Enhanced expression of chicken cystatin as a thioredoxin fusion form in Escherichia coli AD494(DE3)pLysS and its effect on the prevention of surimi gel softening

The DNA encoding chicken lung cystatin was ligated into a thioredoxin-pET 23a+ expression vector and transformed into Escherichia coli AD494(DE3)pLysS. A high level of soluble recombinant thioredoxin-cystatin (trx-cystatin) was expressed in the cytoplasm of the E. coli transformant. As compared with recombinant cystatin (trx-free), a 38.7% increase of inhibitory activity in the soluble fraction was achieved by introducing the trx fusion protein. Trx-cystatin was purified to electrophoretical homogeneity by 3 min of heating at 90 degrees C and Sephacryl S-100 chromatography. The molecular mass of trx-cystatin was 29 kDa, which was the expected size based on its composition of recombinant trx (16 kDa) and chicken cystatin (13 kDa). The purified trx-cystatin behaved as a thermally stable and papain-like proteinase inhibitor comparable to either recombinant or natural chicken cystatins. The inhibitor could inhibit the gel softening of mackerel surimi.     

Overexpression of the soluble form of chicken cystatin in Escherichia coli and its purification

A cDNA encoding chicken cystatin was cloned into the pET-23a(+) expression vector and then transformed into Escherichia coli AD494(DE3)pLysS expression host. An active soluble form of cystatin was expressed in the cytoplasm of E. coli induced by isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside. The recombinant chicken cystatin was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by a simple and rapid method involving heat treatment and Sephacryl S-100 gel filtration chromatography. The recombinant cystatin behaved as a thermal-stable protein and exhibited papain-like protease inhibition activity comparable to the natural chicken cystatin.     

Cloning, functional expression, and characterization of cystatin in sesame seed

A cDNA fragment encoding cystatin, a cysteine protease inhibitor, was obtained from maturing sesame seeds. The clone was constructed in a nonfusion or fusion vector and then overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant cystatins were found in the soluble fraction of cell extract and were demonstrated to be functionally active in a reverse zymographic assay. The corresponding endogenous 22 kDa cystatin of low abundance in mature seeds was purified to homogeneity via a papain-coupling affinity column and confirmed by western blotting with antibodies against the recombinant cystatin. Both endogenous and recombinant cystatin proteins showed effective inhibitory activities against papain with K(i) values of 7.89 x 10(-8) M and 2.77 x 10(-8) M, respectively. Immunodetection indicated that cystatin was specifically expressed in maturing seeds and rapidly degraded in germination. Accordingly, zymographic and inhibition analyses showed that sesame cystatin could not inhibit the de novo synthesized proteases in germinating seeds. It is suggested that sesame cystatin may play a role in the regulation of endogenous cysteine proteases during seed maturation and germination.     

Extracellular production of a functional soy cystatin by Bacillus subtilis

A recombinant Bacillus subtilis producing soy cystatin was developed by subcloning with a soy cystatin gene cloned in Escherichia coli. An active form of cystatin against the cysteine protease from Pacific whiting fillets contaminated with Myxosporidia parasite was constitutively expressed and secreted extracelluarly into the medium. Two gene fragments of signal peptides from kerA and sacB were introduced and compared for secretion efficiency of cystatin. The secretion level of active cystatin improved with the signal peptide of kerA when compared to that of sacB. Inhibitor activity was reduced rapidly after peak expression of the target protein at 36 h of fermentation. The addition of 1% glucose, a suppressor of protease, into the medium sustained the increase of the cystatin activity during fermentation. This study introduced a potential new method for fermentation production of cystatin.     

