播娘蒿对小麦危害损失的通径分析

应用通径分析原理进行了播娘蒿对小麦每亩有效穗数、每穗粒数、千粒重及产量影响的分析，力图剖析播娘蒿的为害结构与产量损失的形式过程，以及各危害因子（杂草密度、杂草干重、绝对高积重）之间的相互关系。分析结果表明，杂草密度主要影响小麦每亩穗数与千粒重，杂草干重与绝对高积重主要影响每穗粒数与最终产量。播娘蒿的危害引起千粒重下降是造成产量损失的主要因素。     

75%苯磺隆·双氟磺草胺WDG防治小麦田阔叶杂草效果及其安全性评价

筛选出高效除草剂是有效防治麦田主要杂草播娘蒿与荠菜的前提。采用随机区组试验设计方法,在田间测定75%苯磺隆·双氟磺草胺水分散粒剂(water dispersible granule,简称WDG)对小麦田播娘蒿与荠菜的防治效果和对小麦的安全性。结果表明,施药后45 d,75%苯磺隆·双氟磺草胺WDG 33.75、39.38、45.00、78.75 g a.i./hm~2剂量下对2种杂草总株数防效为66.6%、77.6%、78.1%、80.5%,总鲜质量防效分别为95.8%、96.5%、97.4%、97.7%,均高于对照药剂75%苯磺隆可湿性粉剂(wettable powder,简称WP)22.50 g a.i./hm~2和50 g/L双氟磺草胺悬浮剂(suspension concentrate,简称SC)4.50 g a.i./hm~2对杂草的防效。75%苯磺隆·双氟磺草胺WDG 4个处理区小麦的穗数、穗粒数、千粒质量和产量均显著高于空白对照区,除33.75 g a.i./hm~2处理外,其他处理区小麦增产5%以上。综上所述,苯磺隆·双氟磺草胺WDG推荐剂量为33.75 g a.i./hm~2,对小麦田播娘蒿与荠菜均有较好的防效,对小麦安全。     

增效剂激健对小麦除草剂的减量增效作用

为筛选出高效、安全的小麦茎叶除草剂组合,并明确农药增效剂激健的应用效果,采用茎叶喷雾法进行田间施药试验,比较4个小麦除草剂组合(每个组合中含两种除草剂)的常规用量处理和对应的60%常规用量+激健的减量处理对小麦田杂草的防除效果及对小麦产量的影响。结果表明,供试除草剂组合减量与常量处理对小麦田杂草均有较高防效,药后30 d,除精噁唑禾草灵+苯磺隆的常量与减量组合外,其他药剂处理的株防效均达90%以上;含有相同药剂种类的常量与减量组合防效间差异不显著。苯磺隆+炔草酯和精噁唑禾草灵+苯磺隆的常量处理均对小麦叶片造成轻微药害,但对作物产量无明显影响,且上述两组合添加激健的减量处理未出现药害。测产并分析效益,加入激健的减量用药处理区小麦产量较对应的常量用药处理区增幅更高,增收4.60~12.51元/667m~2。     

不同时期施药对冬小麦田间杂草防除效果的影响

麦田杂草防除效果差是长期困扰江苏张家港地区小麦种植户的问题。笔者选取5种当地市售常用除草剂,比较在不同时期(播后封闭、冬前茎叶喷雾和春季茎叶喷雾)施用的除草效果。结果表明,使用封闭除草剂对田间杂草有明显的抑制作用,仅使用茎叶喷雾除草对杂草抑制效果有限,封闭配合茎叶喷雾处理,对麦田杂草的防除效果更显著。无论是否采用封闭除草,春季使用茎叶除草剂的效果都要优于冬季。除草剂的使用能显著提高小麦产量。因此,结合当地实际,"一封一杀"即小麦播后7 d内进行封闭除草,春季再进行1次茎叶除草具有除草效果好、经济、易操作等优点,值得在当地麦田大力推广应用。     

