LED红蓝弱光照射保持樱桃番茄冷库贮藏品质

为了探究单色光对番茄冷藏过程中品质的影响,开发樱桃番茄保鲜新技术,以绿熟期樱桃番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)为试材,在4℃条件下分别采用发光二极管(LED,light emitting diode)红蓝单色弱光(30 lx)持续照射,研究LED红蓝单色弱光对樱桃番茄采后贮藏过程中感官和主要营养品质指标的影响。结果表明:研制的LED试验装置稳定可靠,红蓝单色光的发射光谱稳定,不因光照强度的变化而发生偏移。贮藏10 d以后LED红蓝光处理的樱桃番茄感官品质显著优于无光对照(P0.05),且LED红光处理好于蓝光处理(P0.05)。LED蓝光照射能较好地保持樱桃番茄维生素C含量(P0.05),但LED红光照射不利于维生素C含量的保持。LED红蓝单色弱光照射有利于促进樱桃番茄早期贮藏过程中的还原糖和可溶性总糖积累,显著抑制贮藏后期糖含量的下降(P0.05)。LED红蓝单色弱光照射处理还能显著延缓樱桃番茄贮藏过程中可溶性固形物下降(P0.05),提高樱桃番茄果实可滴定酸的含量,其中LED红光处理显著高于蓝光处理(P0.05)。贮藏20 d时,红光照射可显著促进番茄红素的合成,但贮藏过程中LED蓝光照射与对照差异不显著(P0.05)。综合来看,与对照(CK)相比,LED红蓝弱光(30 lx)照射有利于樱桃番茄4℃贮藏过程中感官和营养价值的保持,其中LED红色弱光照射处理效果较好。作为一种简便可行的物理保鲜方法,LED红蓝弱光持续照射处理在樱桃番茄采后营养品质调控方面具有应用潜力。     

接种致病菌的樱桃番茄辐照效应研究

为明确辐照对樱桃番茄杀菌效果及其品质特性的影响,以樱桃番茄为材料,分析了樱桃番茄中大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和李斯特氏菌3种致病菌D_(10)值,并对辐照样品在室温下贮藏0、2、4、6、8、10 d后的色泽和可溶性固形物含量进行了分析。结果表明,樱桃番茄中接种的大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和李斯特氏菌的D_(10)值分别为0.088、0.243和0.264 kGy;辐照剂量低于2.0 kGy时对樱桃番茄在室温条件下色泽L*值、a*值、b*值及可溶性固形物含量无显著影响(P0.05)。因此,2.0 kGy可以作为樱桃番茄辐照的适宜剂量。本研究结果为降低樱桃番茄的致病微生物含量及辐照技术在保障生鲜果蔬受致病菌污染的应用提供了一定的技术支持。     

樱桃番茄叶片气孔特征和气体交换过程对NaCl胁迫的响应

为探讨樱桃番茄叶片气孔特征和气体交换过程对盐胁迫的响应机理,通过向营养液中添加NaCl盐,配制成0(对照)、0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20、0.25 mol/L浓度的Na Cl营养液,在人工气候箱条件下对樱桃番茄幼苗进行为期21 d的光照培养。结果表明,不同浓度NaCl溶液对气孔长度、气孔周长、气孔宽度和气孔形状指数均产生显著影响(P0.05),但其最大值均小于对照。随着Na Cl浓度的增加净光合反应速率(Pn)呈明显下降趋势,且在重度Na Cl胁迫(0.25 mol/L)下Pn同其他盐浓度处理的差异均为显著水平(P0.05)。同时,樱桃番茄叶片的蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)和细胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)随NaCl浓度的增加而降低,且与对照存在显著差异(P0.05)。另外,NaCl胁迫导致樱桃番茄叶片水平的水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)降低,尤其是重度Na Cl胁迫(0.25 mol/L)的WUE比对照显著降低48%(P0.05)。此外,叶绿素含量随NaCl浓度增加先升高后降低。可见,NaCl胁迫条件下叶片通过调整单个气孔形态(气孔开度大小)和气孔分布特征(气孔密度和空间分布格局)优化气体交换效率,但其在重度盐胁迫下优化气体交换效率的能力却非常有限。研究结果可为樱桃番茄耐盐品种选育和盐碱地丰产增收提供依据。     

