中华乌塘鳢池塘养殖试验

中华乌塘鳢[Bostrichthys sinensislacepede））隶属于虾虎鱼科塘鳢属,俗称鲟虎或涂鱼,为近海暖水性小型鱼类,多栖息于中低潮区滩涂的洞穴中,适盐范围广,亦可在河口或淡水中生存。该品种易于养殖,适应性强,抗病力强,生长速度快,经济效益高,养殖该品种具有广阔前景。近年闽东等地对中华乌塘鳢人工育苗技术和养殖技术进行研究,基本掌握技术要点,为了达到生产规模要求,进一步推广该品种的养殖,我们于2000年     

中华乌塘鳢嗅觉器官的形态结构

中华乌塘鳢（Bostrichthys sinellsis Lacepede）样品体长17．0～19．8cm，性成熟鱼性腺为Ⅳ～Ⅴ期，性未成熟鱼性腺为Ⅱ期。取嗅囊切片、染色、固定。分别以扫描电镜和透射电镜拍照。结果显示，中华乌塘鳢具一对纺锤形嗅囊，由前、后鼻孔与外界相通，嗅上皮向嗅囊腔内突起形成10～16个初级嗅板，初级嗅板上有次级嗅板，可增大嗅上皮的表面积。嗅板由嗅上皮和中央髓两部分构成，中央髓主要由疏松结缔组织和毛细血管构成；嗅上皮排列于中央髓的两侧，由多层细胞组成。扫描和透射电镜观察表明：嗅上皮分为非感觉区和感觉区两部分，非感觉区位于嗅板边缘，较薄且平滑，外缘高倍放大呈指纹状或块状结构；感觉区位于中央部位，呈连续分布，细胞种类多样，表层为纤毛非感觉细胞，中上层为纤毛感受细胞和柱状细胞，中卜层为支持细胞，底层为基细胞。纤毛感受细胞为一种双极神经元，树突在上皮表面形成嗅结；轴突则穿过基膜，在固有层内集合成束，形成嗅神经纤维，终止于嗅叶。     

沙塘鳢属鱼类的生物学

沙塘鳢(Odontobutis)(俗称蒲鱼、虎头鲨、瞎胖子鱼)属鲈形目虎鱼亚目塘鳢科的中、小型溪流经济鱼类。这类鱼的肉质鲜美,必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量高于一般鱼类,经济价值高,自然资源急剧衰减,人工养殖与增殖势在必行。1生物学1.1形态与分类沙塘鳢体延长,前部圆筒形,后部侧扁。头大,平扁。体被栉鳞,头部被小圆鳞。颌齿细小,多行。背鳍2个,腹鳍分离,不成吸盘状,尾鳍圆形。据伍汉霖等(2002)[1,2]记载,我国至少有4种沙塘鳢(表1)。表1我国沙塘鳢属鱼类种的检索表1(2)眼后方无感觉管孔;纵列鳞39-42;眼前下方横行感觉乳突线的端部乳突成团排列;眼…     

Cloning and expression of prostaglandin E2 receptor subtype 1 (ep 1 ) in Bostrichthys sinensis

Our previous studies suggested that prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) is a putative sex pheromone in Chinese black sleeper Bostrichthys sinensis, a fish species that inhabits intertidal zones and mates and spawns inside a muddy burrow. We found immunoreactivities of PGE₂ receptor subtypes (Ep_1–3) expressed in the olfactory sac, but only Ep₁ presented higher density of immunoreactivity in mature fish than that in immature fish in both sexes. To gain a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanism for the detection of PGE₂ in the olfactory system, we cloned an ep ₁ cDNA from the adult olfactory sac. The open-reading frame of the ep ₁ consisted of 1,134-bp nucleotides that encoded a 378-amino acid-long protein with a seven-transmembrane domain, typical for the G protein-coupled receptors superfamily. Expression of ep ₁ mRNA was observed in all tissues examined, with higher levels obtained in the olfactory sacs and testes. The expression of ep ₁ mRNA in the olfactory sacs and gonads was significantly higher in both sexes of mature fish than in those of immature ones. Taken together, our results suggested that Ep₁, which is highly expressed in the olfactory sacs and gonads of mature fish, is important for the control of reproduction and may be involved in PGE₂-initiated spawning behavior in B. sinensis.     

