一种生物质燃料多功能一体炉具的设计

针对目前生物质燃料炉具多数存在热效率不高、烟气氮氧化物含量高、使用不方便、功能单一等问题,提出一种生物质燃料多功能一体炉具设计方案,有自动点火、自动供料、炊事灶体、两次配风装置、水箱体、安全装置、通炕接口等设计,主要用于村镇居民炊事、冬季采暖、烧炕等。     

新型多用生物质炊事取暖炉

生物质炊事取暖炉是高效、环保、节能的半气化炉,采用生物质作为燃料,燃料在炉膛内气化产生可燃气体,可燃气体在二次供氧状态下再次燃烧,实现生物质的充分燃烧,达到提高炉具热效率的效果;同时,减少烟尘排放。本炉具的核心技术为实用新型专利《彝家锅桩炉具》(专利号为ZL201120488433.8),通过半气化方式燃烧,能提高热效率和燃尽率,烟尘通过     

秸秆成型燃料炉具设计与试验

以作物秸秆为原料制成的生物质颗粒燃料具有便于储存运输,燃烧热效率高等优点,可以用来替代煤炭作为农村家庭生活炊事与冬季取暖的主要能源。但生物质颗粒燃烧会排放较多的氮氧化物,目前生物质脱氮一般应用于大型工业炉内,农村家用的生物质锅炉基本没有氮氧化物处理装置。根据生物质燃料的燃烧特性,本文首先阐述了所设计秸秆成型燃料专用炉具的结构和关键燃烧技术,对玉米秸秆成型燃料进行燃烧试验研究。采用KM9106型烟气分析仪测量燃烧时烟气中NO、NO2和烟气氧含量。结果表明通过改变二次风的风量比例、进气位置、充气角度,在炉具内形成不同的风压射流,以强化热质传递,确保燃尽效果,有效控制氮氧化物的生成与排放。试验结果表明,当一、二次风量比例为3∶1、扰流形成的风压射流配送二次风时,秸秆成型燃料烧温度最高,燃烧充分,满足高效清洁燃烧要求。     

基于变压射流燃烧技术的生物质炉具设计

生物质炉具是通过生物质燃烧提供热量的环保型炉具,具有高效、环保、热效率高、烟尘排放低等优点,被广泛应用于民用热水、建筑采暖和工业热力等领域中,在我国有着悠久的历史和广泛的基础。然而,市面上现存的生物质炉具由于技术限制,在燃烧过程中难以保证生物质燃料充分燃烧,存在锅炉热效率低及污染环境问题;故本文设计了一种基于变压射流燃烧技术的生物质成型燃烧炉具,即在燃烧过程中,2个进气机构所形成的一次风和二次风在炉体中以自旋、整体旋或者二者叠加的方式存在,通过改变两次风的风量比例、进气位置、充气角度,在炉具内形成不同的风压射流,以强化热质传递,确保燃尽效果,在燃烧过程中有效控制氮氧化物的生成与排放。燃料燃烧试验结果表明：玉米秸秆燃烧热效率为85.97%,底灰结渣率为3.42%,生物质颗粒燃烧较充分;SO2排放量为18.34mg/m3,NOx排放量为91.45mg/m3,CO体积分数为0.092%,污染物排放量符合国家标准;锅炉具有较好的稳定性,满足设计要求。     

生物质颗粒燃料炊事炉具的技术原理及正确使用

介绍了生物质颗粒燃料炊事炉具的技术原理及正确使用的方法,指出了安全使用注意事项,提出了降低使用成本的措施.     

生物质颗粒直燃炉灶设计与试验

针对当前生物质燃烧炉灶热效率低、火力强度达不到要求、供风不充足燃烧不完全、功能单一等问题,依据集中供餐炊事对清洁生物质颗粒燃料炉灶的需求,研制了一种以层燃为燃烧方式,集炒菜、蒸饭、烧水、供热等功能于一体的生物质颗粒直燃炉灶。运行性能试验结果表明:该炉灶的炊事热效率为42.9%,综合热效率达70.7%,炊事强度为14.1 k W,烟气排放指标低于国家标准,生物质颗粒燃烧较为充分,可为以生物质颗粒为燃料的集中供餐炊事炉灶的设计与应用提供科学参考。     

户用沼气采暖锅炉燃烧器的设计

沼气在北方农村已广泛应用于炊事,但冬季采暖主要还是以直接燃烧秸秆、薪柴等生物质燃料为主.沼气采暖锅炉的研究,可以解决高寒地区冬季农户炊事和采暖"两把火"的问题,改善农民千百年来形成的生活习惯.燃烧器设计的好坏是沼气采暖锅炉设计的关键所在.为此,针对黑龙江省农户住宅普遍采用的形式,计算并设计出适用于农户冬季沼气采暖锅炉用燃烧器的结构,主要包括燃烧器热负荷的计算,燃烧器喷孔、头部、引射器等部件结构尺寸的设计,为沼气采暖锅炉进一步试验研究提供了理论依据.     

辽宁省生物质炉具推广经验探析

在国家鼓励政策的带动下,辽宁省以试点村的形式开展生物质炉具推广。实地走访结果表明,生物质炉具使用不正确、缺少生物质燃料等问题突出。针对此问题,根据当地现实情况提出切实可行的发展建议,为推动辽宁省生物质行业健康发展提供借鉴。     

生物质热风炉技术研究

我国热风炉应用起源于20世纪70年代末,是利用燃料燃烧生成的热和空气进行热交换,从而产生热风,主要应用于采暖、炼钢、生产水泥、农畜牧业种植、食品烘干等领域.实际生产中,常见热风炉的燃料主要有燃气、燃油、燃煤、生物质、粉体混合几种,其中生物质由于其取材容易、资源丰富、含碳量低等优点,在我国能源结构中具有举足轻重的地位.对...     

基于AVL-FIRE的醇醚燃料发动机燃烧与排放特性研究

将甲醇添加到二甲醚柴油的混合燃料中,利用AVL-FIRE软件对混合燃料的燃烧特性和排放特性进行仿真分析。将柴油按质量比70%固定不变,分别将甲醇以12%、8%、4%和0%的比例添加到柴油当中,其余添加二甲醚。研究这4种混合燃料在2 200r/min高负荷工况下缸内温度、压力、累积放热量、NOX和Soot排放的情况,并与柴油作比较。结果表明:在高负荷工况下,随着混合燃料中甲醇含量的增加,缸内压力逐渐增大,缸内压力峰值所在的曲轴转角位置基本不变;随着混合燃料中甲醇含量的增加,放热率曲线峰值减小,最高缸内温度呈下降趋势,NOX排放量降低,Soot排放量上升。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。