外源ABA及其合成抑制剂对冬小麦叶片抗寒指标的影响

为了研究外源ABA及其抑制剂对低温下冬小麦生理生化指标的影响,以冬小麦东农冬麦1号为试验材料,于三叶期分别叶面喷施10 μmol·L^-1 ABA、5 mmol·L^-1 钨酸钠和50 μmol·L^-1 氟啶酮,田间自然降温条件下,分别于10 d平均最低温度达到4、0、-10、-25 ℃时取叶片测定相关生理生化指标。结果显示,随着温度的降低,各处理组小麦叶片的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量先升后降,在0 ℃达到峰值;脯氨酸、丙二醛（MDA）含量和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性逐渐升高。经ABA处理后,小麦叶片的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量及SOD活性显著高于对照组,但不同温度下的变化水平有所差异;MDA含量低于对照组,在0 ℃时差异显著,说明外源ABA可提高冬小麦抗寒能力。两种合成抑制剂处理后,小麦叶片的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量和SOD活性（除0 ℃）均显著低于对照组,MDA含量（除4 ℃）显著高于对照组,说明其对小麦的效应与ABA处理相反,可降低冬小麦抗寒性。钨酸钠处理组各项指标与ABA处理相比变化差异显著,氟啶酮处理组各项指标与ABA处理相比差异极显著,说明ABA在参与冬小麦抗寒性的调控过程中起着重要作用,且氟啶酮对冬小麦抗寒能力影响更大。     

低温-干旱交叉胁迫对东农冬麦1号地下茎蛋白表达的影响

为给寒地冬小麦抗逆性的分子育种提供依据,采用蛋白质双向电泳及质谱技术,对不同低温-干旱交叉胁迫下抗寒品种东农冬麦1号地下茎的蛋白质表达进行了比较分析。结果表明,在pH 4~7范围内,在东农冬麦1号地下茎蛋白表达图谱中发现25个蛋白点在低温-干旱交叉作用下的表达量与单独低温胁迫下有明显差异,其中9个蛋白点在干旱-低温交叉作用下表达量上调,16个下调。对差异蛋白点进行质谱分析,并通过数据库检索进行蛋白质鉴定,得到完整的肽指纹图谱,其中逆境诱导蛋白占26%,代谢相关蛋白占38%。     

东农冬麦1号TaPRK基因的生物信息学分析及低温和ABA、SA、MeJA对其表达模式的影响

磷酸核糖激酶(PRK)是卡尔文循环的关键酶,在调节糖代谢过程中起着关键作用。为探索TaPRK在小麦抗逆过程中的功能,以强抗寒冬小麦品种东农冬麦1号(Dn1)和弱抗寒冬小麦品种济麦22(J22)为材料,对TaPRK进行生物信息学分析和表达模式研究。结果表明,TaPRK基因含有一个1 215bp开放阅读框,编码404个氨基酸,表达产物为稳定的亲水蛋白,属于尿苷激酶家族,带有叶绿体转运肽,定位于叶绿体。越冬期间,Dn1分蘖节中TaPRK的相对表达量显著高于J22,Dn1叶片中TaPRK的相对表达量在-10℃和-25℃时高于J22,而在0℃时低于J22;外源ABA、SA和MeJA处理下,Dn1分蘖节中TaPRK的相对表达量均随着温度的降低表现为先升后降的趋势,且均在-10℃时达到表达量的峰值;外源ABA和SA处理下Dn1叶片中TaPRK的相对表达量呈现"降-升-降"的变化规律,在-10℃时显著高于对照;外源MeJA处理下,Dn1叶片中TaPRK的相对表达量在0℃和-25℃高于对照,且在0℃达到峰值。总体来说,TaPRK在小麦抗寒方面发挥正向调节作用。外源ABA、SA和MeJA增加了冬小麦TaPRK的表达量,有助于提高冬小麦的抗寒性。     

外源ABA对冬小麦叶片抗寒相关蛋白的影响

为了解外源ABA对冬小麦抗寒性的蛋白质组学影响机制,以强抗寒品种东农冬麦1号和弱抗寒品种济麦22为材料,苗期经外源ABA和钨酸钠(ABA合成抑制剂)处理后,分别于18℃、4℃、-6℃和-20℃进行低温胁迫,对小麦叶片的全蛋白进行聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)分析。结果表明,低温下,外源ABA诱导处理后,东农冬麦1号叶片产生23、35和51kD特异蛋白,15、43及53kD蛋白上调表达;济麦22叶片产生28和36kD特异蛋白,15、53及76kD蛋白上调表达。     

南丰蜜桔贮藏期间果皮褐变的蛋白质组分析

为探讨南丰蜜桔采后蛋白质组的变化,采用酚抽法提取果皮蛋白,建立南丰蜜桔果皮蛋白质组研究中的双向电泳技术,获得了重复性好、分辨率高的蛋白质图谱。利用PDQuest软件对所得到的双向电泳图谱进行比较分析,共得到差异蛋白质点45个,其中上调表达的蛋白点有33个,下调表达的蛋白点有12个,这些差异蛋白点可能与果实贮藏相关。     

