高粱在不同氮源处理下分泌生物硝化抑制剂的差异

高粱根系能分泌抑制土壤亚硝化细菌的物质,称为生物硝化抑制剂.在铵态氮存在时,这类物质会大量分泌,而以硝态氮为氮源时则分泌很少.目前还不清楚,这是因为不同氮素代谢的差异所引起的,还是根系吸收铵态氮后根际酸化影响了硝化作用.因此本研究通过砂培试验,用铵硝营养处理高粱根系,并且控制pH,最后收集根系分泌物,利用一种荧光标记的亚硝酸细菌来测定高粱分泌的硝化抑制剂活性,计算其分泌速率.结果发现,铵态氮是导致根系大量分泌硝化抑制剂的主要原因,并且在根际pH＜6时,硝化抑制剂的活性与分泌速率随着根系分泌氢离子数量的增加而增强.研究表明,铵态氮营养下高粱根系分泌生物硝化抑制剂高于硝态氮营养可能是高粱根系保护根际铵氧化,提高氮素利用率的一个重要生理机制.     

生物硝化抑制剂的研究进展及其农业应用前景

在我国农业集约化以及高投入的生产模式下,氮肥利用率较低。相当部分的氮肥以氨(NH_3)、硝酸盐(NO_3~-)以及温室气体氧化亚氮(N_2O)等形式损失至环境中,造成生产成本增加,并加剧了生态环境污染。硝化作用是土壤氮循环的关键转化过程,与农田氮素损失密切相关。一些植物的根系能产生和分泌抑制硝化作用的物质,被称为生物硝化抑制剂(BNIs),如果加以利用,是一种高效且环境友好的氮素管理对策。系统总结了国内外生物硝化抑制剂研究领域的重要进展,探讨了根系分泌生物硝化抑制剂的意义、物质种类和功能、分泌及作用机制。以往研究仅认为BNIs是自然生态系统中植物适应低氮环境的一种保氮生存机制,主要关注热带牧草和高粱,本文提出了BNIs在高氮投入的农业生态系统中同样重要,以及相当的粮食作物品种具有高BNI活性的观点,并讨论了其在农业中提高氮素利用率和减少环境污染方面的应用前景,为未来BNIs技术及产品的开发、提升农产品品质、及推动现代农业绿色发展提供借鉴。     

好氧反硝化菌的分离及其在土壤氮素转化过程中的作用

在土壤厌氧条件下发生的生物反硝化作用是影响作物对土壤氮素利用率和影响环境质量的重要氮素转化过程.本研究从土壤中分离到在好氧条件下也能进行反硝化的3株细菌.其中1株为严格好氧的异养菌,编号为AD26.另外2株为兼性菌,分别为AD7和AD60.根据其形态和生理生化特征初步鉴定为假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas sp.）.在好氧培养的液体培养基中AD26和AD7在24h内能通过反硝化作用使硝态氮表观损失率分别达到21%和18%.而在好氧的土壤培养中,二个菌株在3 d内能使土壤中硝态氮表观损失率达到56%,同时少有反硝化中间产物的积累.因此,在农业生产中不应忽视在好氧条件下的生物反硝化作用.     

石灰和双氰胺对红壤酸化和硝化作用的影响及其机制

施用石灰是改良酸性土壤的重要措施,但其对土壤硝化作用的增强不仅加速土壤酸化,也增加硝态氮流失风险.传统的硝化抑制剂双氰胺(Dicyandiamide,DCD)能否在石灰改变pH的条件下始终有效抑制硝化是当前红壤区生产中亟需解决的问题.采用短期土壤培养试验,探讨了不同用量石灰与DCD配合施用对土壤酸化和硝化作用的影响及其...     