Gene cloning and characterization of a novel recombinant antifungal chitinase from papaya (Carica papaya)

A chitinase cDNA clone (CpCHI, 1002 bp) was isolated from papaya fruit, which encoded a 275 amino acid protein containing a 28 amino acid signal peptide in the N-terminal end. The predicted molecular mass of the mature protein was 26.2 kDa, and its pI value was 6.32. On the basis of its amino acid sequence homology with other plant chitinases, it was classified as a class IV chitinase. An active recombinant CpCHI enzyme was overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The purified recombinant papaya chitinase showed an optimal reaction temperature at 30 degrees C and a broad optimal pH ranging from 5.0 to 9.0. The recombinant enzyme was quite stable, retaining >64% activity for 3 weeks at 30 degrees C. The spore germination of Alternaria brassicicola could be completely inhibited by a 76 nM level of recombinant CpCHI. Recombinant CpCHI also showed antibacterial activity in which 50% of E. coli was inhibited by a 2.5 microM concentration of the enzyme.     

Expression of recombinant mature human tyrosinase from Escherichia coli and exhibition of its activity without phosphorylation or glycosylation

A cDNA encoding mature human tyrosinase was cloned into pET-23a(+) and transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3). Three major recombinant proteins, mature human tyrosinase (RHT??????), N-terminal truncated human tyrosinase (RHT???????), and β-lactamase, were overexpressed as inclusion bodies in E. coli after 12 h of induction with 1.0 mM isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside at 37 °C. After sonication and centrifugation, the inclusion body was harvested, solubilized, dialyzed, and refolded into the active form with monophenolase and diphenolase activities. It was purified to homogeneity by DEAE-Sepharose FF and Sephadex G-75. The molecular mass and N-terminal sequence were 57.0 kDa and GHFPRAC, respectively, and corresponded to those of mature human tyrosinase. The RHT was active in a broad range of temperature and pH, and with optimum activity at 70 °C and pH 8.5.     

耐碱锰超氧化物歧化酶（Mn-SOD）基因工程菌的构建及其表达条件研究

利用PCR技术以Bacillus sp.110-2基因组DNA为模板,扩增出606 bp编码锰超氧化物歧化酶的基因Mn-sodA,将其连接到原核表达载体pET-30a(+),得到重组载体pET-sodA,重组载体在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中经异丙基硫代-β-D-半乳糖苷（IPTG）诱导得到表达。SDS-PAGE分析显示融合表达产物的分子量大小为26.5k Da,同核酸序列测定的推导值相符。对含有sodA的基因工程菌表达情况研究表明：重组蛋白全部以可溶性形式存在;重组酶的比活力252 U/mg,为原始菌株的2.1倍,目的基因在大肠杆菌中实现了高效表达;而且,重组酶还保留了野生型酶显著的耐碱能力。BL21（pET-sodA）基因工程菌的构建一方面提供了一种可利用的耐碱蛋白资源,另一方面探索了一种极端酶的生产方法。     

鸡破骨细胞分化因子（chRANKL）的克隆、表达和活性分析

为探讨RANKL以及OPG/RANKL/RANK通路在笼养蛋鸡骨质疏松发生中的作用,进行鸡破骨细胞分化因RANKL（receptor activator of NF-κB ligand）的克隆、表达并鉴定其活性。以成骨细胞总RNA为模板,利用RT-PCR和SOE-PCR技术体外扩增RANKL 基因,将PCR产物克隆至组氨酸标签的融合蛋白表达载体pET-32a(+),在异丙基－β－D硫代半乳糖苷（IPTG）诱导下,实现了chRANKL的有效表达,表达产物纯化后稀释成不同浓度梯度作用成熟破骨细胞观察其生物学活性。结果表明,凝胶电泳显示PCR扩增产物的长度为1200 bp左右,插入片段与Genebank上报道的鸡RANKL序列完全一致。重组表达载体转化BL21后经IPTG诱导获得大小约为64 Kd的重组蛋白,Western印迹表明重组蛋白具有抗原活性;并且纯化后的蛋白能刺激成熟破骨细胞,使骨吸收指数呈剂量依赖性增加,表明具有一定的活性。     

Effect of glycosylation modification (N-Q-(108)I --> N-Q-(108)T) on the freezing stability of recombinant chicken Cystatin overexpressed in Pichia pastoris X-33

