湖措施的基础上,通过对福保村湖滨废弃鱼塘改造,建立了表面流人工湿地系统,对该区域内面源污水处理进行了研究。研究表明,系统年削减人湖污染物COD、TN、TP负荷分别达7840、650和20kg,单位面积削减量分别为4704、390和12kg·hm^-2,削减率分别为28．02％、35．93％和4．86％;系统对污水中COD、NH3-N、TN、TP的去除率分别为15．57％、56．76％、40．37％和35．64％,且除COD外,旱季污染物去除率高于雨季;推流曝气可提高系统对污染物的去除效果,使NH3-N、TN、TP的去除率分别提高约39％、23％和21％,而COD去除率变化不明显。该系统为滇池湖滨区退塘还湖和湖滨生态系统重建提供了重要的技术示范,对滇池富营养化防治工作的开展具有重要意义。     

银川阅海湿地水质营养状况评价

湖泊湿地水质富营养化程度是评价其水质污染情况的一个重要指标。以2006—2010年银川市阅海湿地水质监测数据为依据,选择较为适合阅海湿地水体富营养状态的评价指标体系评价了阅海湿地水质状况,认为阅海湿地水体富营养化状况没有好转。针对阅海湿地水质现状,提出了"加强水体污染防治和水体净化工作,保证湖泊湿地水质;建立阅海湿地补水的长效机制;建立湖滨植被带,种植水生植物"等改善阅海水质的建议。     

湖泊生态系统健康评价的熵权综合健康指数法

湖泊生态系统健康评价是湖泊生态系统科学管理和生态恢复的前提和基础.熵权综合健康指数法评价湖泊生态系统健康状况的主要步骤有:建立评价指标体系;计算各指标的归一化值;确定各指标的熵权;计算湖泊生态系统熵权综合健康指数.并以滇池为例验证该方法的可靠性和实用性.该方法可用于湖泊不同时空健康状况的对比,得出湖泊生态系统的演替趋势,为湖泊生态系统的管理、保护和生态恢复提供依据,从而促进湖泊水资源的可持续利用,最终实现湖泊生态系统的健康发展.     

湖泊生态系统健康评价的熵权综合健康指数法

湖泊生态系统健康评价是湖泊生态系统科学管理和生态恢复的前提和基础。熵权综合健康指数法评价湖泊生态系统健康状况的主要步骤有：建立评价指标体系;计算各指标的归一化值;确定各指标的熵权;计算湖泊生态系统熵权综合健康指数。并以滇池为例验证了该方法的可靠性和实用性。该方法可用于湖泊不同时空健康状况的对比,得出湖泊生态系统的演替趋势,为湖泊生态系统的管理、保护和生态恢复提供依据,从而促进湖泊水资源的可持续利用,最终实现湖泊生态系统的健康发展。     

毛乌素沙地湖滨带沉积物碳氮磷生态化学计量学特征

为了阐明毛乌素沙地湖滨带沉积物生态化学计量学特征及其指示意义,对不同类型区湖滨带沉积物有机碳、全氮和全磷含量进行了测定与分析。结果表明:不同类型区湖滨带沉积物有机碳和全氮含量变化趋势一致,表现为距离湖泊中心位置愈远其含量愈低;湖滨带沉积物有机碳、全氮、全磷含量剖面分布具有一定层次性,表现为0—10cm10—20cm20—40cm,湖滨带沉积物全磷的变化相对滞后于有机碳和全氮,其水平分布特征与有机碳和全氮不同,剖面分布相似;土壤含水率和土壤容重是影响沉积物养分分布的关键因子,同时也是影响C/P和N/P变化的主要因素;生态化学计量学特征分析表明,除相对远离湖泊中心的类型区C/N和C/P与土壤碳储量的变化趋势一致外,靠近湖泊中心的类型区碳与养分比值未表现出对土壤碳储量良好的指示作用。     

