木聚糖酶预处理对麦草化学机械浆可漂性及白度的改善

探讨了以玉米芯片为碳源制备木聚糖酶及麦草化学机械浆经该木聚糖酶预处理后可漂性和白度的改善效果。结果表明，直接以玉米芯为底物、里氏木霉为菌种产酶效果较好，当底物浓度为18g/L时，木聚糖酶活力可达38．34IU／mL。木聚糖酶预处理有利于改善麦草化机浆的可漂性，促进其过氧化氢漂白，有提高漂白浆白度，降低漂剂消耗。研究表明，当经单段H2O2漂至相同白度时，木聚糖酶预处理后可节约50％的H2O2用量。若麦草CMP酶处理后采用高浓度两段过氧化氢漂白，即XP3P3漂序（H2O2总量为6％0时，白度可达60％（ISO）以上。     

桉树制浆综述

本文介绍了(1)用桉木生产漂白化学浆,包括硫酸盐法和碱一蒽醌法制浆;(2)用按木生产漂白半化学浆,主要是中性亚硫酸盐半化学高得率浆;(3)用桉木生产漂白化学机械浆,包括冷碱法和亚硫酸盐法制浆;(4)用桉木生产漂白化学热磨机械浆。     

杨木制浆技术的新进展

本文介绍了用杨木生产漂白化学浆,包括硫酸盐法,硫酸盐-蒽醌法,烧碱-蒽醌法和碱性亚硫酸钠-蒽醌法制浆;用杨木生产漂白化学热磨机械浆;用杨木生产碱性过氧化氢机械浆;特别是杨木碱性过氧化氢机械浆是90年代发展研制成功的高得率、高白度和强度性好的新化学机械浆种,它适用于配抄低定量胶印新闻纸、低定量涂布纸等。     

Use of hemicellulase in sequence with hydrogen peroxide and laccase for improvement of teak veneer surface color

Teak veneer was treated with a commercial hemicellulase from Thermomyces lanuginosus in sequence with hydrogen peroxide or a hydrogen peroxide-laccase mixture to improve the veneer surface color and at the same time to reduce the necessary amount of hydrogen peroxide. The removal of a small portion of hemicellulose from the teak veneer surface could be carried out after treatment with the hemicellulase preparation as 0.05 xylanase unit/ml for 30 min. The veneer samples immediately after the hemicellulase treatment were subjected to the designated concentration of hydrogen peroxide or hydrogen peroxide-laccase mixture at 60°C at pH 6.5 for 4 h. The changes in veneer color were measured by using imaging technology as percentage change in gray scale. A treatment combination of hemicellulase containing xylanase, hydrogen peroxide, and laccase yielded a color improvement close to that achieved using 20% hydrogen peroxide. The results showed that hemicellulase pretreatment could improve the bleachability of teak veneer surfaces treated with hydrogen peroxide or hydrogen peroxide-laccase mixture.     

Semipilot-scale bleaching of Kraft pulp with manganese peroxide

Crude Manganese Peroxidase (MnP) preparations from the fungus Bjerkandera sp. BOS55 were tested for their abilities to bleach and delignify oxygen delignified Eucalyptus Kraft pulp in a sequence combining a chelating and a peroxide stage. The inclusion of the enzymatic treatment in the bleaching sequence helped considerably to improve the final brightness. Other interesting results included moderate Kappa reduction, slight yield loss and paper sheets with an acceptable breaking length and burst index.     

TCF bleaching of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus tomentosa</Emphasis> kraft pulps with H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript> pretreatment under acid condition

The process of peroxide bleaching of Populus tomentosa kraft pulp with H₂O₂ pretreatment under acid condition was studied. The variations of pulp characteristics such as brightness, Kappa number and viscosity during the peroxide bleaching process were discussed and the concept of the A/B value was presented for the first time. The results show that acid pretreatment with H₂O₂ is essential to improve pulp brightness and avoid viscosity loss. The conclusion is reached that the A/B value has great influence on pulp properties when the total amount of peroxide used in the bleaching process is 2%–5%. Pulp with a high viscosity and brightness can be obtained when A/B is about 0.15. [Supported by the National “863” Project (Grant No. 2002AA241071)]     