The cDNAs encoding chicken cystatin and its N-glycosylation-modified mutant (Asn(106)-Ile(108)-->Asn(106)-Thr(108)) were cloned into the pGAPZ alpha C expression vector, using the GAP as promoter and Zeocin as resistant agent, and transformed into Pichia pastoris X-33 expression host. The effect of N-glycosylation on the stability of recombinant chicken cystatin was investigated. A large quantity of recombinant chicken cystatin and the Asn(106)-glycosylated cystatins were expressed and secreted into broth using alpha-factor preprosequence. The K(i) of the recombinant chicken cystatin (0.08 nM) was similar to that of wild-type chicken cystatin (0.05 nM). They acted as a competitive inhibition reaction against papain. According to the K(i), the inhibition ability of Asn(106)-glycosylated mutant cystatin (K(i) = 9.5 nM) was weaker than that of the wild-type one. However, N-glycosylation at Asn(106) substantially enhanced the freezing stability of recombinant chicken cystatin overexpressed in P. pastoris.     

Glycosylation modification improved the characteristics of recombinant chicken cystatin and its application on mackerel surimi

The recombinant and glycosylation chicken cystatins were expressed and secreted in the broth of Pichia pastoris X-33 transformant with apparent molecular masses (M) of 14 and 55 kDa, respectively. The glycosylation cystatin (glycocystatin) contained a polysaccharide chain that was composed of 50 DP of mannose residues. Because of the polymannosyl chain, the inhibitory ability in glycocystatin was 90.8% of recombinant cystatin. In addition to freeze-thawing stability, the thermal and pH stabilities as well as the susceptibility of glycocystatin were also enhanced. Both cystatins could improve the mackerel surimi gel by inhibiting the gel softening, which was derived from the hydrolysis of catheptic cysteine proteinases. Despite the additional amount of glycocystatin (8 units), twice that of recombinant cystatin, the 40 and 15% increases in breaking force and deformation of gels were also observed. Accordingly, the surimi gel was further improved by enhancing the stability of chicken cystatin.     

牛抗菌肽Bac7-Bac5-β串联基因在昆虫杆状病毒系统中的表达及表达产物的研究

根据Gen bank中公布的牛抗菌肽bac7、bac5和防御素（LAP）成熟肽基因序列,人工合成了抗菌肽融合基因Bac7-Bac5-β,克隆到BAC-TO-BACTM重组杆状病毒表达系统的pFAST HTb载体中,构建了重组转座载体pFASTBac-B7-B5-β,转化DH10Bac大肠杆菌感受态细胞,PCR方法筛选阳性菌落,抽提大分子质粒DNA,获得重组杆状病毒穿梭载体Bacmid-B7-B5-B,转染昆虫草地夜蛾Sf9细胞出现病变后,收集含有重组病毒颗粒的培养上清,重新感染草地夜蛾Sf9单层细胞,收集Sf9细胞超声破碎,12%SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳可见表达的融合蛋白带,分子量大小为20kD,与预测大小相符,表达量约占细胞总蛋白的10.6％。体外抑菌实验表明重组的rB7-B5-B蛋白对大肠杆菌具有抑菌活性,本研究为新型抗菌制剂的研制和开发奠定了基础。     

丁香假单胞菌大豆致病变种ICMP2189中乙烯合成酶基因的克隆及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

本论文通过PCR的方法从丁香假单胞菌大豆致病变种(Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea)ICMP2189中克隆到了乙烯合成酶基因efe，并且在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中利用T7强启动子进行了高效表达，表达蛋白占总蛋白的45%。气相色谱分析表明含有efe基因的大肠杆菌可以高效的产生乙烯。研究结果为生物乙烯的研究和应用奠定了基础。     