应重视硝态氮同化过程在降低土壤硝酸盐浓度中的作用

在保证生产力条件下,采取合理的氮肥管理措施降低土壤硝态氮浓度对降低氮污染至关重要。当前,应用硝化抑制剂能够有效延缓铵态氮的硝化速率,进而降低土壤硝态氮淋溶损失和氮氧化物排放,但是其缺点显而易见:促进氨挥发并引起硝化抑制剂污染。好氧条件下,土壤硝态氮净变化量取决于产生(硝化)和消耗(硝态氮同化)的量。但是,一直以来,受微生物优先利用铵态氮这一传统观点的影响,人们普遍认为农田土壤微生物较少利用硝态氮,很大程度上忽视了对硝态氮同化过程的研究。该过程独具优势,它将硝态氮转变为微生物生物量氮进行短期储存并发生再矿化,具有保氮功能且环境友好。加入特定的碳源可以提高硝态氮同化这已是不争的事实,未来应加强硝态氮同化降低土壤硝酸盐累积方面的研究:(1)外源碳影响硝态氮同化的微生物驱动机制是什么?(2)怎样才能操控硝态氮同化和再矿化过程,使得作物氮需求和土壤氮供应相匹配,进而降低氮损失?(3)在碳源充足的条件下,反硝化作用亦会增强,如何才能做到在提高硝态氮同化的同时避免反硝化氮损失?     

高粱分泌硝化抑制物对羟基苯丙酸与质子泵的关系研究

硝化作用是导致农田氮素损失的一个重要原因,自然界中一些植物根系能分泌抑制土壤氨氧化细菌的物质,统称为生物硝化抑制剂。高粱根系分泌的对羟基苯丙酸(简称MHPP),具有很好的抑制效果。为了研究MHPP的分泌机制,本实验用铵态氮与硝态氮两种不同氮素形态水培高粱幼苗,在一定时间内收集根系分泌物。将根系分泌物通过高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定其中的MHPP含量,通过微量滴定法测定氢离子含量。同时,将根系采样后,用两相法分离根系细胞膜,测定质子泵活性。结果表明,在铵态氮营养下,高粱分泌MHPP的速率在3.52μmol g-1 d-1左右,而硝态氮营养下几乎不分泌MHPP。在铵态氮营养下,根系分泌氢离子的速率为16.49μmol g-1 d-1,而硝态氮营养下没有氢离子的分泌。而且,随着根系分泌物收集液中铵离子浓度的增加,也促进了根系分泌MHPP和氢离子的速率。因此,铵态氮营养促进了根系分泌MHPP。进一步研究发现,虽然在表观上MHPP的分泌受氮素形态影响,但是在这一过程中MHPP分泌与氢离子的分泌速率是偶合的。而细胞分泌氢离子是由细胞膜上质子泵活性决定的。因此,本实验结果发现,MHPP的分泌实质上是通过根系细胞膜质子泵活性来调控的:在没有氮源的情况下,只要通过壳梭孢菌素(Fusicoccin)或钒酸盐(Vanadate)改变质子泵活性就可以影响MHPP的分泌。所有实验数据的统计结果发现,MHPP分泌与质子分泌之间的比例大约为1∶4,且相关系数r=0.98。因此,铵态氮营养下高粱根系大量分泌生物硝化抑制剂MHPP在一定程度上是由于铵离子的吸收刺激了质子泵活性提高所引起的,这也是防止根际铵态氮被氧化、提高氮素利用率的一个重要生理机制。     

尿素添加硝化抑制剂DMPP对稻田土壤不同形态矿质态氮的影响

采用小粉土和青紫泥两种典型土壤种植水稻,研究尿素添加新型硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐（DMPP）对土壤氮素转化及水稻生物学效应的影响。结果表明,水稻田施用含DMPP硝化抑制剂的尿素,与常规尿素处理相比,小粉土和青紫泥土壤中铵态氮浓度分别增加94.6%-97.9%和55.4%-65.1%,硝态氮浓度下降49.0%-81.3%和33.9%-83.7%,亚硝态氮浓度下降46.9%-90.9%和53.7%-90.2%。添加DMPP抑制剂于尿素,小粉土和青紫泥处理水稻的产量增加24.9%和14.2%,生物量增加20.6%和14.4%,吸氮量增加15.3%和22.5%。DMPP抑制剂可有效保持土壤高铵态氮浓度、低硝态氮与亚硝态氮浓度,促进水稻对氮素的吸收利用,提高氮素利用率。     