喹草酮在小麦田的杀草谱及应用效果

喹草酮是一种新型对羟基苯基丙酮酸双氧化酶抑制剂类 (HPPDs) 除草剂,为明确该药剂在小麦田的应用前景,在温室内进行了3个施药时期 (播后苗前、苗后1叶期和苗后2~3叶期) 对小麦田22种杂草的活性测定和3个小麦品种的安全性测定,同时在田间开展了两年的10%喹草酮悬浮剂除草效果测定。温室试验结果表明:于播后苗前、苗后1叶期和苗后2~3叶期3个施药时期施药,喹草酮对小麦安全性高,在推荐最高施药剂量有效成分720 g/hm2条件下,3个供试小麦品种均生长正常;阿拉伯婆婆纳和麦瓶草两种阔叶杂草对喹草酮高度敏感,苗后处理的GR₅₀值(有效成分,下同) 在1.4~5.4 g/hm2之间,GR₉₀值在6.8~14.2 g/hm2之间,播后苗前土壤处理的GR₅₀值在13.3~13.8 g/hm2之间,GR₉₀值在47.7~64.0 g/hm2之间;另外,苗后施药对猪殃殃、麦家公和播娘蒿也有较好防效,GR₅₀值在7.3~98.9 g/hm2之间,且与对阿拉伯婆婆纳和麦瓶草的防效间差异显著。两年田间药效试验结果表明:喹草酮在有效成分300 g/hm2剂量下施用对小麦安全,对阿拉伯婆婆纳和麦瓶草防效高,近100%,对播娘蒿和猪殃殃防效略差,在65.3%~80.1%之间。可见,喹草酮在小麦田具有较好的应用前景,建议进一步开展复配筛选研究以扩大其杀草谱。     

苯磺隆在冬麦田减量施用的试验探讨

采用随机区组试验方法,选取阔叶杂草分布均匀的地块。苯磺隆设2个浓度,采取不同时间喷药和添加助剂2种方式用药,以不施药为对照,综合评价不同处理的防效及对小麦生长的影响,探讨苯磺隆在南疆地区冬麦田减量施用的可行性。结果表明,同一施药时间,添加助剂处理对阔叶杂草的防效和小麦产量增幅与不添加助剂处理结果相当;苯磺隆12ga．i．／hm2处理4月613施药对阔叶杂草的防效和小麦产量的增幅均优于3月24日施药2浓度处理的防效和产量增幅,与苯磺隆18ga．i．／hm2处理的防效和小麦产量增幅相当,在试验条件下对小麦生长安全,无药害。     

氟氯吡啶酯与双氟磺草胺复配的田间除草效果及其对作物安全性评价

氟氯吡啶酯属于人工合成激素类除草剂全新类别,是芳香基吡啶甲酸类家族的第1位成员,为明确其作用特点、除草活性、与双氟磺草胺复配后的除草效果以及对小麦和后茬作物的安全性,连续2年分别于小麦越冬前和返青初期施药,在冬小麦田进行了田间试验。结果表明,7.5 g/L氟氯吡啶酯EC在7.5 g/hm2用量下,对猪殃殃、播娘蒿防效较好,2次施药末次调查对猪殃殃防效为96.5%和100%,对播娘蒿防效为94.1%和81.1%;对麦瓶草防效较差,末次调查为57.1%和27.9%,对麦家公无效。复配制剂20%氟氯吡啶酯·双氟磺草胺WG在15、20、30 g/hm2用量下,对猪殃殃、播娘蒿、麦瓶草防效均较好,株防效为90.5%~100%,对麦家公防效略差,越冬前施药株防效为78.8%~98.6%,返青初期施药株防效为20.9%~82.5%;末次调查时杂草总鲜重防效为90.1%~98.2%,2次施药结果差异不显著。小麦田喷施该复配制剂15~45 g/hm2剂量,对小麦安全,未见任何药害症状;且对后茬作物玉米、大豆、花生、棉花、谷子均安全。     

