新疆民丰县农田土壤重金属污染特征与生态风险评价

采用地累积指数、污染负荷指数和潜在生态风险指数对新疆民丰县85组农田表层土壤样品中Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn八种重金属元素的含量和污染程度进行评价。结果表明:民丰县农田表层土壤中重金属Cd、Hg、Cr、Ni元素的含量是新疆土壤背景值的1.147倍、1.124倍、1.116倍、1.041倍;Pb、Zn、Ni、Cu、As元素之间呈现不同程度的显著相关性。地累积指数从大到小依次为As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、Hg;土壤重金属的污染负荷指数PLI平均值为0.1268,属于无污染程度。土壤重金属综合潜在生态风险指数均值为13.828,属于轻微生态风险。民丰县农田土壤环境适宜耕种,农产品安全隐患概率极低。     

金昌市金川区土壤重金属累积分析及污染评价

文中按土壤利用方式将金川区分为矿业活动区、农耕区、城市活动区和未开发区,调查了金川区表层土壤中As、Hg、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb含量及分布特征,采用相关性分析和聚类分析确定土壤重金属来源,并利用地累积指数评价了重金属污染情况。结果表明金川区土壤Hg、Cr、Ni、Cu、Cd和Pb高于甘肃省土壤背景值,Ni含量超过了国家二级标准。各分区内Ni和Cu均高于甘肃省土壤背景值。土壤中重金属主要来源于矿业活动产生的废水废气,其次为城市交通、燃煤和污水灌溉。地累积指数表明金川区Cu和Ni污染最为严重,各分区污染程度表现为:矿业活动区>农耕区>城市活动区>未开发区。     

贺兰山东麓葡萄主产区土壤重金属分布特征及污染评价

以贺兰山东麓葡萄主产区-玉泉营区为研究对象,利用宁夏土壤元素背景值诊断该区土壤Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cd、Cr6种重金属污染现状,采用单因子污染指数法和潜在生态危险指数法评价重金属污染程度和潜在生态危险程度,旨在为贺兰山东麓葡萄主产区土壤污染防治和葡萄安全生产提供理论依据。结果表明:贺兰山东麓葡萄主产区土壤Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cd和Cr的平均含量分别为:37.95、32.50、39.58、14.46、0.08和63.93mg·kg~(-1),与宁夏土壤元素背景值相比,Cu、Cr的平均含量均超过背景值;Ni、Cu和Cr达到轻度污染水平,Cd属于尚清洁水平,Zn和Pb属于清洁水平;Cd是最主要的潜在生态危险因子。相关性分析发现Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb之间具有相似的迁移规律及来源。研究区域土壤存在一定程度重金属积累现象。在今后的生产耕作中,应追根溯源,加强控制超标重金属来源,确保贺兰山东麓葡萄产区土壤环境的可持续利用。     

关中西部某铅锌冶炼区周边耕地土壤重金属污染特征及评价

通过野外采样和实验室分析,研究关中西部某铅锌冶炼区周边耕地土壤中重金属元素的含量,并进行了污染评价。结果表明,该铅锌冶炼区周边耕地土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr、Hg、As、Ni的平均含量分别为47.95、128.53、26.13、1.09、91.5、0.164、12.2 mg·kg^-1和27.1 mg·kg^-1,除了Ni元素,均高于陕西省土壤元素背景值。评价结果表明,该铅锌冶炼区周边耕地土壤已经达到了中重度污染程度,其中重金属Pb、Hg和Zn污染较严重,耕地土壤重金属复合污染较严重。     

河北省某铅锌矿区周边耕地土壤重金属污染评价及来源分析

文中对河北省某铅锌矿区周边耕地150组土壤(0～20cm)进行取样分析,采用富集因子、地累积指数、Hankanson潜在生态风险指数评估模型评价了7项重金属污染状况和潜在生态风险并应用多变量分析了重金属来源。结果显示：Cd、Pb、Zn、Hg显著高于土壤元素背景值;重金属污染程度大小依次为Cd> Pb> Hg> Zn> Cu> As> Cr, Cd、Pb、Hg和Zn显示中度污染,Cu和As为轻微污染,总体属于多种金属复合污染;Er和RI评价重金属结果整体处于强生态风险水平,主要贡献因子为Cd和Hg。相关分析、聚类分析和主成分分析结果基本一致,土壤中重金属污染来源比较清晰,受到人类活动不同程度的影响。污染严重的Cd、Pb、Zn主要是由上游铅锌矿开采废弃物和废水受自然应力(河流、强降雨)迁移至土壤;Hg和Cu是大气降尘、交通运输和工矿活动多重因素的混合污染源;As和Cr主要由成土母质和农业活动控制。研究表明,矿区外围耕地有必要针对重金属污染程度和来源进行修复治理和水土监测来降低污染风险。     

