Structural changes of residual lignin in softwood kraft pulp treated with manganese peroxidase

Structural changes of residual lignin in unbleached softwood kraft pulp (SWKP) during manganese peroxidase (MnP) treatment were investigated to obtain some understanding of the biobleaching action of SWKP with MnP treatment. Alkaline-extracted lignin from darkened SWKP by MnP showed more intense color and contained moreo-quinone than that from control SWKP. However, no difference in the conjugated-carbonyl was observed between the lignins from MnP-treated and control SWKP. The nitrobenzene oxidation analysis revealed that oxidative condensation of non-condensed lignin in SWKP occurs during an early stage of MnP treatment. These observations were supported by the model experiment in which the lignin prepared from control SWKP was subjected to MnP treatments three times, and the changes of color and functional groups in the lignin were determined after each treatment. These results suggested that an increase ino-quinone and the condensation reaction of non-condensed lignin in SWKP are responsible for the characteristic darkening of SWKP during MnP treatment. It was also ascertained that darkened lignin was degraded and brightened by repeated MnP treatments.     

Sulfuric acid bleaching of kraft pulp II: Behavior of lignin and carbohydrate during sulfuric acid bleaching

The purpose of this study was to investigate the behavior of lignin and carbohydrates in kraft pulps during sulfuric acid bleaching. Beech kraft pulp and red pine kraft pulp were bleached with dilute sulfuric acid at pH 1.3 with addition of sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite at 100°C for 1 h. The pulps were then extracted with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution at 70°C for 1 h. Lignin and carbohydrates in the acid effluents and the alkali effluents were analyzed. The carbohydrate compositions of unbleached and bleached kraft pulps were also determined. The residual lignin in kraft pulp was degraded to a molecular size similar to that of milled wood lignin during sulfuric acid bleaching without additives, and it was further degraded to a much smaller molecular size during sulfuric acid bleaching with additives. It was found that the amount of carbohydrate dissolved in the bleach effluents were only about 1 of the dry weight of the kraft pulp under these bleaching conditions. The carbohydrates dissolved during bleaching were mostly of hemicellulose origin.Part of this report was presented at the 8th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Helsinki, July 1995     

Micromorphology and topochemistry of extractives in Scots pine and Norway spruce thermomechanical pulps: a cytochemical approach

Due to the increasing demand for Norway spruce as prime raw material for high-yield pulping, recent interest has focused on Scots pine as an alternative. However, the intrinsic properties of Scots pine, particularly the high amounts of extractives and the fiber properties, have been considered a disadvantage for thermomechanical pulping. A study was therefore conducted on the variations in the spatial distribution and redistribution of lipophilic extractives in spruce and pine wood and thermomechanical pulp (TMP) using cytochemical staining methods and chemical analysis. Chemical analyses showed chips from pine thinnings and sawmill slabs to contain three to five and two to three times, respectively, more extractives than found in spruce; in particular, the amount of triglycerides differed significantly. Results from staining techniques on the abundance and distribution of extractives (i.e., fats) between pine and spruce correlated with amounts detected by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. Cytochemical observations revealed information pertaining to species-specific distribution and redistribution of extractives among TMP fines and fibers and indicated the presence of a molecular film of extractives. Results indicate that the high concentrations of extractives in pine ray parenchyma are released during TMP processing and are redistributed onto the surfaces of the pulps, negatively affecting energy usage during primary refining.     

Rapid estimation of kraft pulp yield and lignin in Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Leucaena leucocephala by diffuse reflectance near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

Near-infrared spectroscopy has been used to develop calibration models for the rapid determination of kraft pulp yield (KPY) and lignin in Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Leucaena leucocephala. The correlation coefficient for cross-validation is 0.90 for KPY and 0.95 for lignin prediction, while the root mean square error for cross-validation for KPY and lignin prediction are 1.46 and 0.77, respectively. The method has been validated with 37 samples of E. camaldulensis and 18 samples of L. leucocephala. The root mean square error of prediction for KPY (1.53) is higher than for lignin (0.77). The method is rapid and can be used for screening a large number of samples.     

调控S木质素合成基因F5H1研究进展及对竹遗传改良的展望

植物特异调控S木质素生物合成F5H1基因的克隆与遗传转化研究,有利于在木质素含量不变的情况下,改变木质素组分,提高制浆效率,减少污染,对造纸工业的可持续发展有着很重要的意义。该文着重综述了近年来不同植物F5H1基因克隆和遗传转化的研究现状,并对未来F5H基因在调控竹木质素组分改变方面的研究前景进行了展望。     

Determination of lignin,holocellulose, and organic solvent extractives in fresh leaf,litterfall, and organic material on forest floor using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

We report the results of a study regarding the near-infrared reflectance spectra of various leaf stages from fresh to senescing, and to decomposing leaf. A broad absorbance feature increased in the region of 1100–1400nm with the advance of the leaf senescence and leaf decomposition. A decrease was seen in the region over 1440nm during the senescence and decomposition process. These differences of spectra showed the changes in constituents of leaf in terms of the degree of the senescence and decomposition. A comparison of multiple linear regression between the near-infrared reflectance spectra and proximate chemical analyses showed that near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy achieved a certain level of useful accuracy. We consider that near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy has the potential to predict the contents of carbon fractions in plant materials, and that this method can replace previous methods due to faster determination of carbon fractions, and its ability to significantly increase the number of samples that can be collected and measured.     

广西油茶不同种源蒴果质量和种粒数变异

研究分析了广西18个油茶种源的蒴果质量和种粒数的变异及其相关性,结果表明:蒴果质量和种粒数在不同种源间分别存在极显著差异和显著差异,其变异系数分别为25.41%和33.13%;种源间的表型分化系数分别为28.63%和12.38%,蒴果质量和果粒数呈极显著的正相关,最后根据蒴果质量和种粒数的信息将18个种源通过聚类分析分为3类。     

Bioclimatic variables and their impact on the potential distribution of Brenneria goodwinii in Europe

Brenneria goodwinii is a Gram-negative bacterium associated with the phenomenon of Acute Oak Decline (AOD), which has played a very important role in the decline of oak populations in Europe in recent years. In this paper, the Maxent model was developed to detect the trend in the distribution of B. goodwinii in Europe. Generated from confirmed location data and bioclimatic variables, the Maxent model achieved high predictive accuracy as measured by parameters such as AUC and AUC_diff. Nineteen bioclimatic variables available on the WorldClim portal for the years 1970–2000 were used to create the model. The generated model allows to determine the most useful bioclimatic variables to assess the maximum entropy of the habitat in terms of the occurrence of B. goodwinii. In addition, the model identified areas of Europe where the probabilities of fit for bacteria are >.7. These areas include Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Portugal and Italy.