性外激素诱发中华乌塘鳢产卵的初步研究

在陶瓷人工产卵管道内吊挂性外激素的研究表明,卵巢提取液对雄鱼的吸引作用大于雌鱼,而精巢和贮精囊提取液对雌鱼的吸引作用则大于雄鱼,17α-P、17α,20β-P和PGE2对雌鱼和雄鱼均具有相似的吸引作用。雌鱼在管道内的产卵次数、产卵量以及成熟卵的受精率均与产卵管道内吊挂的性外激素种类有关,17α,20β-P和PGE2两个实验组产卵次数最多,其中PGE2实验组的产卵量和受精率最高。17α-P在贮精囊和精巢提取液中的含量显著高于卵巢提取液(P<0.05);贮精囊提取液中PGE2和PGF2α的含量分别显著高于精巢提取液和卵巢提取液(P<0.05);提取液中PGE2和PGF2α的含量均依次为贮精囊提取液>精巢提取液>卵巢提取液。卵巢提取液刺激雄鱼所引起的平均EOG高于雌鱼,而精巢和贮精囊提取液刺激雌鱼所引起的平均EOG高于雄鱼,雌鱼和雄鱼对17α-P、17α,20β-P、PGE2和PGF2α刺激所产生的平均EOG,以PGE2为最高。     

Aerobic Bacterial Flora of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Cultured in Earthen Ponds in Saudi Arabia

ABSTRACT

Quantitative and qualitative estimation of bacterial flora present in pond water, sediments, gills, and intestine of healthy common carp Cyprinus carpio cultured in Saudi Arabia were performed and identified to species level where possible. Mean total viable bacterial counts in pond water ranged from 1.2?±?2.9?×?10⁴ to 2.5?±?3.5?×?10⁵ cfu/mL; in sediments, 9.3?±?2.1?×?10⁷ to 2.7?±?3.5?×?10⁹ cfu/g; in gills filaments, 4.3?±?2.9?×?10⁶ to 1.6?±?3.9?×?10⁷ cfu/g; and in intestine, 8.7?±?4.1?×?10⁹ to 5.4?±?3.2?×?10¹⁰ cfu/g. Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria dominated (76%) the populations. In total, 12 bacterial genera and 15 species were identified. Pond water and sediment bacteria had the reflection on bacterial composition of gills and intestine of carp. Intestinal bacteria showed more diversification in contrast to gill bacteria. Aeromonas hydrophila, Shewanella putrefaciens, Vibrio cholerae, Corynebacterium urealyticum, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio sp., and Staphylococcus sp. were the common bacteria in all the populations. In pond water and carp intestine, A. hydrophila, S. putrefaciens, V. cholerae, and C. urealyticum were the most dominant bacteria (prevalence ≥ 10%) where pond sediments and the carp gills experienced with more one dominant bacterium V. vulnificus. Only the A. hydrophila covered one fourth (25%) of the total bacterial populations.     

Sex organ extracts and artificial hormonal compounds as sex pheromones to attract broodfish and to induce spawning of Chinese black sleeper (Bostrichthys sinensis Lacépède)

Ovarian, testicular and seminal vesicle extracts of mature Chinese black sleeper (Bostrichthys sinensis Lacepede), synthetic steroids 17α‐progesterone (17α‐P), 17α,20β‐dihydroxy‐4‐pregnen‐3one (17α,20β‐P) and prostaglandins PGE₂ and PGF_2α were used in an attempt to attract broodfish and to induce spawning. Furthermore, 17α‐P, PGE₂ and PGF_2α levels were determined in extracts, and PGE₂ and PGF_2α levels were determined in holding and spawning waters. The results showed that ovarian extracts attracted more males than females to enter artificial nests, while testicular and seminal vesicle extracts attracted more females than males. The highest percentage of spawned nests were found when 17α,20β‐P and PGE₂ were administered to the nests, while the largest egg numbers and the mean highest fertilization rate were observed when PGE₂ was added. In ovarian extract, 17α‐P level was higher than levels in testicular or seminal vesicle extracts. The PGE₂ levels were significantly (P<0.05) higher than PGF_2α in the ovarian, testicular and seminal vesicle extracts. The PGE₂ and PGF_2α levels in spawning waters were higher than those in holding waters. The PGE₂ levels were greatly significantly (P<0.01) higher than PGF_2α in spawning and in holding waters. The results suggest that the sex organs of B. sinensis contain 17α‐P, 17α, 20β‐P, PGE₂ and PGF_2α and that 17α‐P, 17α,20β‐P and PGE₂ may act as sex pheromones in this species, attracting both male and female conspesifics to spawning sites and inducing spawning. Among the compounds tested, PGE₂ was the most effective sex pheromone for induction of spawning in B. sinensis.     