滇池流域不同土地利用方式土壤磷解吸研究

滇池富营养化严重,非点源磷污染对滇池有重要影响。溶解态磷一旦冲入湖中容易被水生植物利用,所以土壤中溶解态磷的输出值得专门研究。本文选取滇池流域不同土地利用类型的17样点,测定了样点土壤中全磷、速效磷、溶解性总磷和溶解性磷酸盐的含量,并进行了静态土壤磷解吸试验,以了解土壤磷的析出特征。结果表明,滇池流域土壤全磷含量为0.137～2.935 g.kg 1(不包括磷矿区的上蒜林地和上蒜坝平地),速效磷含量在0.311～96.238 mg.kg 1之间,不同土地利用方式下土壤全磷、速效磷含量均依次为湖滨废弃大棚>大棚>坝平地>坡地>林地;土壤溶解性总磷含量为0.66～9.52 mg.kg 1,不同土地利用方式的土壤溶解性总磷含量为湖滨废弃大棚>大棚>坡地>坝平地>林地;土壤溶解性磷酸盐含量较低。相关分析表明,土壤溶解性全磷含量与土壤全磷含量存在明显的正线性关系,溶解性磷酸盐含量与溶解性总磷含量线性正相关。溶解性磷酸盐在溶解性总磷中占20%～95%,说明溶解性磷酸盐是溶解性总磷的重要组成部分。结果表明,滇池流域土壤磷的溶出水平由土壤全磷含量所决定,而大量施肥不利于湖泊富营养化控制。研究结果还表明,磷的静态溶出过程在0.5～1 h能达到平衡,说明在地下水或地表径流的输移过程中有足够多时间达到溶解平衡,析出最大量。     

滇池东大河流域土壤磷素累积规律及空间分布特征研究

滇池是中国水体富营养化最严重的湖泊之一,磷是造成滇池有害藻类"水华"的限制因子。本文以滇池南岸主要入滇河流——东大河为研究对象,探讨了流域内磷素的累积规律及空间分布特征,结果表明:①流域下游有显著的磷素累积。②土地利用类型对流域土壤磷素累积有显著影响,设施农业是土壤磷素累积的最主要土地利用类型。③流域东北部靠近滇池的区域是磷素累积最严重的区域。     

松花湖生态健康评估

松花湖是东北地区最大的人工湖。从水文水资源、湖滨带结构、水质状况、水生生物4个准则层和13个指标层对2015年松花湖生态健康状况进行了评价,结果表明:松花湖生态完整性健康指数赋分为64分,处于健康状态;由于人类活动影响,湖泊仍存在轻度富营养化、湖周植被退化和水土流失、土著鱼类减少、湖周湿地资源遭到破坏等环境问题。针对存在的问题,提出了湖周生态封禁、退耕还林还草、小流域综合治理、鱼类资源保护、严控旅游活动范围、实施湖长制等湖泊健康管理措施。     

华阳河湖群地区湖滨带生态农业模式设计研究

湖滨带是水陆交错带的一部分,近年来人类不合理的利用使湖泊湿地功能下降,生态资源严重不足。生态农业模式能建立多层次、循环、健康的农业生态系统,促进资源节约、生态修复,是湖滨带生态恢复与保护的途径。安徽省华阳河湖群地区属长江中下游水陆生态交错带,资源丰富但生态环境较脆弱,建立以保护生态为重点的生态农业模式对该区域生态系统健康意义重大。本文在对生态农业模式设计的理论、原则、方法研究的基础上,以安徽省华阳河湖群地区作为研究区,针对城郊经济区、湖滨湿地区、农产品主产区、棉花生产区、葡萄生产基地、农户庭院不同的农业生产条件和对农产品的需求,设计了空间资源利用型、物质循环多级利用型、生物共生共养增值型、农户(庭院)复合生态系统型、休闲观光农业发展型等8种生态农业模式,并辅以循环图,介绍了每种模式的组分和循环过程。确定可重点挖掘的模式有现代草食畜牧业模式、生态经济产业园综合开发模式、葡萄酒园区综合开发模式。在模式配置中,按生态功能敏感性区分,确定合理的开发强度和模式组合。     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

东北黑土土壤磷的纬向分异

以中国东北的中纬度黑土区为样带,研究了有机磷浓度与有机质、全氮浓度的关系;全磷、有机磷、无机磷及有机磷和无机磷的比率与纬度分布的关系。结果表明,有机磷和有机质、全氮浓度具有良好的相关性,它们之间的相关系数分别为0.90和0.92,呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。全磷、有机磷、无机磷、P_o/P_i在纬度上都存在不同程度的分异规律,即随着纬度的升高,其浓度或比率均有逐渐升高的趋势;其相关系数分别为0.68、0.77、0.26和0.60,相关分析表明,这些纬向分异规律都达极显著水平(P<0.01)。除了无机磷的纬向分异原因尚不明确之外,其他纬向分异的原因可能是由于黑土南北样带气候热量上的差异和人类活动的影响所致,从而造成南北样带之间有机质的矿化程度和速率产生差异。