氮素供应及修剪方式对设施樱桃番茄产量及氮素营养的影响

以“千禧”樱桃番茄为试材,研究不同氮素供应水平及植株打顶后的修剪方式对樱桃番茄的果实发育、产量及氮素营养的影响。结果表明,与传统修剪方式（Pc）相比,在氮素供应充足条件下,优化修剪方式（Po）可明显提高樱桃番茄的产量和果实单果重。其中在适宜氮素供应水平下,樱桃番茄产量提高49%,平均单果重提高20%;在氮素过量供应条件下,樱桃番茄产量提高27%,平均单果重提高25%。进一步分析表明,优化修剪能显著提高樱桃番茄果实的干物质积累比例,并通过提高植株叶片中的氮含量来促进番茄源活力,说明在适宜的氮素供应水平下,改善打顶后的樱桃番茄的库源关系可以显著提高番茄的产量。     

减施化肥配施微生物菌剂对番茄产质量和土壤肥力的影响

试验以樱桃番茄为材料,研究减施化肥配施不同微生物菌剂(EM和春语)对樱桃番茄产量、品质和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:减施化肥配施EM菌剂处理(RCF+EM)的樱桃番茄产量高于全量化肥处理(CF),但差异未达显著水平(P>0.05),RCF+EM处理番茄可溶性固形物、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量显著高于CF处理(P<0.05),增幅依次为31.05%、27.82%、62.73%;RCF+EM处理的土壤pH、有机质、速效养分和微生物生物量碳氮含量均高于CF处理,其中p H、碱解氮和微生物生物量碳差异达到显著水平(P<0.05),增幅依次为13.07%、20.83%、66.10%。与EM菌剂相比,春语微生物菌剂的效果总体较差。因此,减施化肥配施EM菌剂可提高樱桃番茄产量和果实品质,对土壤肥力也有良好的改善作用。     

再生水灌溉不同滴头布置方式下PPCPs在土壤和番茄中的累积

随着药品和个人护理品(Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products,PPCPs)生产和使用量的增加,PPCPs及其代谢产物在再生水中的检出种类、检出量不断增多,再生水灌溉可影响PPCPs在土壤-作物(蔬菜)系统中的分布及累积,但其规律及驱动机制尚不明确。为探明再生水滴灌条件下滴头布置方式对PPCPs在土壤-作物(蔬菜)系统累积的影响,该研究采用盆栽试验比较2种滴头布置方式(在番茄根部、在两番茄中间)对土壤剖面及番茄各器官中PPCPs累积量的影响,并进一步分析PPCPs在土壤-作物(蔬菜)系统累积的驱动机制。结果表明,再生水灌溉条件下不同滴头布置方式造成了PPCPs在土壤、作物(蔬菜)中累积规律的差异性,滴头布置在两番茄中间处理较其他处理而言增加了0～5cm土层吉非罗齐累积量(P0.05),降低了番茄叶部卡马西平和根部吉非罗齐的累积量(P0.05),较滴头布置在番茄根部处理降低了番茄叶部吉非罗齐和根部三氯生的累积量(P0.05);不同再生水灌溉方式通过影响土壤微环境指标导致了土壤中PPCPs分布规律的差异性,滴头布置在植株中间处理较其他处理增加了0～5 cm土层pH值,导致该土层下吉非罗齐的累积量高于其他处理(P0.05)。研究可为基于新兴污染物PPCPs防控的再生水农业安全利用提供理论依据。     

