基于联系数的河湖水系连通等级评价模型

用改进的基于标准差的模糊层次分析法确定河湖水系连通评价体系中指标和子系统的权重,用集对分析法构造评价样本与评价标准等级之间联系数分量,建立基于联系数的河湖水系连通评价模型(CN-AM)。CN-AM模型既可测度整体状态的高低程度,又可识别影响系统的重要指标和子系统。CN-AM在南渡江应用结果表明:利用属性数学的置信度准则评判方法与联系数的均分原则评判方法进行互补,保障评价结果的可靠性。未来5 a南渡江水系连通性子系统等级为2.697 6~2.697 8,自然功能和社会功能子系统的等级为3.597 8~3.740 3和3.615 8~3.692 0,南渡江河湖水系连通系统的总体状况为3.462 5~3.568 7级,处于中和良之间;主要限制指标为河频率、水系连通度、年平均径流保证率、水体纳污能力、河流水质达标率、地表水农业供水百分比、水库调节能力指数和地表水城镇供水百分比。     

基于集对分析法的水资源配置方案综合评价

水资源配置方案评价属于多目标的群决策问题,其特点是具有模糊性、不确定性和多目标性,且其指标的权重对于评价结果的真实性影响较大。一方面为克服水资源配置方案评价过程中各评价指标权重的精确性不足问题,引入证据理论的支持度思想,确定被评价指标在评价集中的可信度,并据此确定指标的权重;另一方面为解决多目标之间因确定性与不确定性而产生矛盾、冲突问题,将集对分析理论引入配置方案综合评价,经过确定被评价方案指标的同一度矩阵,并融合证据理论所确定的权重,最终确定方案的综合排序。通过选取实例进行论证分析,结果表明,采取的集对分析法对评价水资源配置方案是切实可行的,因此集对分析理论可作为一种综合评价水资源配置方案的新方法。     

水电站水库群多目标联合调度风险评价决策研究

水电站水库群多目标联合调度涉及不确定性因素众多,寻求风险可接受水平下的最佳调度方案存在诸多困难。一方面对梯级水电站水库群联合调度过程中产生的各类风险进行综合分析,并在此基础上构建联合调度风险评价指标体系及多目标风险决策模型,另一方面基于熵权法确定权重的思想确定多个风险评价指标的权重,并采用逼近于理想解（TOPSIS）的方法对模型的非劣解集方案进行优选排序,以获得最佳调度方案。溪洛渡-三峡梯级水库群联合调度的实例应用结果表明,所建模型与方法能兼顾各个调度部门的效益与风险,并为管理人员的调度决策提供一定的技术支撑。     

基于熵权的多目标综合评价方法在

目前,在多目标评价中,通常采用专家打分法进行评价,但如果决策过程完全基于专家的主观权重,而忽视指标集所包含的客观信息,决策又可能会偏离实际。水利工程项目的合理评价应基于专家的主观权重与客观信息相结合的方法。通过利用熵权理论确定指标权重、多目标理想点优劣排序的综合评价方法,在水利工程多方案比选中,对方案进行基于经济效益、生态影响和社会影响以及技术问题等多目标的综合评价,从而选出最优方案。通过实例验证,该方法得出的结论合理,方法简单易懂,可操作性强。     

基于AHP复合熵的度汛工程方案逼近理想解排序模型

分析了度汛工程的特点,构建度汛工程方案的决策指标体系,并针对现有决策方法的不足之处,提出了基于AHP复合熵的度汛工程逼近理想解排序模型,该模型充分考虑专家的经验知识以及指标数据的客观信息,采用AHP与熵值法确定指标的综合权重,运用逼近理想解排序的方法实现了度汛工程方案的优选排序。最后以具体的实例,验证了该模型在度汛工程方案优选决策中的有效性与实用性。     

地下水水质评价可变模糊评价法

在可变模糊集理论基础上,结合二元比较确定指标权重方法,提出地下水质评价可变模糊评价方法,该方法能够合理地确定样本指标对各级指标标准区间的相对隶属度,并且能够通过变化模型及指标权重,确定出样本的评价等级,提高对样本等级评价的可信度.将该方法应用于地下水水质综合评价,评价结果表明,由于考虑了模型参数与权重的可变性.评价结果可信度高.     

模糊决策法在大中型水轮泵站技术

在大中型水轮泵站技术改造中，运用模糊决策法对各个改造方案进行综合评价。通过确定评价指标，特征值矩阵，隶属度矩阵，权重向量和最终模糊决策集，最终确定最佳方案。实例说明，决策结果符合实际情况，具有一定的应用价值。     

基于AHP的模糊物元模型在节水灌溉工程评标中的应用

在物元分析的基础上，结合模糊集合的概念，克服项目投资方案中许多经济、技术指标的独立性和不相容性，提出了一种节水灌溉工程评标的模糊物元分析方法，以各投资方案，评价指标及其相应的模糊量值构造复合模糊物元，通过建立模型的从优隶属度原则（模糊量值）、关联系数复合模糊物元和权重集，采用层次分析法AHP计算各评价指标的权系数，并根据计算出的关联度来实现对各投资方案的优选与排序，从而选出最佳方案。     

基于权重融合的灰色关联分析水资源配置方案评价研究

针对水资源配置的多目标性、模糊性和不确定性特点,以及水资源配置方案评价中合理确定各评价指标权重的关键问题,将层次分析法和投影寻踪聚类法集成计算融合权重,进而建立基于权重融合的灰色关联分析水资源配置评价模型。将评价模型应用到新疆克孜河流域的水资源配置方案评价中,结果表明,融合后的权重能够修正主、客观评价结果中的不足之处,将专家意见和客观数据属性有效作用于方案决策评价中,评价结果更加合理可信。     

基于博弈论和D-S证据理论的城市防洪标准方案决策优选方法

针对城市防洪标准方案决策优选涉及的评价指标权重计算、不确定性处理等问题,提出了基于博弈论和DS证据理论相结合的决策优选方法。首先引入博弈论来集结多种主客观权重信息,进行均衡博弈来获得科学合理的综合权重;然后引入D-S证据理论来处理决策优选的不确定性,应用灰色关联分析来构建基本概率信度函数(Mass函数);其次利用D-S证据理论的证据合成法则对Mass函数进行信息融合;最终依据信度函数值排序给出最佳方案。实例研究表明提出的方法简便可行、合理有效,能有效增加权重信息的利用率和刻画评价指标的不确定性,并可显著地降低决策的不确定性,在实际工程方案决策优选中具有重要的理论意义和良好的推广应用价值。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。