Relationship Between Dietary Protein Source and Feeding Frequency During Feeding Nile Tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus (L.) Cultured in Concrete Tanks

ABSTRACT

A 24-week feeding trial was conducted in concrete tanks with Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) with an average initial weight and length of 50.87 ± 6.03 g and 14.4 ± 0.45 cm, respectively, to examine the effect of two protein sources and two feeding frequencies on growth performance, production traits, and body composition. Twelve 4 m³ concrete tanks (2 × 2 × 1.25 m, long, width, and height) were each stocked with 100 fish and fed diets containing either fish meal protein or soybean meal protein at two feeding frequency of two times daily or four times daily (2 × 2 × 3 factorial experiment). The results revealed that there was no significant effect of dietary protein sources on growth rate, whereas there was a significant increase in growth rate with increasing feeding frequency (P < 0.05). The same trend was also observed for mean body weight (g), production rate (kg/m3), specific growth rate (SGR % day^?1). The best final mean body weight (g), specific growth rate (SGR % day^?1), and production rate (kg/m3) were recorded in groups of fish fed with feeding frequency four times daily. Whole fish moisture, protein, fat, and ash contents were significantly influenced (P ≤ 0.05) by protein sources and feeding frequency, except protein not influenced with feeding frequency. Energy was significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by feeding frequency, but not by dietary protein sources. Economic evaluation indicated that soybean meal (Diet B) at four times feeding daily was the most cost-effective and affordable feed strategy for farmers. We conclude that a soybean diet fed four times daily is recommended for adult Nile tilapia reared in concrete tanks.     

Stress responses of carp pond fish stock upon hunting activities of the great cormorant(Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis L.)

In addition to direct predation, cormorants can affect carp pond fish stock through disturbance and wounding of the fish. Fish stress response was evaluated by catch per unit effort (CPUE) using lift‐net sampling. A significantly higher (P<0.001) CPUE was recorded in the littoral region of ponds affected by cormorant visits (43.6 ± 39.6) in comparison with a control pond (CP) without their occurrence (0.9 ± 1.1). Stress indices, spleen somatic index (SSI) and Fulton's condition coefficient (FCC) were evaluated for fish subject to two stress factors, hunting cormorants (HC) and pond harvesting (PH), and compared with levels in fish from the CP. Both SSI and FCC decreased significantly (P<0.05) in PH and HC fish in comparison with the control group, while non‐significant differences were observed in both SSI and FCC indices among the HC and PH groups. Plasma biochemical indices (cortisol, glucose and lactate concentrations) were significantly higher (P<0.01) in the PH group as compared with the HC and CP groups. Concentrations in the HC and CP groups did not differ significantly. Total plasma protein levels were significantly higher (P<0.01) in HC fish compared with CP fish, but did not differ significantly from PH fish.     

鲤鱼和斑马鱼同义密码子使用偏性分析

本研究利用鲤鱼454测序所获得的基因的表达序列和GeneBank中斑马鱼全部基因的编码序列,采用多重变量分析软件CodonW对鲤鱼和斑马鱼影响密码子用法的因素进行了分析.结果表明,两个在59种同义密码子中有27种为最优密码子.伺时还指出,最优密码子的使用频率(Fop)与基因的G+C含量(GC),尤其是第三位密码子的G+C百分含量(GC3S)、密码子适应指数(CAI)和密码子偏爱指数(CBI)之间均呈现极显著的正相关(鲤鱼和斑马鱼的相关系数分别为r=0.4108和0.4087、0.5354和0.5628、0.7547和0.7771、0.9803和0.9741),而与有效等位基因数ENc存在显著负相关(相关系数r=-0.2832和-0.2390).表明基因GC含量直接影响密码子使用的偏性,同时基因的表达水平越高,对密码子的使用偏向性越强.     