硝化抑制剂类型和剂量对不同类型土壤硝化抑制作用机理的研究

氮肥配施硝化抑制剂是提高氮肥利用率、减少活性氮损失和降低环境代价风险的有效措施。为探讨不同硝化抑制剂类型和剂量对不同类型土壤硝化作用的机理,采用室内土壤培养试验,对3种硝化抑制剂[双氰胺（DCD）、3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐（DMPP）和2-氯-6-（三氯甲基）吡啶（NP）]设置不同剂量,研究其对我国不同区域典型土壤（红壤、水稻土、潮土）硝化过程无机氮含量、土壤pH值及土壤表观硝化率变化特征的影响。结果表明,与单施硫酸铵处理相比,3种硝化抑制剂均能抑制水稻土和潮土中铵态氮向硝态氮的转化,且对潮土铵态氮向硝态氮转化抑制效果优于水稻土,而对红壤硝化作用的抑制效果均不明显,3种土壤pH值差异是影响硝化抑制剂作用效果的主因。此外,DCD和NP随着用量的增加,对水稻土和潮土的硝化抑制效果越明显,而DMPP对2种土壤硝化抑制作用无明显的剂量效应。在水稻土中,NP的抑制效果强于DMPP和DCD;在潮土中,DCD的抑制效果优于NP和DMPP,这可能是由于不同硝化抑制剂类型硝化抑制机理性的差异以及其自身特性的差异导致的。综上,针对特定土壤类型筛选适宜的硝化抑制剂类型和用量对农业优化氮肥管理、提高氮肥利用率...     

旱地土壤硝态氮的产生、淋洗迁移及调控措施

如何在保证作物高产的前提下,提高氮肥利用率、减少氮肥损失及其对环境的影响已经成为一个世界性研究课题。硝态氮淋洗是旱地土壤氮素损失去向的重要途径之一,是导致区域性地下水硝酸盐污染的重要原因,已成为全球集约农区重大农业和生态环境问题。明确不同农作系统土壤硝态氮的产生、淋洗过程及影响因素,并进一步提出阻控措施,具有重要的农学和环境意义。在这一方面国内外学者已经开展了长期、大量的研究,并积累了丰富的资料。本文简要综述了旱地土壤硝化作用的微生物驱动过程,比较了当前最为常用的田间原位监测硝态氮淋洗方法的优缺点,分析了影响硝态氮累积和淋洗的各种因素,总结了相应的调控措施,并对今后的研究工作进行展望:加强旱地土壤硝化作用的关键微生物过程、机理以及相关驱动因子调控作用的研究,有助于增加对土壤氮素循环的认识,而这些认识是旱地农作系统进行氮素优化管理和制定硝态氮淋洗阻控技术的重要基础;继续寻找和建立一种扰动更少、维护简单、样品污染更低、尤其适合长期监测的田间原位研究方法,对于准确地揭示旱地土壤硝态氮的淋洗规律和实时通量尤为重要;系统地开展不同旱地农作系统硝态氮淋洗的综合性研究,阐明影响硝态氮累积和淋洗的主要因素,并提出针对性的阻控措施,更符合田间实际,对于降低区域硝态氮淋洗风险意义重大。     

3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐对菜地土壤氮素形态转化的影响

采用小粉土和青紫泥两种典型土壤种植青菜,研究了尿素添加3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)硝化抑制剂对土壤氮素迁移转化和青菜生长效应的影响。结果表明,DMPP抑制剂施入土壤具有显著的氨氧化抑制作用,60 d内使小粉土和青紫泥土壤中铵态氮平均含量分别提高52.7%和57.5%,硝态氮平均含量分别降低58.3%和65.9%。土壤铵态氮浓度增加,硝态氮浓度降低,有效延缓蔬菜地土壤铵态氮向硝态氮的转化,提高氮素的利用率。同时,尿素添加DMPP抑制剂能促进青菜生长,使小粉土和青紫泥土壤中青菜产量分别增加26.1%和29.8%,硝酸盐含量分别降低22.2%和26.9%,明显改善蔬菜品质。     

氢醌、双氰胺组合影响稻田甲烷和氧化亚氮排放研究进展

稻田是大气中CH4和N2O的重要来源。大量氮肥的施入不仅影响稻田CH4和N2O排放,且易造成NH3挥发、NO2-和NO3-淋溶及N2O、N2等形式的氮损失。脲酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂通过缓解尿素水解及抑制硝化反硝化反应减少稻田N2O排放量,但对稻田CH4产生排放的影响报道不一。脲酶抑制剂氢醌(HQ)和硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)是近年来研究较多的组合。本文试图在前人研究的基础上,综述HQ和DCD的基本性质及作用机理,总结HQ/DCD组合在稻田生态系统的应用状况、使用效果及存在问题,并特别讨论了HQ/DCD施用对稻田CH4排放的影响机理,旨在为合理使用脲酶/硝化抑制剂、有效减缓稻田温室气体排放和提高氮肥利用率等方面提供理论依据。     