360g／L吡氟·氟噻·呋草酮悬浮剂对冬小麦田杂草的防除效果及对后茬作物的安全性

为明确360g／L吡氟·氟噻·呋草酮悬浮剂在小麦田的应用前景,采用田间小区试验方法,观察其对小麦田主要杂草的控制作用和对小麦及后茬作物玉米、大豆、花生的安全性。结果表明：360g／L吡氟·氟噻·呋草酮悬浮剂对小麦田主要杂草猪殃殃、蔺草、硬草、播娘蒿等一年生杂草均有好的防除效果,随用药量的增加防效逐渐提高;药后180d株防效和鲜重防效均在90％以上,优于异丙隆常规剂量处理,显著提高了小麦的产量;药后226d的土壤残留对后茬作物玉米、大豆、花生安全,对其苗期生长及产量无不良影响。     

不同除草剂对11种冬小麦田阔叶杂草的防除效果比较

小麦田除草剂的长期使用,造成麦田杂草群落发生变化。为建立不同区域优势杂草种类的化学防除技术,本研究采用室内盆栽法测定了14种除草剂对11种冬小麦田阔叶杂草的防除效果。结果表明,灭草松可以较好地防除冬小麦田野老鹳草、牛繁缕、大巢菜、紫堇、小藜、阿拉伯婆婆纳、播娘蒿、猪殃殃、麦家公等阔叶杂草;吡草醚对野老鹳草、牛繁缕、小藜、阿拉伯婆婆纳、播娘蒿、猪殃殃、麦家公、荠菜等8种杂草防效突出。辛酰溴苯腈可很好地防除牛繁缕、大巢菜、小藜、阿拉伯婆婆纳、播娘蒿、麦家公等6种阔叶杂草;唑草酮对野老鹳草、牛繁缕、阿拉伯婆婆纳、播娘蒿、猪殃殃等5种杂草防效突出。这4种除草剂及其适用浓度与其他供试药剂相比杀草谱更为广泛,对阔叶杂草防效较好。根据不同区域优势杂草种类,合理选用高效除草剂进行防除。     

高粱田除草剂种类及施药方法筛选试验初报

为了筛选高效的高粱除草剂和适合的施药方式, 我们进行了高粱田间杂草化学防除药剂及施药方法筛选试验, 通过除草效果、产量和收益分析, 初步认为:施药方法上土壤封闭明显优于茎叶处理。土壤封闭剂中, 42%丁·异·莠去津SC、42%异丙草·莠SC除草剂对阔叶杂草和禾本科杂草防除作用优良, 鲜重防效均超过90%, 高粱产量虽低于人工除草, 但差异不显著, 减产幅度在1%以下; 使用这类药剂高粱生产的利润高于人工除草。茎叶处理剂中, 25%辛酰溴苯腈EC等除草剂对高粱生长影响较小, 对藜、反枝苋等阔叶杂草防效高, 高粱产量低于人工除草, 但高粱生产的利润高于人工除草。建议在高粱生产中使用这些除草剂。     

几种除草剂对冬麦田杂草的防除效果

通过田间药效试验,比较不同除草剂对当前南疆地区冬麦田播娘蒿、萹蓄、硬草等杂草的防除效果,为科学、安全、高效应用除草剂提供依据。结果表明,药后50 d,10％苯磺隆可湿性粉剂18．0 g a．i．／hm2＋5％唑啉草酯·炔草酯乳油37．5 g a．i．／hm2、75％苯磺隆水分散粒剂18．0 g a．i．／hm2＋10％乙羧氟草醚乳油12．0 g a．i．／hm2＋5％唑啉草酯·炔草酯乳油37．5 g a．i．／hm2、37％炔·苄·唑草酮可湿性粉剂166．5 g a．i．／hm2对播娘蒿的株防效、鲜质量防效均为100％,对萹蓄的鲜质量防效均在92％以上,对硬草的株防效、鲜质量防效均在88％以上,且对小麦生长安全。     