鳖腮腺炎病

鳖腮腺炎病,是鳖的一种急性传染病,以腮腺缺血糜烂或出血为特征.为我国水生动物三类疫病. 一、病原学 病原不清,主流报道病原有病毒和细菌. 目前已报道的病毒有疱疹样病毒(Herpes-like virus)、虹彩样病毒(Irido-like virus)、弹状样病毒(Rhabdo-like virus)、呼肠孤样病毒(Reo-like virus)等.病毒病原证据主要有: (1)许多典型症状病例细菌分离阴性,发病组织除菌过滤上清感染健康甲鱼可复制典型发病症状; (2)电镜观察发现病毒颗粒; (3)抗菌药物对本病基本无效,抗病毒药物辅助免疫增强中药有一的控制效果.     

中华鲟的研究进展

中华鲟为国家一级水生保护动物，介绍了中华鲟生物特性和研究现状，人工养殖中华鲟应注意敏感期，营养需求，受伤和疾病防治问题。     

中华鲟心脏的超声成像研究

采用weld-2018便携式B超机(C1-9/60R凸阵探头)测量正常中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)的鳃动频率和心动频率以及心脏大小,以查明中华鲟心脏变化特点,为超声成像技术进行中华鲟心脏疾病诊断奠定基础.实验鱼为人工养殖的年龄为0.5龄、1～5龄、7龄、9龄、11龄的中华鲟和野生成熟的中华鲟,结果表明,中华鲟心脏的周长和鱼体体长呈显著正相关(P＜0.01),横切周长(y)和体长(x)的关系为y=1.689x+10.118(R2=0.825,n=42).不同年龄中华鲟的鳃动频率随年龄的增长而下降,1龄为(104.6±8.9)次/min(n=5),野生亲鱼的为(50.5±3.6)次/min(n=8).鳃动频率(y)和体长(x)成负线性关系y=-0.5078x+130.59(R2=0.8161,n=35,P＜0.01).温度对中华鲟的影响随着温度的升高,鳃动频率和心率上升.13℃下1龄中华鲟的鳃动频率为(74.5±6.2)次/min(n=5)、心率为(26.9±3.2)次/min(n=5);28 ℃的鳃动频率为(106.1±6.4)次/min(n=5)、心率为(43.4±8.44)次/min(n=5).结论认为,中华鲟发育到一定年龄鳃动和心动频率趋于稳定.     

Progestogen metabolism by ovaries of the roach (Rutilus rutilus L.) and the rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus L.)

Roach ovaries converted 17-hydroxyprogesterone to 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20P) and to glucuronides of testosterone and 17,20P. Small amounts of 5-pregnane-3- and -3, 17, 20-triols, 7-hydroxy-5-reduced metabolites and 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20P) were also formed. Rudd ovaries converted this substrate mainly to 17,20P, 5-pregnane-3- and -3,17,20-triols, 17,20-dihydroxy-5-pregnan-3-one and testosterone glucuronide. The main metabolites of progesterone with both species were 17,20P, 5-pregnane-3,17,20-triol and 7-hydroxy-5-reduced steroids. Rudd ovaries formed, in addition, 17,20-dihydroxy-5-pregnan-3-one from progesterone. The pattern of metabolites was markedly altered when the concentration of substrate was increased from 42ng to 1 µg or 100 µg. At the highest concentration, glucuronides and polar steroids were not detectable, while at low concentrations they accounted for over 50% of the metabolites. 20-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was shown to have a very high capacity, producing 21–47 µg 17,20P from 100 µg 17-hydroxyprogesterone substrate with 200 mg ovarian tissue in 5h.     

河蟹人工育苗池水循环净化处理技术研究

采取在养殖池内投放和接触氧化水循环处理装置内接种挂膜光合细菌、硝化细菌和放线菌等环境有益微生物 ,并与微藻、光合细菌等活饵料应用技术相结合的池水净化循环处理技术 ,通过基础试验和生产性试验进行了研究考察 ,结果表明本方法可使育苗池水循环利用 ,降低生产成本 ,减少对周边水环境的污染。试验苗池溶解氧 (DO)高于 7 5mg/L ,氨氮低于 0 5mg/L ,水质明显优于对照苗池 ,符合河蟹育苗要求。试验苗池蟹苗总成活率 19 4 % ,产量 175 8g/m3 ,蟹苗成活率、产量和质量均明显优于对照苗池