分蘖洋葱伴生对番茄矿质养分吸收及灰霉病发生的影响

【目的】连作栽培已严重影响国内保护地番茄的产量和品质。番茄-分蘖洋葱伴生栽培能缓解番茄连作障碍,保持土壤健康,有效减少番茄生理性卷叶,显著控制土传病害的发生,提高产量5%10%。探索伴生对分蘖洋葱和番茄生长、矿质养分吸收及番茄灰霉病发生的影响有重要意义。【方法】本研究于2012年在温室内采用盆栽的方法,以分蘖洋葱与番茄伴生的栽培模式为研究对象,试验设番茄单作、分蘖洋葱单作、分蘖洋葱与番茄伴生等3个处理,在伴生30 d后测定生长指标(株高,地上干重和地下干重)和根系活力,同时对所有番茄植株进行发病率和病情指数调查。植株称干重并测定N、P、K和Mn含量。用抖根法取番茄和分蘖洋葱根际土,测定其理化性质和土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、脱氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性。【结果】1)与单作相比,伴生条件下番茄株高、地上部干重、地下部干重、根系活力显著升高(P0.05),而伴生条件下分蘖洋葱地上部干重、地下部干重、根系活力显著降低(P0.05);番茄根际土壤脱氢酶与多酚氧化酶活性显著升高(P0.05),而分蘖洋葱根际土壤脱氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性显著降低(P0.05),伴生番茄和分蘖洋葱根际土壤间脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性差异不显著。2)与单作相比,伴生条件下番茄根际土壤中碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效锰和分蘖洋葱根际的有效磷、有效锰含量显著降低(P0.05),番茄根际土壤中p H、有机质以及分蘖洋葱根际碱解氮、速效钾、p H、有机质无显著变化。3)与单作相比,伴生条件下番茄植株全磷、全锰和分蘖洋葱植株内全氮、全锰均显著升高(P0.05),但番茄植株全氮、全钾含量和分蘖洋葱植株内全磷和全钾含量均无显著变化。4)伴生番茄灰霉病病情指数显著低于单作(P0.05)。番茄灰霉病病情指数与番茄植株全锰含量显著负相关(P0.05),与植株内氮/钾比和氮/锰比极显著正相关(P0.01)。【结论】分蘖洋葱-番茄伴生栽培促进番茄生长但抑制分蘖洋葱生长。与单作相比,伴生的番茄植株内的全磷和全锰含量显著增加(P0.05),且伴生番茄植株内氮/钾和氮/锰比显著降低(P0.01)。分蘖洋葱伴生后显著降低番茄灰霉病的病情指数(P0.05)。综上,分蘖洋葱伴生促进了番茄对磷和锰矿质养分的吸收,提高了番茄抗灰霉病水平并促进了番茄植株的生长。     

猪血蛋白水解物对盆栽樱桃番茄生长和品质的影响

  【目的】  研究外源喷施不同浓度猪血蛋白水解物 (PP)对樱桃番茄植株生长和品质的影响,以期为高产优质樱桃番茄生产提供理论参考。  【方法】  以樱桃番茄品种“盆栽红”为试验材料,采用基质栽培,设置3个PP浓度:0 g/L (CK)、1 g/L (PP1)、2 g/L (PP2),在开花期进行叶面喷施,整个生育期共喷施6次。樱桃番茄在第三穗果实完全成熟后收获,分析外源PP对樱桃番茄植株生长、光合作用、养分吸收以及果实品质的影响。  【结果】  PP1和PP2处理不同程度地增加了番茄地上部、根部以及果实中氮、磷、钾含量,显著提高了叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率 (Pn)、蒸腾速率 (Tr)和气孔导度 (Gs),植株地上部鲜重比CK处理分别增加了18.2%和40.6%,干重分别增加了42.3%和57.4%,且PP2处理的效果好于PP1处理。与CK处理相比,PP2处理番茄的产量、单果重、横径、纵径和硬度分别增加了37.4%、26.6%、16.3%、10.3%和30.8%,并有效改善了果实色泽,提高了樱桃番茄的外观品质。PP2处理有利于樱桃番茄果实中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽的积累,较CK分别增加了24.2%、25.5%、96.6%和30.9%;番茄果实中的总酚、类黄酮和花色素苷含量分别增加18.7%、33.3%和56.2%,DPPH自由基清除能力和铁还原抗氧化能力分别增加了27.7%和29.4%,显著提高了番茄果实的抗氧化活性。  【结论】  外源喷施2 g/L的猪血蛋白水解物能有效改善番茄植株的养分吸收和光合作用,促进植株生长和番茄品质的提升,是一种提高樱桃番茄产量、改善营养和功能性品质的高效有机措施。     

淹没水射流方式清洗樱桃番茄的试验研究

该文采用试验的方法对淹没水射流方式清洗樱桃番茄进行了研究。通过改变清洗量与射水流量进行试验，探索两者间的相互关系。并且试验研究了清洗量和清洗时间对清洗效果的影响。结果表明，淹没水射流方式适合用于樱桃番茄的清洗，破损率低，可以获得比较好的清洗效果。     

小分子有机物螯合钙肥对樱桃番茄产量、品质和养分吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验,以单质硝酸钙和市场钙肥产品(糖醇螯合钙)为对照,研究了以小分子有机物(氨基酸、糖醇)为主剂的螯合钙肥对樱桃番茄产量、品质和养分吸收的影响。结果表明,几种钙肥对樱桃番茄产量、品质以及养分吸收均有提升效果,但以小分子有机物为主剂的螯合钙肥应用效果最好。喷施小分子有机物螯合钙肥的樱桃番茄单株产量比硝酸钙和糖醇螯合钙分别平均提高9.68%和3.42%;番茄果实可溶性糖、Vc和可溶性固形物含量较喷施硝酸钙分别平均提高16.60%、11.19%和12.21%,可滴定酸含量平均降低7.03%;与喷施糖醇螯合钙相比,可溶性糖、Vc和可溶性固形物含量分别平均提高5.95%、6.02%和9.20%,可滴定酸含量平均降低7.75%;植株中钙的累积量分别比喷施硝酸钙和糖醇螯合钙平均提高17.86%和7.66%,果实钙含量分别平均提高22.73%和7.14%。因此,以氨基酸和糖醇为主剂的螯合钙肥在樱桃番茄上的应用效果更佳。     