牛白细胞介素18的原核表达及其生物学活性研究

将牛白细胞介素18(bovine interleukin-18,BoIL-18)的成熟蛋白基因亚克隆到原核表达载体pGEX6p-1中，并在宿主菌BL21（DE3）中进行表达；用BoIL-18在昆虫细胞中的表达产物制备的兔多克隆抗体作为一抗进行Western blot分析；采用亲和层析法，对表达产物进行纯化；利用MTT染色法研究重组BoIL-18（re BoIL-18）对牛外周血单核细胞(PBMC) 增殖的促进作用；采用双抗体夹心ELISA法研究reBoIL-18诱导脾淋巴细胞产生IFN-γ的情况；采用微量细胞病变抑制法检测reBoIL-18对VSV导致细胞病变的抑制作用。结果:得到了BoIL-18的高效表达产物，表达量为31.8％，Western blot 显示，在44KD处有一特异性条带；纯化后获得了纯度较高的reBoIL-18蛋白；纯化的BoIL-18对PBMC增殖具有明显的促进作用，并且能够促进IFN-γ的诱生和抑制VSV病毒的活性。     

重组海参溶菌酶C端基因(SjLys-C)的可溶性表达和抑菌活性分析

为进一步研究海参(Stichopus japonicus)溶菌酶基因(Sjys)(Genbank登录号:EF036468)中不司片段表达产物的生物特性,本研究通过对其cDNA片段的分析,发现C端基因区域所对应的蛋白质序列中含有非酶活性.根据已知的海参溶菌酶的cDNA序列,设计山含有Nco Ⅰ和EcoR Ⅰ酶切位点的特异性引物,从新鲜的海参肠中提取总RNA,以其为模板利用RT-PCR扩增出长度为259 bp的溶菌酶C端(SjLys-C)基因.将该目的基因连接到pET-32a(+)载体上,构建重组质粒pET-32a(+)-SjLys-C,再转化至大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)Rosetta(DE3)pLysS,成功地构建了重组蛋白SjLys-C的基因工程菌.利用该工程菌诱导发酵,结果显示它能高效表达出26 kD左右的重组蚩白SjLys-C.经过Western blot分析,该重组蛋白在26 kD左右能够与Penta-His抗体发生特异性免疫反应.对纯化的重组蛋白SjLys-C进行了抑菌特性的分析,结果发现它对溶壁微球菌(Micrococcus lysodeikticus)和副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahae molytic us)有较高的抑菌活性.此外,将该重组蛋白经100℃、40 min处理后,其抑菌能力提高了5％～21％.研究结果表明,重组蛋白SjLys-C基因工程菌能够制备出具有可溶性的、并具有抑菌活性的重组蛋白SjLys-C,在农业和医药等行业中有潜在应用和开发价值.     

Interactive effects of microbial transglutaminase and recombinant cystatin on the mackerel and hairtail muscle protein

Interactive effects of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) and recombinant cystatin on the mackerel and hairtail water soluble protein (WSP), salt soluble protein (SSP), and muscle protein (MP) were investigated. According to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and enzymic activity analyses, cross-linking of mackerel and hairtail myosin heavy chain and low molecular mass compounds and formation of epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine cross-links were observed on samples with MTGase, while the recombinant cystatin could effectively inhibit the cathepsins and subsequently prevent degradation of proteins during setting. The cathepsins and MTGase activities in WSP, SSP, and MP solutions decreased, but the recombinant cystatin activity increased during setting at 45 degrees C.     

猪粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（pGM-CSF)基因的克隆与原核表达

通过RT-PCR方法,从经ConA刺激的猪外周血淋巴细胞中扩增出猪粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（pGM-CSF）编码区的cDNA并将其克隆至pMD-19T载体,序列测定表明pGM-CSF基因的长度为435 bp,编码144个氨基酸。通过PCR方法获得缺失其N端17个氨基酸残基信号肽序列的成熟pGM-CSF蛋白基因,将其克隆至原核表达载体pET-32a（+）,构建重组表达质粒pET-GM并转入大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli )BL21（DE3）中进行诱导表达。经SDS-PAGE电泳和Western blot分析表明,表达的重组蛋白分子量约31 kD,主要以包涵体形式存在,表达量占菌体总蛋白的30.4% 。采用Ni2+-NTA亲和层析柱对经稀释复性的重组蛋白进行纯化,并采用MTT法以TF-1细胞检测纯化产物的生物学活性。结果表明,重组蛋白可有效刺激TF-1细胞增殖,其活性达到3.43×105 IU/mg。     