油菜素内酯对低温胁迫下冬小麦 wrab17基因表达的影响

为了探索油菜素内酯（BR）对低温胁迫下 wrab17基因表达模式的影响,以寒地冬小麦品种东农冬麦1号（Dn1）为试验材料,利用qRT-PCR技术克隆得到 wrab17基因的cDNA序列,利用生物信息学方法分析该序列的特征,采用qRT-PCR技术检测低温（5 ℃、0 ℃、-10 ℃、-25 ℃）胁迫下该基因在冬小麦叶片和分蘖节中的表达情况以及BR对 wrab17基因表达量的影响。结果表明, wrab17基因的编码区序列长度为735 bp,包含500 bp的完整开放阅读框,可编码167个氨基酸,属于稳定蛋白质,该蛋白质无跨膜区和信号肽。qRT-PCR分析表明,低温胁迫下对照组和BR处理组的Dn1叶片和分蘖节中, wrab17基因的相对表达量分别在-10 ℃和-25 ℃时最高,且BR处理组 wrab17基因的相对表达量均高于对照组,推测BR可通过提高 wrab17基因的表达量来增强冬小麦的抗寒能力。     

外源ABA对寒地冬小麦东农冬麦1号幼苗生长及抗冷性的影响

为给高寒地区冬小麦返青率的提高提供依据,以抗寒品种东农冬麦1号为试验材料,在添加ABA(浓度分别为0、10-4、10-5、10-6、10-7mol/L)的琼脂(3%)培养基上暗培养(温度2～4℃,培养盒倾斜45°角),第11天分别调查胚芽和根系生长状况,研究了外源ABA对冬小麦幼苗生长及抗冷性的影响.结果表明,外源ABA对小麦的抗冷性有很大影响,低浓度的ABA可以促进低温下小麦的生长,提高其抗冷性,而高浓度则抑制生长.ABA提高小麦抗冷性的最适浓度为10-7mol/L.苗期低温下,ABA可以提高叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量,增加SOD活性,降低膜透性.根浸ABA对提高幼苗抗冷效果要强于叶喷ABA.     

槟榔黄化病叶片差异表达蛋白筛选与鉴定

以相同品种,树龄、长势一致的黄化病槟榔和健康槟榔叶片为试材,采用TCA(三氯乙酸)/丙酮法制备蛋白质样品,结合双向电泳-质谱结合技术,分析病原菌-槟榔互作后差异表达蛋白。结果表明,双向电泳SDS-PAGE胶中黄化病槟榔叶片与健康叶片平均蛋白质点数分别为1081个和960个,其中差异明显的点34个。选择5个差异蛋白点进行质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)鉴定,并进行数据库查询,结果鉴定了2个蛋白质,分别为核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化/加氧酶和蕈状支原体高同源蛋白,这些蛋白质可能参与了槟榔黄化病发生和发展过程。另外3个蛋白点在数据库中未检索到同源性和匹配率较高的蛋白质,认为是未知蛋白。     

低温下东农冬麦1号地下茎处差异蛋白的分析

为研究小麦品种的抗寒机理,以东农冬麦1号为材料,根据连续三年的冬小麦低温驯化及越冬期的气温资料,当小麦长至6叶期时,设定不同温度处理,分析不同温度下植株地下茎处蛋白质的变化.结果表明,4个降温处理中小麦植株地下茎处共有17个蛋白点发生显著变化.在这4次降温过程中重复出现的8蛋白点分别参与26 S蛋白水解途径、呼吸代谢、三羧酸循环、叶绿素合成,其中有一个位点是抗性蛋白.通过这8个蛋白点在不同温度下表达量的变化及蛋白点的功能对东农冬麦1号地下茎处抗寒性做了初步的推测.     

盐胁迫下木炭对小麦幼苗根系蛋白表达的影响

为明确木炭对小麦盐胁迫的缓解效应,以冬小麦品种临汾6339为材料,对小麦幼苗分别进行盐和木炭单因素处理及二者复合处理,应用蛋白质双向电泳与质谱联用技术对小麦根系差异表达蛋白进行了分析。结果表明,相对盐处理,在盐和木炭复合处理的小麦根系中共检测到丰度变化在2倍以上的差异表达蛋白点12个。经过MALDI-TOF-TOF分析及数据库检索,被鉴定的12个蛋白点按其功能大致可归为5类。其中,第Ⅰ类为与能量代谢相关的蛋白质,包括ATP合酶和ATP酶;第Ⅱ类为与糖代谢相关的蛋白质,包括磷酸甘油醛异构酶、磷酸丙糖异构酶、6-磷酸葡糖酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶以及乌头酸水合酶;第Ⅲ类为与氨基酸代谢相关的蛋白质,如半胱氨酸合成酶;第Ⅳ类为与遗传物质有关的蛋白质,如染色体的结构蛋白;第Ⅴ类为未知功能蛋白质。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilisation and its effect on wheat quality and protein composition measured by SE-FPLC and proteomics

Soil sulphur deficiency, which is increasingly prevalent in Western Europe, lowers wheat yields, and also affects the gluten quality of the flour. Differences in S availability may change the proportion of S-poor to S-rich gliadins and glutenin subunits. This may cause unpredictable and unwanted variations in wheat quality. The combined effects of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilisers and split application of S and N on wheat gluten quality and composition were investigated. The results revealed effects of S fertilisation on dough quality. At high N fertilisation levels significant responses to S fertilisation were found which emphasised the need for precision application of S in intensive wheat production systems. Protein fractionation by SE-FPLC showed that quality differences were associated with changing proportions of high M_r polymeric proteins. Changes in protein composition of salt soluble proteins were also confirmed by proteomics. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and one of the serpin protein spots increased at high N, combined with the lower S level. The enzymes also increased in samples with increased S fertilisation combined with low N, but was not changed at higher N levels. Furthermore, at high N the serpin protein spot, and also a 27 K protein and one unidentified protein spot decreased with increasing S.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.