Occurrence of flavonols in tomatoes and tomato-based products

The flavonol contents of 20 varieties of tomato fruit were investigated in relation to variety, size, season, and country of origin. Ten commonly consumed tomato-based food products were also assessed. Free and conjugated flavonols were identified and quantified using reversed-phase HPLC. Ninety-eight percent of flavonols detected in tomatoes were found to occur in the skin. Tomatoes contained, primarily as conjugates, quercetin and kaempferol. The main quercetin conjugate was identified as rutin (quercetin 3-rhamnosylglucoside) by LC-MS. The total flavonol content of the different varieties of tomato that were analyzed varied from 1.3 to 22.2 microgram/g of fresh weight (fw). Smaller cherry tomato fruits originating from warm sunny climates, such as Spain and Israel, were found to contain the highest concentration of flavonols. Among the tomato-based products investigated, tomato juice and tomato purée were rich in flavonols, containing 14-16 microgram/mL and 70 microgram/g fw, respectively. In contrast to fresh tomatoes, most tomato-based products contained significant amounts of free flavonols.     

Gas chromatographic determination of fenvalerate insecticide residues in processed tomato products and by-products

The results of a 5-laboratory collaborative determination of residues of the synthetic pyrethroid insecticide fenvalerate in tomato products are presented. Tomatoes from plants treated in the field at 2-4 day intervals (13 foliar applications) were processed into chopped fresh tomatoes, canned quarters, juice, paste, and the by-product skins plus seeds. Gas chromatographic analysis of the commodities for fenvalerate showed the fresh produce to contain 0.26 ppm, and the skins plus seeds contained 1.9 ppm. Residues were barely detectable in canned peeled quarters and juice, but averaged 0.12 ppm for paste, the concentration product of juice. High residues were associated with the skin content of the product. Five laboratories using modifications of the same analytical technique obtained good collaborative agreement.     

AE—Automation and Emerging Technologies: Fungal Spore Detection on Tomatoes using Spectral Fourier Signatures

Fusarium oxysporum was detected on the majority of the tomato plantations in the state of Sinaloa, Mexico, reducing yields to 50%. Fusarium rot and Rhizopus rot appeared in storage rooms producing high postharvest losses. Actually, it takes a day to determine whether the sample is infected, by isolating fungal spores on nutrient agar plates. Laboratory equipment capable of detecting spores quickly and with high sensitivity is required in packing houses to increase tomato quality and reduce postharvest losses. Visible and near infrared (NIR) spectra were obtained before and after inoculating tomatoes with Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizopus stolonifer conidia. Spectral signatures in the frequency domain were analysed using discriminant analysis and models capable of detecting spore-free and inoculated tomatoes were obtained. Tomatoes containing Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizopus stolonifer conidia on their surfaces were detected with high success rates and could also be distinguished accurately.     

Nutritional value of cherry tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Cv. Naomi F1) harvested at different ripening stages

The average content of some classes of antioxidants is generally higher in cherry tomatoes than in normal-sized berries. The aim of this work was to assess the nutritional value of cherry tomato (cv. Naomi F1) by investigating the compositional pattern of berries harvested at different ripening stages and evaluating, in particular, all of the main antioxidants (carotenoids, ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds, and alpha-tocopherol) and the antioxidant activity of the water-soluble and water-insoluble fractions. Results confirmed the relatively high level of carotenoids in cherry tomato but showed that not all biologically active compounds necessarily increase in tomatoes picked at later stages of ripeness. Cherry tomatoes harvested at full ripeness exhibited the highest level of carotenoids and antioxidant activity in the water-insoluble fraction. On the other hand, no significant differences in ascorbic acid content were observed at different ripening stages, whereas the main phenolics content and the antioxidant activity of water-soluble fraction showed slight, but significant, decreases at later stages of ripeness.     