Method for bacterial expression and purification of sesame cystatin via artificial oil bodies

A method was developed for production of sesame cystatin, a thermostable cysteine protease inhibitor. Sesame cystatin was first expressed in Escherichia coli as an insoluble recombinant protein fused to oleosin, a unique structural protein of seed oil bodies, by a short hydrophilic linker peptide. Stable artificial oil bodies were constituted with triacylglycerol, phospholipid, and the insoluble oleosin-cystatin fusion protein. After centrifugation, the oleosin-cystatin fusion protein was exclusively found in the artificial oil bodies. Proteolytic cleavage with papain, a cysteine protease effectively inhibited by cystatin, separated soluble cystatin from oleosin that was firmly embedded in the artificial oil bodies. After recentrifugation, papain that coexisted with cystatin in the collected supernatant was denatured by incubating at 55 degrees C for 30 min. The insoluble denatured papain was removed by one more centrifugation, and the expressed cystatin of high yield and purity was harvested simply by concentrating the ultimate supernatant. Comparable inhibitory activity toward papain was observed between the expressed cystatin and the native one purified from sesame seeds. This method is presumably applicable to production of other protease inhibitors whose target proteases are economically available.     

宇佐美曲霉木聚糖酶基因在大肠杆菌中的表达

在已知宇佐美曲霉E001菌株木聚糖酶Xyn II cDNA序列（Genbank登录号为DQ114485）的基础上，合成1对引物（含 EcoR I和Sal I酶切位点），以重组质粒pUCm-T-xyn II为模板，扩增得到编码Xyn II成熟肽的cDNA片段（555 bp）。将其与表达质粒pET-28a连接，构建了重组表达质粒pET-28a-xyn II，转化E. coli BL21-CodonPlus(DE3)-RIL，获得重组工程菌B21/xyn II。经IPTG诱导表达，木聚糖酶的比酶活力最高可达35.6 U/mg。最后采用金属Ni2+螯和层析柱对所表达的木聚糖酶进行纯化，达到了电泳纯。重组表达的木聚糖酶最适温度为45℃，最适pH值为4.6。     

Immunological characterization of recombinant soy protein allergen produced by Escherichia coli expression system

To elucidate the molecular mechanism of the allergenicity of soybean P34 protein recognized as the most allergenic protein in soybean, the protein was expressed in Escherichia coli transformed with a plasmid carrying P34 cDNA. SDS-PAGE pattern showed that the molecular weight of the recombinant P34 was approximately 2 kDa less than that of the native soybean P34. The difference in the molecular mass between these two proteins could be due to the native P34 in soybean being glycosylated at position Asn(170), whereas the recombinant protein generated in E. coli lacks this post-translational modification. Immunoblot analysis showed that both soybean and recombinant P34 proteins cross-reacted not only with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies produced against P34 and crude soybean protein but also with patients' sera. The results suggest that the recombinant P34 is immunologically reactive, indicating that both proteins have similar epitope structures. Thus, the recombinant P34 produced by the E. coli expression system can be used as a standard allergen for molecular design to reduce the allergenic structure.     

Characterization of an aspartic proteinase activity in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) seeds

The pepstatin A sensitive acidic proteolytic activity of total protein extracts of buckwheat seeds has been analyzed in developing, mature, and germinating seeds by activity measurements as well as by electrophoretic and immunochemical techniques. Immunoblot analysis using cross-reactive antibodies raised against barley phytepsin suggested that specific proteolytic activity could be attributed to a 47 kDa heterodimeric polypeptide, composed of two subunits: 31 and 16 kDa polypeptides. The analysis of time course expression revealed that the 47 kDa heterodimer accumulated during seed maturation starting from 12 days after pollination and was also present at the beginning of germination. Milk-clotting activity of this proteinase was also indicated.