Influence of weather on the efficacy of dichlorprop-P/MCPA and trihenuron-methyl

The influence of weather on the efficacy of dichlorprop-P/MCPA and tribenuron-methyl on annual weeds in spritig barley was studied in the field during 4 years at six locations in southern Sweden. The herbicides were applied at one-eighth to three-quarters of the full dose at three application times with approximately 6-day intervals. Weather stations, placed in the experiments, recorded climatic data, Maximum herbicide efficacy was obtained when spraying 1 week after the cotyledon stage with half or three-quarters of the recommended dose. Dose-response curves were estimated and the ED₈₀ doses were calculated. On average, the herbicide dose required to obtain an effect of 80% was about 40% of the recommended dose. The influence of weather was analysed for seven different periods: 7 and 2 days before and after herbicide application, 1 day before and after application, and the day of herbicide treatment. The most pronounced eftects of weather were found for the day of and the day before herbicide application, revealing the strong influence of weather on herbicide uptake and plant metabolism. High air tetnperature and low global radiation during the day of treattnent reduced the ED₈₀ dose of dichlorprop-P/MCPA, whereas the ED₈₀ dose of tribenuron-methyl increased. For both herbicides, precipitation and high soil temperature increased the ED₈₀ dose, which reflects the importance of rain on herbicide uptake and the effect of soil temperature on plant growth. The R² values were higher in the analyses of dichlorprop-P/MCPA than of tribenuron-methyl, indicating that the effect of dichlorprop-P/MCA was more weather-dependent than that of tribenuron-methyl. Separate analyses of the ED₈₀ doses for Brassica napus L., Chenopodium, album L. and Stellaria media (L.) Vill. generally resulted in increased R² values. but otherwise gave results similar to those for the total weed population. Although the analyses revealed significant effects of indivtdual weather factors on herbicide efficacy, it was not possible to discern a consistent and causal relationship between weather and herbicide performance.     

Modelling the effect of crop and weed on herbicide efficacy in wheat

Recommended field application rates of herbicides have to give effective weed control in every situation and are, thus, often higher than that required for specific fields. An understanding of the interaction between crop:weed competition and herbicide dose may, in many cases, allow herbicide application rates to be reduced, important both environmentally and economically. We have developed a model of the interaction between crop:weed competition and herbicide dose, using an empirical model of the relationship between crop yield and weed biomass (related to weed density), and an empirical model of the relationship between weed biomass and herbicide dose. The combined model predicts crop yield, given herbicide dose and weed biomass at an interim assessment date. These crop yield loss predictions may be used to quantify the herbicide dose required to restrict yield loss to a given percentage. Parameters of the model were estimated and the model tested, using results from experiments, which used cultivated oats ( Avena sativa ) or oilseed rape ( Brassica napus ) as model weeds in a crop of winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum ).For the crop:weed:herbicide combinations investigated there was little increase in crop yield for herbicide dose rates above 20% of recommended field rates, in broad agreement with the model predictions. There may still be potential for further reduction below this level on economic grounds; the model could be used to estimate the `break-even' herbicide dose.     

麦田新型除草剂砜吡草唑的除草活性

杂草严重影响小麦的丰产丰收,而使用除草剂是麦田杂草防除中最经济有效的手段。砜吡草唑是新型广谱、高活性的苗前土壤处理除草剂。明确砜吡草唑对麦田杂草的除草活性是该药剂在麦田应用的重要内容。本文采用温室盆栽法研究了其对麦田常见杂草的杀草谱及除草活性。研究结果表明:砜吡草唑土壤处理对麦田禾本科杂草鹅观草Roegneria kamoji、多花黑麦草Lolium multiflorum、雀麦Bromus japonicus、棒头草Polypogon fugax、蜡烛草Phleum paniculatum,阔叶杂草大巢菜Vicia sativa、播娘蒿Descurainia sophia、麦家公Lithospermum arvense、泽漆Euphorbia helioscopia具有良好的防除效果,但对节节麦Aegilops tauschii和野燕麦Avena fatua的防除效果略差。在推荐剂量180 g/hm^2下,对鹅观草、多花黑麦草、雀麦、棒头草、蜡烛草、大巢菜、播娘蒿、麦家公、泽漆的株抑制率和鲜重抑制率均可达到90%以上。而对节节麦和野燕麦的ED 90分别为209.54和886.43 g/hm^2,高于砜吡草唑的田间推荐剂量。砜吡草唑具有广泛的杀草谱及较高的除草活性,可作为小麦田杂草化学防除的重要候选药剂。     

