驼梁自然保护区旅游开发的生态风险评价及管理对策

在分析驼梁自然保护区生态风险受体与风险源的基础上,建立了基于旅游开发的生态风险评价指标体系,并运用模糊综合评判法对生态风险进行了定量评价和分析。结果表明:研究区基于旅游开发的整体生态风险处于"轻度"风险状态,其中,旅游客流量增长率和废水处理率是目前制约水源涵养区生态功能正常发挥和旅游业良性发展的重要指标。并提出了相应的风险管理对策。     

景观生态学在自然保护区旅游开发和管理中的应用

旅游开发是自然保护区可持续发展的有效途径之一。然而,一些保护区在旅游开发过程中,由于缺乏生态思想和景观保护意识,造成了景观资源的退化和对保护对象的破坏。在自然保护区旅游开发与管理中,导入景观生态学的基本原理,对自然保护区旅游开发进行景观生态规划与设计,并加强景观生态管理,能够促进自然保护区旅游的可持续发展和达到自然保护的目的。     

安徽省牯牛降自然保护区森林旅游资源开发的探讨

牯牛降自然保护区是安徽省最早经国务院批准建设的国家级自然保护区，属森林生态类型保护区，区内不仅物种多样，而且森林旅游资源极为丰富，具有广阔的开发前景。通过对牯牛降自然保护区森林旅游资源开发的现实意义与积极作用以及开发条件与发展环境的分析，针对开发与保护问题，提出了建设性意见。     

闽江河口湿地自然保护区生态旅游保护与开发研究

从福建闽江河口湿地国家级自然保护区的湿地资源状况分析入手,在深入调查的基础上,探讨了保护区自然资源和生态环境保护与生态旅游的现状和潜在优势,并将其应用于福建闽江河口湿地自然保护区的旅游开发中。针对福建闽江河口湿地自然保护区自然资源与生态环境保护和旅游开发中面临的主要问题,以全面保护、生态优先、最小干预的开发生态旅游原则,提出了具体的保护性措施和旅游开发的主要建设内容。     

黑龙江省穆棱市六峰湖自然保护区生态旅游规划的研究

本文对黑龙江省穆棱市六峰湖自然保护区内的生态旅游资源进行了分类,在旅游资源保护性开发的基础上,进行了自然保护区的旅游功能分区、旅游管理和生态环境保护等问题的研究,以期实现自然保护区旅游的可持续发展。     

自然保护区如何开展旅游

我国自然保护区的生态旅游还处于起步阶段，有关的法律法规和管理机构还不健全，在旅游开发中往往因利益之争而形成多头管理，各部门都强调自己的职责和目标而忽视生物多样性的保护，最终因无序开发而造成环境破坏，因短期行为而导致生态经济不能持续发展。其实，对于自然保护区来讲，各自然保护区管理机构是理所当然且责无旁贷的综合管理者。自然保护区的生态旅游必须在其统一协调下有序地开展，生态旅游的规划和发展必须符合自然保护区总体规划，生态旅游活动必须服从自然保护区管理办法。这是永续利用绿色资源，实现生态经济可持续发展…     

大瑶山自然保护区旅游资源综合开发研究

通过分析大瑶山自然保护区旅游资源、开发现状及开发中存在的问题,围绕大瑶山旅游资源,采用合理的开发建设方式;基于对大瑶山自然保护区主要旅游资源及生态环境进行的评价,就旅游资源开发现状存在的生态环境问题进行了深入研究并探寻了其形成原因。以大瑶山自然保护区旅游资源综合开发为出发点,以实现旅游业的稳定、持续、健康发展为目标,提出确保旅游资源持续利用和生态环境保护的若干措施。     

自然保护区生态旅游可行性及风险分析

指出了充分利用自然保护区的旅游资源优势开展生态旅游是可持续旅游的实现途径,目前已得到了国内外的共识,但生态旅游的开发给自然保护区带来的风险同样也引起了人们的广泛关注。阐述了自然保护区开展生态旅游的可行性,并结合自然保护区开展生态旅游的重要性,就自然保护区开展生态旅游可能带来的风险进行了分析。     

加强各类自然保护区建设对策

首先介绍了森林的概念，进而指出森林与人类的关系，以及建立自然保护区的指导思想，例举我国近十多年来在自然保护区建设方面作出的巨大贡献和本省本县自然保护区建设的现状。结合本县各类自然保护区在建设过程中存在的一系列问题，如保护区内山、林权属、建设资金不足、群众法制观念差、保护与旅游（开发）等问题，最后提出相应对策措施、强调必须遵照生态合理性原则，真正实现人类社会与生物圈的协调进化。     

自然保护区生态旅游开发与保护浅析

论述了自然保护区生态旅游的函义、内容，生态旅游与传统森林旅游的目标、受益者、管理方式、正负面影响等方面的不同特征。指出，生态旅游是我国大多数自然保护区生存发展的最佳策略。自然保护区的开发和保护是辩证的矛盾统一；保护是开发的前提，是为了更好地开发，而开发是保护的体现，是自然保护区发展的基础，开发是一种积极的保护。据此提出了自然保护区生态旅游开发与保护的对策。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.