稻茬晚播小麦公顷产8000 kg高产群体特征及产量构成分析

为挖掘稻茬晚播小麦产量潜力,以春性中强筋小麦品种扬麦23为试验材料,设置不同密度、氮肥施用量及比例的处理,按实收产量高低划分为不同产量水平群体,研究了较适宜播期推迟10 d左右播种的晚播小麦8 000 kg·hm^-2高产群体的产量及其结构、品质和群体质量形成特征。结果表明,晚播条件下,扬麦23实现产量8 000 kg·hm^-2以上,要求穗数、穗粒数和千粒重分别为560×10·hm^-2以上、39.0~40.0 粒和38.0 g左右,总结实粒数在22 000×10 粒左右。群体特征主要表现：分蘖期和拔节期的茎蘖数分别为穗数的1.1~1.3倍和2.3~2.5倍,茎蘖成穗率40.0%左右;开花期干物质积累量为15 000 kg·hm^-2,成熟期为21 000 kg·hm^-2左右,花后干物质积累量>6 200 kg·hm^-2;孕穗期、开花期和乳熟期群体LAI分别在7.0、5.6和3.2左右,粒数叶比和粒重叶比分别为0.31~0.33 粒·cm^-2和11.5~11.8 mg·cm^-2;各时期具有较高的旗叶SPAD值,花后21 d旗叶SPAD值控制在43.0~47.0。8 000 kg·hm^-2高产群体具有较高的籽粒蛋白质含量以及湿面筋含量,使品质得到改善。本试验条件下,扬麦23晚播10 d适宜的栽培措施组合为种植密度270× 10株·hm^-2、施氮量225 kg·hm^-2、氮肥运筹5∶1∶2∶2或4∶2∶1∶3。     

播期和密氮组合对镇麦10号干物质积累及产量的调控效应

为确定江苏淮南麦区红皮强筋小麦高产栽培的适宜播期、种植密度和氮肥施用量,选用红皮强筋小麦新品种镇麦10号作为试验材料,在基施45%复合肥375 kg·hm^-2和尿素150 kg·hm^-2条件下,分析了播期和密氮组合对小麦群体干物质积累和产量的影响。结果表明,播期和密氮组合对镇麦10号产量及干物质积累量有极显著的影响。随着播期的延迟,镇麦10号产量先升后降,穗数和千粒重下降,穗粒数略有增加。11月5日播种较10月20日和11月20日播种分别增产2.26%和10.59%;种植密度对籽粒产量的影响因播期不同而有所差异;种植密度增加有利于提高有效穗数,但降低穗粒数和千粒重。10月20日播种时,提高种植密度不利于产量的增加,在基本苗225×10⁴ 株·hm^-2下平均产量最高,较基本苗300×10⁴ 和375×10⁴ 株·hm^-2分别增产3.52%和9.21%;11月5日和11月20日播种时,籽粒产量随着密度的提高而增加,以基本苗375×10⁴ 株·hm^-2的产量最高,较基本苗225×10⁴ 和300×104株·hm^-2分别增产6.32%、4.89%和4.58%、3.25%。增加追氮量有利于穗数、穗粒数和千粒重的增加,但过量追氮时,穗数、穗粒数和千粒重降低;追施纯氮120 kg·hm^-2可显著提高籽粒产量,追氮量过多过少均不利于产量的增加。早播、增加种植密度、增施氮肥均能促进镇麦10号干物质积累,但不利于产量的提高。在本试验条件下,镇麦10号高产最适播期为11月5日,最优密度为375×10⁴ 株·hm^-2,适宜追氮量为120 kg·hm^-2。     

北疆超晚播小麦品种生育特性及产量比较

为探明北疆超晚播条件下,冬、春性小麦品种间生育特性及产量的差异,采用田间试验（10月31日播种,冬前不灌水）,比较了6个冬性和5个春性小麦品种的生育特性及产量。结果表明,春性品种出苗率明显高于冬性品种,春性品种平均生育期（91.8 d）比冬性品种(95.0 d)短约3.0 d;春性品种总茎数平均峰值（869.3×10⁴·hm^-2）明显高于冬性品种（772.4×10⁴·hm^-2）;叶面积指数和干物质积累量的平均值在春、冬性品种间差异不明显;新冬41、新春6号、新春43号的产量较高,为7 581.6~7 935.6 kg·hm^-2,获得高产的穗数为431.7×10⁴~515.8× 10⁴·hm^-2,穗粒数 31.6~36.3,千粒重46.8~52.8 g。综合考虑产量、出苗率、成熟期等因素,初步认为新春6号、新冬41号、新春43号适合在北疆超晚播。     

播期播量对小麦中麦895产量和品质的影响

为给小麦新品种中麦895的推广提供技术支撑,2013-2015在关中中部灌区,采用二次D饱和最优设计方法研究了播期与播量对中麦895产量及品质的效应。结果表明,播期和播量显著影响中麦895的产量,其高产适宜的播期为10月12日-19日,适宜的播量为170.2 kg·hm^-2～206.5 kg·hm^-2。不同处理之间成穗数、千粒重和产量差异极显著,穗粒数差异显著。播量为185.5 kg·hm^-2时,达到最高产量的适宜播期为10月14日-22日;播期为10月14日时,达到最高产量适宜的播量为130.5 kg·hm^-2～207.3 kg·hm^-2。播期和播量可显著影响中麦895的蛋白质含量和容重,对加工品质和拉伸品质没有显著影响;适期偏晚播种有利于提高中麦895的成穗数和千粒重以获得高产。     