纤维素和木聚糖复合诱导合成木聚糖酶的研究

以里氏木霉（Rrichoderma reesei)为产酶菌，分别对纤维素、纤维素和木聚糖诱导产酶的功能进行了研究。研究发现，纤维素具有诱导木聚糖酶合成的功能；纤维素和木聚糖混合对木聚糖酶合成具有促进作用，可大幅度提高木聚酶活力。与纯木聚糖（5g/L)产酶相比，纯木聚糖（4g/L)和纸浆（1g/L)混合产酶木聚糖酶活可以提高45％。研究成果为采用富含木聚糖的植物纤维料作碳源制备木聚糖酶提供了理论依据。     

Response of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus camaldulensis</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia mangium</Emphasis> kraft pulp in different ECF bleaching options

In this study, the response of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Acacia mangium kraft pulp to different options of ECF bleaching was investigated. Oxygen-delignified pulps of both species having similar kappa number (c.a. 12) were used. Both the pulps were prebleached using conventional ClO₂ stage (D₀), combined use of ClO₂ and O₃ (DZ), hot acid treatment before D₀ (A_hotD₀) and hot acid treatment before (DZ) i.e., A_hot(DZ), hot ClO₂ treatment (D_HT) and A_hot followed by D_HT (A_hotD_HT). All prebleached pulps were finally bleached to 90%+ ISO brightness using D₁ option. The overall benefits of other options were not considerable compared to D₀ and (DZ). From the ClO₂ consumption point of view, for a certain species, the option A_hot(DZ) was the best. Instead of D₁ in final bleaching, pressurized hydrogen peroxide (PO) was also investigated in the case of D₀ and (DZ) prebleached pulps. (PO)-bleached pulp produced higher brightness stability but lower viscosity compared to D₁.     

4-脱氧-4-己烯糖醛酸水解动力学

利用紫外光谱测定了云杉硫酸盐4-脱氧-4-己烯糖醛酸在甲酸钠中水解动力学。结果表明该水解反应为一反应速度较快的拟一级反应。此外,该水解反应的选择性较高,可望应用在无元素氯(ECF)和全无氯(TCF)漂白技术中。     

木聚糖酶在膜反应器内的酶解特性

分别研究了粗木聚糖酶和纯化的木聚糖酶在超滤膜反应器(UMR)和常规反应器(CSBR)中的酶解特性。粗木聚糖酶或纯木聚糖酶在UMR中酶解木聚糖时,反应进行了525 m in时所得产品中低聚木糖各组分的质量分数(木二糖~木五糖)均在20%左右,木糖质量分数约为9.5%。在UMR中粗木聚糖酶降解木聚糖时的低聚木糖得率、低聚木糖占总糖的比例和低聚木糖生产能力比纯木聚糖酶在CSBR中分别高19.1%、14.8%和13.5%;而木糖的得率却低55.2%。粗木聚糖酶在UMR中酶解木聚糖时,所得低聚木糖产品中木二糖~木五糖组分含量基本相等;纯木聚糖酶在CSBR中酶解木聚糖时,所得低聚木糖产品中木二糖含量较高。同纯木聚糖酶在CSBR中酶解特性相比,粗木聚糖酶在UMR中酶解木聚糖可以制得高质量低聚木糖。     

DMD的活化预处理及其全无氯漂序的研究

研究了桉木硫酸盐浆对氧脱木质素段和过氧化氢漂段的活化作用以及ＤＭＤ用量对氧段和过氧化氢段浆性能的影响,使经ＭＯＱＭＰ多段漂白的纸浆最终白度达８０％以上,纸浆粘度满足要求,可以实现桉木硫酸盐浆的全无氯漂白。     