不同氮肥在石灰性潮土中的转化及ATS对尿素氮转化的调控效应

根据氮肥施入土壤后的转化特性进行氮肥的高效调控和管理是提高氮肥利用效率、缓解氮肥污染的重要措施。为探究不同氮肥在石灰性潮土中的转化特性差异及硫代硫酸铵（ammonium thiosulfate，ATS）作为氮肥调控剂对尿素氮转化的影响，该研究采用室内土壤培养（土壤水分含量为田间持水量的60%，温度25 ℃）试验方法，以尿素、硫酸铵、氯化铵和ATS作为供试肥料，比较4种氮肥施入石灰性潮土后的转化特性差异，并以ATS作为氮素调控剂，以单施尿素作为对照，探究尿素配施不同用量ATS对尿素氮转化的影响。结果表明，4种供试氮肥在石灰性潮土中的转化过程明显不同。尿素在石灰性潮土中的水解速率最快，硝化作用强度也最高，硫酸铵其次；氯化铵由于Cl^-的硝化抑制作用，土壤表观硝化率在7～21 d显著低于尿素和硫酸铵（P＜0.05）；ATS施入土壤后，NH₄⁺-N转化为NO₂^--N的速率最高，而NO₂^--N转化为NO₃^--N的速率最低，NH₄⁺-N在土壤中的存留时间最长，出现峰值之后也一直保持最高的含量，表观硝化率最低。将ATS作为氮素调控剂与尿素配合施用，当其用量在60 mg/kg（含S量）以上时，既表现出了明显的抑制尿素水解的作用效果，也表现出了显著的硝化抑制作用（ P <0.05），且随着ATS用量的增加，抑制效应明显增强。这对于减少氮素损失，提高氮肥利用效率具有积极意义。但供试4种氮肥施入土壤后均出现了亚硝酸盐的累积，其中ATS处理的累积量显著高于尿素、硫酸铵和氯化铵（P＜0.05），累积持续时间也最长。ATS作为氮素调控剂调控氮素转化，也出现了类似的结果，且随着ATS用量增加，亚硝酸盐在土壤中存留时间明显延长，含量和峰值明显提高，出现峰值的时间也明显延后。     

日本氮素的循环和流向以及减少N2O散发和NO3-污染的对策

To feed an increasing population, large amounts of chemical nitrogen fertilizer have been used to produce much of our food, feed and fiber thereby increasing nitrogen levels in soils, natural waters, crop residues, livestock wastes, and municipal and agricultural wastes, with national and international concern about its potential adverse effects on environmental quality and public health. To understand these phenomena and problems, first the nitrogen cycle and the environment are described. Then recent trends for nitrogen cycling through the food and feed system, N₂O emissions from fertilized upland and paddy soils, and NO₃^- pollution in ground water in Japan are reported. Finally, mitigation strategies in Japan for reducing N₂O emission and NO₃^- pollution are proposed, including nitrification inhibitors, controlled release fertilizers, utilization of plant species that could suppress nitrification, utilizing the toposequence, government policy, and appropriate agricultural practices. Of all the technologies presented, use of nitrification inhibitors and controlled release fertilizers are deemed the most important with further development of these aspects of technologies being expected. These practices, if employed worldwide, could help reduce the load, or environmental deterioration, on the Earth''s biosphere.     

烤烟钾素库源关系生理调控措施研究

在大田生产条件下 ,采用单株挂牌设置处理的研究方法 ,研究涂抹生长素与其它不同生长调节剂和烟株顶端调控等措施对烤烟钾吸收及其在库源中再分配的影响。结果表明 ,现蕾后不打顶或打顶结合生长素处理茎断面均有利于不同部位叶片含钾量的提高 ,以打顶结合涂抹生长素效果更好 ;内源生长素和外源生长素都有利于烟株体内的钾素向叶片中分配 ,其中外源生长素的活性更强 ,能更有效地提高烟株叶片的含钾量 ,且涂抹 2次比涂抹 1次的效果好 ,但涂抹次数间差异不显著。     

Effectiveness of dicyandiamide as a nitrification inhibitor in biochar-amended soil