西安市护城河沉积物重金属形态、污染及潜在生态风险

采集西安市护城河沉积物样品,分析其中重金属含量和形态,并对其污染水平和生态风险进行分析。结果表明:沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Co、Ni、Cr、As和Hg平均含量分别是138.70、153.24、424.86、614.47、78.36、81.53、123.36、20.01μg·g-1和6.55μg·g-1,高于中国水系沉积物背景值和陕西省土壤背景值,尤其是Cu、Pb、Zn、Co和Hg。沉积物中,Cu主要以可氧化态存在,Pb主要以可还原态存在,Ni、Cr和Co主要以残余态存在,Zn主要以乙酸可提取态和可还原态存在,Mn平均分布在乙酸可提取态、残余态及可氧化态中,重金属的迁移为:Zn(83.53%)Cu(75.09%)≈Pb(74.54%)Co(64.93%)Mn(62.31%)Ni(47.50%)Cr(45.89%)。沉积物中,Mn未污染,Cr和As为轻度污染,Cu、Pb、Ni和Zn属于偏中度污染,Co处于中度污染,Hg达到严重污染。根据调整后的生态风险分级标准,护城河沉积物重金属总的潜在生态风险达到严重水平,重金属生态风险系数为:HgCo≈CuPbAsNiZnCrMn,Hg达到严重生态危害,其他重金属处于低等生态危害。     

西安市大气降尘重金属污染特征与生态风险

在西安市13处国家环境空气质量控制点采集大气降尘,用ICP-MS法测试降尘重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni、Cd、As及参比元素Al的质量浓度,研究降尘重金属污染水平及富集程度,并用潜在生态风险指数法评价其生态风险。结果表明:西安市大气降尘Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni、Cd、As浓度均值分别为310.29mg/kg、721.20mg/kg、125.31mg/kg、195.52mg/kg、71.52mg/kg、4.18mg/kg和92.85mg/kg,市域范围各重金属浓度差异显著,除Cu外,重金属污染居于国内较高水平;Cd严重富集,其主要来自交通及工业等人为源,As、Pb、Zn富集程度中等,其受土壤扬尘等自然源及燃煤、交通、工业等人为源的复合影响,Cu、Cr、Ni富集系数较小且各点位差异不大,表明其主要来自自然源;风险评价结果表明,Cd潜在生态风险极高,As生态风险较高,Pb存在中度生态风险,Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni生态风险较低,因Cd的显著污染贡献,西安市大气降尘重金属总体潜在生态风险程度高。     

甘肃省榆中县菜地土壤与蔬菜中重金属含量及健康风险评估

在甘肃省榆中县蔬菜基地,选择30个点位采集4种蔬菜(120株) 及相应的土样,在分别对重金属Hg、Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu 含量分析测试的基础上,开展蔬菜重金属污染评价、富集能力分析及健康风险评估。结果表明：研究区土壤中Hg、Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu平均含量分别为0.159、0.364、15.001、37.633、31.298 mg·kg^-1,土壤中Pb、Cr含量均低于兰州市土壤背景值,但Hg、Cd、Cu含量均超过了兰州市土壤背景值。蔬菜中Hg、Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu平均含量分别为0.0037、0.0115、0.0293、0.0226、0.1874 mg·kg^-1鲜重,均低于食品中污染物限量标准,它们的单项污染指数分别为0.37、0.06、0.10、0.05、0.02,综合污染指数为0.60,研究区蔬菜重金属污染属于安全级。蔬菜中Hg、Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu平均富集系数分别为0.023、0.033、0.002、0.001、0.006,重金属富集系数的大小顺序为Cd＞Hg＞Cu＞Pb＞Cr,Cd在蔬菜中的富集能力最强。成年人食用研究区蔬菜摄入的Hg、Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu平均值分别为1.11、3.45、8.79、6.78、56.22 μg·人^-1·d^-1,分别只占ADI值的2.58%、5.75%、4.11%、3.39%、0.47%。当地居民通过食用蔬菜产生的重金属Hg、Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu健康风险系数分别为0.03、0.06、0.04、0.04、0.01,总健康风险系数为0.17,因此人群长期食用研究区蔬菜所产生的重金属健康风险极低。     

葡萄对重金属吸收能力的差异性研究

在成熟期,测定土壤以及葡萄根、茎、叶和果实中Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Hg、As等重金属含量,探讨其在植株不同部位分布特征及不同品种吸收能力。结果表明:植株不同部位重金属分布特征不一致,Cd主要积累在茎和根,As主要在根和叶,Zn、Cu、Hg主要在叶,Pb、Cr、Ni主要在根;葡萄对不同重金属吸收能力差异较大,其中对Cd吸收能力最强,具有富集能力,Zn吸收能力次之,具有一定富集能力,而Cu、Hg、Ni、Cr、As、Pb吸收能力相对很弱,基本无富集作用;不同品种吸收能力差异明显,户太8号较强,其次为巨峰、醉金香和阳光玫瑰,茉莉香等综合吸收能力较弱。     

省道路边菜地土壤重金属含量分布及污染评价

采集西安市S107省道路边菜地土壤样品,利用XRF法测定土壤样品中重金属的含量,研究路边土壤中重金属的含量变化特征及污染水平。研究结果显示,路边菜地土壤中存在着Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Mn、Ni和V的累积现象。土壤重金属含量空间变化分析表明,防护林能够有效限制扩散能力强的Pb和Cr的传播范围,可阻挡通过大颗粒污染物扩散的Cu、Zn、Mn、Ni、V和As进入菜地土壤。单项污染指数评价结果显示,菜地土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Mn、Ni、V单因子污染指数均在1.0～1.7范围内,都达到了轻度污染,其中Pb、Cr污染指数能达到1.6和1.7,污染相对较重。路边菜地土壤重金属的综合污染指数分别为1.9和1.8,污染水平为轻度。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.