Effect of household processing and unit-to-unit variability of pyrifenox, pyridaben, and tralomethrin residues in tomatoes

Residue levels of pyrifenox, pyridaben, and tralomethrin were determined in unprocessed and processed tomatoes, grown in a experimental greenhouse, to evaluate the effect of three different household processes (washing, peeling, and cooking) and the "unit to unit" variability of these pesticides in tomatoes. The study was carried out on 11 greenhouse tomato samples collected during a 5 week period in which two successive treatments with the studied pesticides were applied. Residue levels in unprocessed and processed tomato samples were determined by means of ethyl acetate extraction and gas chromatography-electron capture detection determination. The washing processing factor results were 0.9 +/- 0.3 for pyridaben, 1.1 +/- 0.3 for pyrifenox, and 1.2 +/- 0.5 for tralomethrin, whereas the peeling processing factors were 0.3 +/- 0.2 for pyridaben and 0.0 +/- 0.0 for both pyrifenox and tralomethrin. The average loss of water in the tomato pure samples during the cooking process was approximately 50%; the cooking processing factors were 2.1 +/- 0.8 for pyridaben, 3.0 +/- 1.1 for pyrifenox, and 1.9 +/- 0.8 for tralomethrin. The unit-to-unit variability factors were determined on three different greenhouse samples analyzing 10 different units of unprocessed tomatoes from each sample. In all cases, the unit-to-unit variability factor results were within the range of 1.3-2.2.     

Antioxidant composition in cherry and high-pigment tomato cultivars

Fourteen cultivars of cherry tomatoes and four cultivars of high-pigment tomato hybrids were cultivated in southern Italy, and the red-ripe fruits were analyzed for their content in different classes of antioxidants and for their antioxidant activity. Among the different cultivars, significant differences were found between lycopene, beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol, vitamin C (ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid), and total phenolic and flavonoid contents. LS203 and Corbus appear to be the cultivars with the highest content of lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants among cherry tomatoes, respectively. All cultivars of high-pigment tomato hybrids showed an expected exceptionally high lycopene content. Among them, the highest content of lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants was found in cv. HLY 13. Hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant activities were both significantly influenced by genotype. Such results highlight an existing unexploited variability in tomato germplasm and stress the need to evaluate the biodiversity and to support conventional breeding programs to improve tomato nutritional value.     

Effect of high-pressure treatment on the texture of cherry tomato

The effect of high-pressure treatment (200-600 MPa for 20 min) on the texture of cherry tomatoes and on the key softening enzymes (pectinmethylesterase and polygalacturonase) was investigated. When subjected to high-pressure treatment whole cherry tomatoes showed increasing textural damage with increasing pressures up to 400 MPa. However, treatment at pressures above 400 MPa (500-600 MPa) led to less apparent damage than treatment at 300 and 400 MPa; the tomatoes appearing more like the untreated samples. These visual changes were reflected in the texture (firmness) and amount of cell rupture in the tomatoes, with the least firmness and the most cell rupture being seen after treatment at 400 MPa. Light and scanning electron microscopy supported these observations. Although a sample of purified commercial pectinmethylesterase was partially inactivated at pressures above 200 MPa, irrespective of pH (4-9), in the whole cherry tomatoes no significant inactivation was seen even after treatment at 600 MPa, presumably because other components in the tomato offered protection or the isoenzymes were different. Polygalacturonase was more susceptible to pressure, being almost totally inactivated after treatment at 500 MPa. It is concluded that the textural changes in tomato induced by pressure involve at least two related phenomena. Initially, damage is caused by the greater compressibilty of the gaseous phase (air) compared to liquid-solid components, giving rise to a compact structure which, on pressure release, is damaged as the air rapidly expands, leading to increases in membrane permeability. This permits egress of water, and the damage also enables enzymatic action to increase, causing further cell damage and softening. The major enzyme involved in the further softening is polygalacturonase, which is inactivated at 500 MPa and above, and not pectinmethylesterase, which in the whole fruit, is barotolerant.     

Correlation of lycopene measured by HPLC with the L, a, b color readings of a hydroponic tomato and the relationship of maturity with color and lycopene content

Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Laura) were separated, according to the ripening stage, by a sensory panel into seven groups, and color was measured on the tomato surface with a Minolta Chroma meter. The L, a, b, hue, chroma, and lycopene content were plotted against the maturity stages of the tomatoes, and several good correlations were found. The a/b ratio and the lycopene content were the parameters that allowed six of seven maturity groups in the tomato to be statistically distinguished. The lycopene content, measured by HPLC, was also correlated with the color measurements, and the a, a/b, and (a/b)(2) color factors produced the best regressions. An estimation of the lycopene content in tomatoes can be achieved by using a portable chroma meter, with a possible field usage application. Equations to calculate the lycopene content of tomatoes based on the color readings are reported.