双氟磺草胺的除草活性及对不同小麦品种的安全性评价

双氟磺草胺为三唑并嘧啶磺酰胺类除草剂,为了明确其在我国北方麦田的应用前景,采用室内生测法研究双氟磺草胺的杀草谱、除草活性及对不同小麦品种安全性。双氟磺草胺对麦田常见阔叶杂草活性较高,对麦田恶性杂草播娘蒿、麦瓶草、麦家公、猪殃殃和荠菜的除草活性均高于常用除草剂苯磺隆,毒力倍数分别为1.56、6.26、1.65、18.27和22.75。济南17和山优2号2种小麦对双氟磺草胺的耐药性分别为苯磺隆的2.57倍和11.66倍。双氟磺草胺在小麦与5种杂草之间的选择性指数(11.16～49.32)远优于苯磺隆。该除草剂对小麦苗期的株高及鲜重有抑制作用,且对不同小麦品种的影响差异显著,其中对临麦2号、济宁13及济南17的株高和鲜重抑制率相对较高,对潍麦8号、山农6号及泰山9818等相对较低。研究表明双氟磺草胺具有很好的应用前景。     

Simulation of herbicide use in a crop rotation with transgenic herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape

The potential impact of herbicide-tolerant winter oilseed rape ( Brassica napus L.) on future herbicide use was investigated with a simulation model. The model uses a sigmoid function to simulate the growth of crops and weeds that compete for a maximum yield potential. Thresholds for weed control are based upon critical levels of weed biomass. The dynamics of the weed population are determined by the efficacy of representative herbicides on individual weed species and by seedbank parameters. Herbicide efficacy is determined by a log-logistic dose–response curve for each species. Simulation of a rotation with winter oilseed rape/wheat/wheat/barley showed contradictory predictions of herbicide use, because herbicide use in a rotation with either glyphosate- or glufosinate-tolerant oilseed rape was not reduced in the amount of kg a.i. ha^–1 compared with a traditional treatment, whereas the treatment frequency (number of standard recommended doses per unit area) decreased.     

Field evaluation of a decision support system for herbicidal control of Avena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana in winter wheat

Two field studies were conducted in Central and Northern Spain over a total of five seasons to assess the usefulness of a decision support system (AVENA-PC) from agronomic, economic and environmental points of view on herbicidal control of Avena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana in winter wheat. The control treatments evaluated were: (i) AVENA-PC-based recommendations, (ii) full herbicide dose (standard farmer practice), (iii) half herbicide dose and (iv) no herbicide. The herbicide rates used in the AVENA-PC treatment averaged 65% and 30% lower than the full and half dose treatments respectively. AVENA-PC implementation controlled A. ludoviciana with similar efficacy as standard herbicide treatments. Nevertheless, it did support a reduction in relation to the non-herbicide treatment. Yields obtained with AVENA-PC were, in general, not statistically different to those obtained with herbicide treatments and were on average 69% higher than those in the no herbicide application strategy. Comparing AVENA-PC economic performance with the other treatments there were, in general, no significant statistical differences in Central Spain. In Northern Spain, all herbicide treatments had similar net returns, with there being no statistical differences between AVENA-PC and the herbicide treatments. However, there were differences recorded with the non-herbicide treatment. The results of this research indicate that AVENA-PC, due to its flexibility, may recommend less herbicide than the standard farmer practice, providing clear environmental benefits and adequate weed control with maintained crop yield and net returns similar to standard farmer practice.     

新疆南部地区冬麦田杂草的发生与防治

当前影响南疆地区冬麦田的杂草主要有藜、播娘蒿、萹蓄、大蓟、涩荠菜、苦苣菜、田旋花、稗草、硬草等。阔叶杂草防除可选用苯磺隆、氯氟吡氧乙酸等药剂,禾本科杂草防除可选用精恶唑禾草灵、炔草酯、唑啉草酯·炔草酸等除草剂。在杂草混合危害的麦田,可选用苯磺隆与唑啉草酯·炔草酸或精禾草灵混配进行防除。施药时应采取二次稀释的方法,兑水量一般不少于450 kg／hm^2。