Overuse of nitrogen (N) fertilizers may lead to many environmental issues via N leaching into groundwater and agricultural runoff into surface water. Biochar, a sustainable soil amendment agent, has been widely studied because of its potential to retain moisture and nutrients. However, recent studies have shown that biochar has a very limited ability to improve the retention of negatively charged nitrite (NO₂^-) or nitrate (NO₃^-). Although positively charged ammonium (NH₄⁺) can be better held by biochar, it is usually susceptible to nitrification and can be easily transformed into highly mobile NO₂^-and/or NO₃^-. In practice, dicyandiamide (DCD) has been used to inhibit nitrification, preserving N in its relatively immobile form as NH₄⁺. Therefore, it is likely that the effects of DCD and biochar in soils would be synergistic. In this study, the influences of biochar on the effectiveness of DCD as a nitrification inhibitor in a biochar-amended soil were investigated by combining the experimental results of incubation, adsorption isotherm, and column transport with the simulated results of different mathematical models. Biochar was found to stimulate the degradation of DCD, as the maximum degradation rate slightly increased from 1.237 to 1.276 mg kg^-1 d^-1 but the half-saturation coefficient significantly increased from 5.766 to 9.834 mg kg^-1. Considering the fact that the availability of DCD for nitrification inhibition was continuously decreasing because of its degradation, a novel model assuming non-competitive inhibition was developed to simulate nitrification in the presence of a decreasing amount of DCD. Depending on the environmental conditions, if the degradation of DCD and NH₄⁺ in biochar-amended soil is not significant, improved contact due to the mitigated spatial separation between NH₄⁺ and DCD could possibly enhance the effectiveness of DCD.     

土壤高残留氮条件下施氮对夏玉米氮素平衡、利用及产量的影响

土壤残留氮是不容忽视的土壤氮素资源.通过田间小区试验研究了土壤高残留氮下不同施氮量(0、80、160、240和320 kg/hm2)对夏玉米土壤硝态氮积累、氮素平衡、氮素利用及产量的影响,分析了夏玉米的经济效益.结果表明,土壤剖面硝态氮积累量随施氮量的增加而增加,且施氮处理硝态氮积累量显著高于不施氮处理;各施氮处理土壤硝态氮在0-60 cm土层含量最高,在0--180 cm剖面呈先减少后增加的变化趋势.不施氮处理夏玉米收获后土壤无机氮残留量高达378 kg/hm2,随施氮量的增加,无机氮残留和氮表观损失显著增加.作物吸氮量、氮表观损失量与总氮输入量呈显著正相关,总氮输入量每增加l kg作物吸氮量增加0.156 kg,而表观损失量增加0.369 kg,是作物吸氮量的2.4倍.高残留氮土壤应严格控制氮肥用量,以免造成氮素资源的大量浪费.夏玉米籽粒吸氮量随施氮量的增加呈增加的趋势,氮收获指数呈降低的趋势.氮肥农学效率、氮肥生理利用率、氮肥利用率和氮素利用率在施氮量80 kg/hm2时最高,随施氮量的增加降低;增施氮肥能降低高残留氮土壤中氮肥的增产效果和利用率.综合考虑产量、氮素利用和环境效应,N 80 kg/hm2是氮素高残留土壤上玉米的合理施氮量.     

The behaviour of Nitrogen fertilizers in neutral and acid loess soils I. Transport and transformations of nitrogen

A study to investigate the transport and the transformation of two N¹⁵-tagged N-fertilizers (Ca(NO₃₎₂ and (NH₄₎₂SO₄) was carried out in the laboratory at 4° and 23°C. Undisturbed soil columns from the upper 30 cm of neutral agricultural and acid forest loess soils were used. An unsaturated steady state water flow in the columns was established and maintained by a darcian flow of 5mm of water/day. The effluent collected from each column after two days, was analysed for NO₃- and NH₄+. The data collected were used to obtain the Breakthrough Curves (BTCs). The BTCs after NO_3- fertilizers from agricultural soil approached the ideal symmetrical curves from non-reacting solutes. While those from acid forest soil were somewhat flat and ended with pronounced tails. -Transformation of the applied NH_4- fertilizer to NO_3-N was much higher in agricultural soil than in acid forest soil. Even at lower temperature, nitrification in agricultural soil was active though at a reduced rate while in forest soil, nitrification rate was extremely low and appeared to be independent of temperature.     