喷雾法提高中纤板表面白度的试验研究

为了使中纤板板面具有更好的色泽,增加销量,文章就如何提高中纤板表面白度进行了试验性研究。采用以草酸、漂白粉、VBL型荧光增白剂、双氧水为主剂的处理配方分别用涂刷的方法对小样中纤板表面进行增白试验,通过测定和分析处理效果发现,草酸、双氧水是适合中纤板板面增白的处理剂,综合考虑处理结果,以及成本和环保要求等因素,最后确定H2O2（27．5％）、NaOH（5％）、Na2SiO3（5％）以适当比例混合和浓度为5％的草酸为最佳中纤板板面增白配方。最后采用喷雾法用最佳处理配方对大样中纤板进行增白试验。结果表明,采用这两个配方对中纤板表面进行喷雾增白处理,白度分别可提高42．6％和17．5％,处理成本分别为127．11元／m^3和38．35元／m^3。     

Role of cell wall degrading enzymes in the interaction of poplar and Melampsora larici-populina Kleb.

The activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes, produced in poplar cultivars infected Melampsora laricipopulina Kleb., was studied. The results show that PMG, PMTE, C_X and β-glucosidase played roles during the infection. After inoculation, the activity of PMG in both susceptible and resistant cultivars had two peak values in 2 dpi and 5 dpi. The activities of PMTE and β-glucosidase had a peak value in 3 dpi, and C_X in 2 dpi. Among these cell wall-degrading enzymes, the activities of PMG and PMTE were higher and the activities of C_X and β-glucosidase were relatively lower. The activities of these cell wall-degrading enzymes were significantly higher in susceptible cultivars than those in resistant cultivars. All these demonstrated that these cell wall-degrading enzymes played certain roles in the infection of M. larici-populina. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2008, 44(5): 79–83 [译自: 林业科学]     

甲脒亚磺酸用于麦草Soda-AQ浆漂白的研究

对甲脒亚磷酸（ＦＡＳ）用于麦草Ｓｏｄａ－ＡＱ浆漂白的可能性进行了研究，重点考察了麦草Ｓｏｄａ－ＡＱ浆过氧化氢（Ｐ）和甲脒亚磺酸（Ａ）两段漂白中的几个过程变量（Ｈ２Ｏ２和ＦＡＳ用量、温度、时间）对漂白的影响，找出了较佳的ＰＦ漂白工艺条件。结果表明，Ｐ段Ｈ２Ｑ用量２％～３％（对绝干浆）、Ｆ段ＦＡＳ用量０．５％（对绝干浆）、温度７０℃、时间３（）ｎｄ为较佳的漂白工艺条件。研究中发现，Ｌ＊与白度呈线性正相关。ａ＊与Ｌ＊呈线性负相关，而ｂ＊与Ｌ＊之间无明确的相关性。     

Wettability changes of wheat straw treated with chemicals and enzymes

A study was conducted to test wettability changes of the wheat straw treated with different methods for the preparation of wheat straw particle board. The wheat straws were separately sprayed with two chemicals (0.6% NaOH, 0.3% H2O2) and three enzymes (lipase, xylanase, cellulase). The contact angle between water and the surface of wheat straw was measured and the spreading-penetration parameters (K-values) were also calculated with wetting model. The surfaces of treated wheat straw and control sample were scanned by means of Micro-FTIR, and their peaks arrangements were analyzed. The surface morphologies of treated wheat straw and control sample were also observed by SEM. Chemical etching was found on the exterior surfaces of the straws treated separately with 0.6% NaOH and 0.3% H2O2; furthermore, the spreading-penetration parameters (K-values) of the distilled water on the exterior surfaces of the treated wheat straw along the grain were higher than that of control. The wettability of exterior surfaces of the wheat straws treated separately with lipase, xylanase and cellulose were improved after treating for seven days, and among the three enzymes treatments, the lipase treatment showed best result. The lipase treatment and NaOH treatment were determined as better methods for improving the wettability of wheat straw surfaces. However, in the economic aspect, NaOH treatment was more practical and easier in the pretreatment for the manufacture of straw particle board.     