Short-term competition between crop plants and soil microbes for inorganic N fertilizer

Agricultural systems that receive high amounts of inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer in the form of either ammonium (NH₄⁺), nitrate (NO₃⁻) or a combination thereof are expected to differ in soil N transformation rates and fates of NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻. Using ¹⁵N tracer techniques this study examines how crop plants and soil microbes vary in their ability to take up and compete for fertilizer N on a short time scale (hours to days). Single plants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Morex) were grown on two agricultural soils in microcosms which received either NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻ or NH₄NO₃. Within each fertilizer treatment traces of ¹⁵NH₄⁺ and ¹⁵NO₃⁻ were added separately. During 8 days of fertilization the fate of fertilizer ¹⁵N into plants, microbial biomass and inorganic soil N pools as well as changes in gross N transformation rates were investigated. One week after fertilization 45-80% of initially applied ¹⁵N was recovered in crop plants compared to only 1-10% in soil microbes, proving that plants were the strongest competitors for fertilizer N. In terms of N uptake soil microbes out-competed plants only during the first 4 h of N application independent of soil and fertilizer N form. Within one day microbial N uptake declined substantially, probably due to carbon limitation. In both soils, plants and soil microbes took up more NO₃⁻ than NH₄⁺ independent of initially applied N form. Surprisingly, no inhibitory effect of NH₄⁺ on the uptake and assimilation of nitrate in both, plants and microbes, was observed, probably because fast nitrification rates led to a swift depletion of the ammonium pool. Compared to plant and microbial NH₄⁺ uptake rates, gross nitrification rates were 3-75-fold higher, indicating that nitrifiers were the strongest competitors for NH₄⁺ in both soils. The rapid conversion of NH₄⁺ to NO₃⁻ and preferential use of NO₃⁻ by soil microbes suggest that in agricultural systems with high inorganic N fertilizer inputs the soil microbial community could adapt to high concentrations of NO₃⁻ and shift towards enhanced reliance on NO₃⁻ for their N supply.     

Effects of the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin and tillage practices on yield-scaled nitrous oxide emission from a maize field in Iran

Nitrification inhibitors can effectively decrease nitrification rates and nitrous oxide(N₂O)emission while increasing crop yield under certain conditions.However,there is no information available on the effects of nitrification inhibitors and tillage practices on N₂O emissions from maize cropping in Iran.To study how tillage practices and nitrapyrin(a nitrification inhibitor)affect N₂O emission,a split factorial experiment using a completely randomized block design with three replications was carried out in Northeast Iran,which has a cold semiarid climate.Two main plots were created with conventional tillage and minimum tillage levels,and two nitrogen(N)fertilizer(urea)management systems(with and without nitrapyrin application)were created as subplots.Tillage level did not have any significant effect on soil ammonium(NH₄⁺)and nitrate(NO₃^-)concentrations,cumulative amount and yield-scaled N₂O emission,and aboveground biomass of maize,whereas nitrapyrin application showed significant effect.Nitrapyrin application significantly reduced the cumulative amount of N₂O emission by 41%and 32%in conventional tillage and minimum tillage practices,respectively.A reduction in soil NO₃^-concentration by nitrapyrin was also observed.The average yield-scaled N₂O emission was 13.6 g N₂O-N kg^-1N uptake in both tillage systems without nitrapyrin application and was significantly reduced to 7.9 and 8.2 g N₂O-N kg^-1N uptake upon the application of nitrapyrin in minimum tillage and conventional tillage practices,respectively.Additionally,nitrapyrin application increased maize biomass yield by 4%and 13%in the minimum tillage and conventional tillage systems,respectively.Our results indicate that nitrapyrin has a potential role in reducing N₂O emission from agricultural systems where urea fertilizers are broadcasted,which is common in Iran due to the practice of traditional farming.     

水稻对硝态氮响应的生理指标筛选

采用温室水培试验方法 ,系统评价了 4 0个遗传特性不同的水稻品种对 3种比例氮营养(NH 4 /NO-3 比例分别为 10 0∶0、5 0∶5 0和 0∶10 0 )的反应和对硝态氮响应的生理指标筛选。结果表明 ,4 0个水稻品种 (系 )在NH 4 /NO-3 比为 5 0∶5 0的营养液中生长最佳 ,植株总干重最高 ,但各个基因型的表现差异较大。根据水稻在两种比例氮营养液 (10 0∶0和 5 0∶5 0 )中的表现可将水稻分为 3种类型 :硝高度响应型、硝中度响应型、硝不响应型。在混合氮营养液中硝高度响应型水稻地上部干重、根干重、总干重和氮积累量显著比单一铵营养液中的高。在评价不同水稻基因型对硝营养的响应时 ,根干物重和氮积累量可作为筛选的主要生理指标