Differential behavior between acacia and Japanese larch woods in the formation and decomposition of hexenuronic acid during alkaline cooking

The effects of anthraquinone (AQ) and polysulfide (PS) on the hexenuronic acid (HexA) content of pulp during kraft cooking were studied using Acacia mearnsii (acacia) and Larix leptolepis (Japanese larch) sapwood. In contrast to the results of cooking Japanese larch at an H-factor of 1200, the HexA contents of acacia pulp with a kappa number of 20 at an H-factor of 291 did not differ greatly between the kraft, kraft-AQ, and PS-AQ cooking methods, although the hydroxide ion concentration in the acacia cooking liquor decreased on the addition of AQ or sulfur. To explain this difference, we studied the behavior of the formation and degradation of HexA during alkaline cooking of glucuronoxylan from cotton linter, which was cooked with 1.0 and 2.0 mol/l NaOH. The relationship between HexA content and H-factor during alkaline cooking of glucuronoxylan was clarified. The amount of HexA and its rate of decomposition were higher in the 2.0 mol/l solution than in the 1.0 mol/l solution. At a low H-factor similar to that for hardwood cooking, HexA content increased to a maximum level and then started to decrease at high hydroxide ion concentrations such as 2.0 mol/l, whereas it slowly decreased at low hydroxide concentrations such as 1.0 mol/l. At an H-factor of around 450, the HexA formation/degradation curve for 1.0 mol/l of hydroxide crossed the decomposition curve for 2.0 mol/l of hydroxide. Therefore, it was shown that at a low H-factor, a decrease in hydroxide ion concentration during acacia wood cooking had little effect on the HexA content of pulp.     

森林景观模拟与构景因素控制试验

[目的]通过构景因素控制试验,揭示林木胸径与密度对森林景观的影响规律,为林分密度调控提供参考。[方法]以枫香林为例,综合应用PhotoShop、AutoCAD、SpeedTree等软件,开展森林景观模拟;借助林业试验设计方法开展胸径、密度与景观美景度关系的两因素、单因素控制性试验。[结果](1)在设定的10个密度水平下,胸径变化对美景度(SBE)的影响总体不显著,景观优劣次序为20 cm30 cm10 cm;但若取各胸径级前3个高分SBE比较,则优先次序为30 cm20 cm10 cm;(2)密度对美景度的影响总体上为极显著,不同胸径级的美景度随密度变化均为先升后降趋势,以适中密度为最优,但随着树体的增大,峰值密度向左偏移,10 cm、20 cm、30 cm的最佳密度分别为1 389、833、389株·hm-2。密度-美景度曲线拟合结果为二次曲线,函数形式分别为SBE10=3.435+0.005X1-1.639E(-6)X12(R2=0.719)、SBE_(20)=4.013+0.004X2-1.677E(-6)X_2~2(R~2=0.713)、SBE_(30)=6.355+0.001X3-8.128E(-7)X32(R2=0.728);(3)胸径与密度的交互效应对美景度有极显著影响,但同一密度、同属随机分布的不同模拟场景对美景度的影响不显著。[结论]组合应用多种软件进行森林景观模拟与评价取得了良好结果,方法可行;林分美学质量受胸径、密度两个因素的综合影响,随着胸径增大而提高,但不同胸径有不同的最佳配密匹配度。     

The reactions of alkaline hydrogen peroxide with lignin model dimers

Summary Guaiacylglycerol--guaiacyl ether (I) was treated with alkaline hydrogen peroxide under simulated technical bleaching conditions in the presence and absence of a peroxide stabilization reagent, Na₅DTPA (sodium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate) and with molecular oxygen under similar conditions. The reaction products were characterized and their yields determined using a combination of gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry.In the reaction of I with peroxide, the principal reaction consisted of the displacement of the side chain (Dakin-like reaction) initiated by molecular oxygen and/or other peroxide decomposition products. The displaced side chain, -0-(2-methoxyphenyl)glyceraldehyde, subsequently was dehydrated to -guaiacoxyacrolein which was oxidized by peroxide to guaiacol and glycolic acid. -Guaiacoxyacrolein also gave evidence of undergoing competing condensation reactions in the alkaline medium. The influence of Na₅DTPA in controlling peroxide decomposition was evident after comparing the yields and types of products formed when I was reacted with peroxide in the presence and absence of this stabilizer.The findings are discussed in terms of their relationship to technical peroxide bleaching.Contribution No. 140 from the Empire State Paper Research Institute, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York. The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support received from the Empire State Paper Research Associates, Inc.     

Industrial utilization of tobacco stalks II: preparation and characterization of tobacco pulp by steam explosion pulping

Our previous paper showed tobacco stalks to posses the characteristics of a raw material for pulp and paper application. It contains the major biomass constituents and cell components common to wood species. In this study, preparation and characterization of tobacco stalk pulp by steam explosion (SE) pulping at two chemical pretreatments were attempted. Chemical pretreatment prior to SE pulping improved the brightness, yield, and strength properties of the resulting tobacco SE pulps in the order: 6% Na₂SO₃ + 1% NaOH > 6% Na₂SO₃ > control (untreated). The 6% Na₂SO₃ + 1% NaOH-impregnated tobacco stalks produced SE pulps of good fiber length distribution and considerable properties that compare well with pulps from other raw materials obtained from previous studies, and the nonimpregnated ones showed strength properties superior to those of their poplar counterpart. Prior to bleaching, pretreating the tobacco stalk SE pulps with two stages, 2% NaOH at 90°C, improved the initial pulp brightness by about 5 points. Two-stage 6% H₂O₂ bleaching gave a comparable effect with hypochlorite bleaching for both tobacco and poplar, giving a 29–34 brightness point increase for tobacco SE pulp and 61 for the poplar samples. The differences in the bleaching responses for untreated tobacco and poplar SE pulps were attributed to the differences in their lignin structure, as shown in the total yield of their respective nitrobenzene oxidation products and FT-IR spectra. Tobacco SE pulps contain more of the guaiacyl-type lignin and poplar the syringyl-type lignin.This paper was presented in part during the 1998 CORESTA (Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco) Congress, Brighton, UK, October 1998     

Waxes composition of reproduction cork from Quercus suber and its variability throughout the industrial processing

Summary The chemical composition of waxes was studied in cork planks from three different trees of Spanish Quercus suber at four different stages of the in‐dustrial processing of the first transformation: stripping, first rest, boiling fol‐lowed by open air rest and boiling followed by store-room rest. Waxes were extracted with chloroform (CHCl₃) and the extract was submitted to saponification in order to obtain the neutral and acid fractions. The trimethylsilyl derivatives of both fractions were analysed by GC-MS. An important decrease of the total content of waxes -CHCl₃ extract-(average values: 10.13 to 4.91%) and of the acid fraction (average values: 2.51 to 0.96%) was observed throughout the industrial processing. Some differences were also found among trees, two of them being richer in total waxes (average, 8.14 and 7.71%) than the other one (average, 4.67%). Concerning the three groups of identified components (fatty acids, fatty alcohols and triterpenes), the contents of the fatty alcohols and acids suffer an important reduction during the first rest (average values: 30.39 to 17.53% and 58.73 to 31.48%, respectively), while after boiling, there is a decrease of the triterpenes concentrations (79.16 to 58.00% -neutral fraction- and 40.23 to 23.20% -acid fraction-), being greater when the second rest is carried out in a store room. Significant differences among trees were only found in the fatty alcohols contents. The neutral fraction was mainly composed by fatty alcohols (all the even members from C₁₈ to C₂₆, with traces of intermediate odd members and some unsaturated groups, C₂₀ and C₂₁) and triterpenes (14 components, among them friedelin, betulin and cerin were identified), and a very small amount of monocarboxylic fatty acids (C₁₆, C₁₈, C₂₂ and C₂₄ members) was also present. The main group of components of the acid fraction was that of fatty acids (saturated even C₁₂–C₂₄ and odd C₁₅, C₁₇, C₂₁ members, accompanied by a great amount of unsaturated terms and some ω-hydroxyacids, 18-hydroxy-9,12-octadecadienoic and 18-hydroxy-9-octadecenoic acids). Four triterpenes, the C₂₀, C₂₄ and C₂₈ alcohols and ferulic acid were also detected in the acid fraction. Some of these individual components of each fraction were also affected by the industrial processing and presented significant differences among the studied trees. Received 12 December 1997