氮肥施用对稻茬小麦冠层结构及产量、品质的影响

为给安徽省沿淮稻茬小麦高产栽培的氮肥合理运筹提供理论依据,通过大田试验,选用当地小麦主栽品种济麦22（半冬性中筋品种）和烟农19（半冬性强筋品种）为材料,设置0、90、180、270和360 kg·hm^-2 5个施氮水平,分析施氮量对两种基因型小麦冠层结构、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,在0~180 kg·hm^-2 施氮范围内,随着施氮量的增加,小麦株高、叶面积指数和叶片SPAD值显著上升,群体截获更多光能,冠层截获光合有效辐射显著增加,群体透光率显著降低,冠层光谱反射率在400～725 nm波段逐渐下降,在725～1 000 nm逐渐上升;随着施氮量的进一步增加,360 kg·hm^-2 施氮处理的各冠层指标与270 kg·hm^-2 施氮处理之间差异未达到0.05显著水平。籽粒产量随施氮量增加呈先升后降趋势,2个小麦品种产量均以270 kg·hm^-2 施氮处理最高。穗数、穗粒数均随施氮量增加而显著提高,都以360 kg·hm^-2 施氮处理最大,但180、270和360 kg·hm^-2 施氮处理间差异较小或不显著;千粒重则表现为先升后降的趋势,以90 kg·hm^-2 施氮处理最高。小麦籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值均随施氮量增加而逐渐提高,除2014-2015年270和360 kg·hm^-2 两个施氮处理间差异不显著外,两年不同施氮处理间均差异显著。综合高产、优质、低环境风险的选择条件,沿淮稻茬麦区小麦季氮素在180~270 kg·hm^-2 范围内偏下限施用较为适宜,强筋品种烟农19可适当提高施氮量。     

杂交小麦西杂一号高产优化栽培研究

为寻求杂交小麦西杂一号的最佳高产栽培方案,采用三因子二次饱和D最优试验设计,选取对小麦产量影响较大的播期、基本苗和施肥量为调控因子,建立杂交小麦产量模型,筛选高产优化栽培方案。结果表明,在本试验条件下,影响杂交小麦西杂一号产量的各因素权重依次为施肥量＞基本苗＞播期;三因素间对杂交小麦产量具有正向的互作效应,且施肥量与播期的互作最大,播期与基本苗的互作较小。依据建立的数学模型,目标产量在7 500～9 000 kg·hm^-2时,杂交小麦西杂一号高产的最佳栽培方案为：施肥量（N∶P₂O₅=1∶1）219.45～328.24 kg·hm^-2,基本苗为 226.84万～318.24万株·hm^-2,播期为 10月6日-20日。     

长期定位施氮条件下种植密度对冬小麦石4366品质和氮肥利用的影响

为探究长期施氮条件下种植密度对冬小麦品质特性和氮肥利用的调控作用,在长期定位试验的基础上,2020-2021年度采用裂区试验设计,主区为施氮量,设75 kg·hm^-2（N75）、150 kg·hm^-2（N150）、225 kg·hm^-2（N225）和300 kg·hm^-2（N300） 4个水平;副区为种植密度,设225×10⁴ 株·hm^-2（D225）、300×10⁴株·hm^-2（D300）、375×10⁴株·hm^-2（D375）、450×10⁴株·hm^-2（D450）和525×10⁴株·hm^-2（D525）5个水平;分析了不同施氮条件下种植密度对石4366产量、粉质特性、RVA特性、拉伸特性及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,不同施氮量和密度组合下籽粒产量和品质相关指标有较大差异,施氮量对氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力有显著影响。小麦产量随着施氮量的升高而增加,施氮量225 kg·hm^-2、密度范围375×10⁴~525×10⁴株·hm^-2和施氮量300 kg·hm^-2、密度范围225×10⁴~450×10⁴株·hm^-2组合下均能获得较高产量。蛋白质含量、容重和湿面筋含量随着施氮量增加呈升高趋势;稳定时间和粉质质量指数随着施氮量增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,N225下粉质参数最高。小麦籽粒品质和面粉粉质指标均随种植密度的增加而增加。施氮量225 kg·hm^-2、密度525×10⁴株·hm^-2组合是小麦粉质指标最优组合。淀粉RVA参数在施氮量225 kg·hm^-2、密度225×10⁴株·hm^-2处理下最好。拉伸特性在施氮量225 kg·hm^-2、密度450×10⁴~525×10⁴株·hm^-2组合和施氮量300 kg·hm^-2、密度225×10⁴株·hm^-2组合下较好。氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力在施氮量225 kg·hm^-2、密度375×10⁴~525×10⁴株·hm^-2组合下较高。综合籽粒产量、品质相关指标和氮肥利用效率的结果,本试验条件下,施氮量225 kg·hm^-2、种植密度450×10⁴~525×10⁴株·hm^-2可作为石4366高产、优质的较佳肥密组合。     

宽幅播种条件下种植密度对小麦群体结构和光能利用率的影响

为探讨宽幅播种条件下种植密度对小麦群体结构和光能利用率的影响,以小麦品种济麦22为试验材料,在大田试验条件下设置90×10⁴ 株·hm^-2（D1）、180×10⁴ 株·hm^-2（D2）、270×10⁴ 株·hm^-2（D3）、360×10⁴ 株·hm^-2（D4）4个种植密度处理,分析了不同种植密度下麦田0~100 cm土层土壤相对含水量、小麦群体动态、叶面积指数、冠层光截获特性、光能利用率、阶段干物质积累量、籽粒产量及水分利用效率的特点。结果表明,D2处理的麦田0~100 cm土层土壤相对含水量在返青期显著高于D3、D4处理,与D1处理无显著差异;在拔节期、开花期、成熟期D2处理显著高于D1、D4处理,与D3处理差异不显著。群体总茎数在越冬期、返青期、拔节期均随种植密度的增加而增加,且不同处理之间差异显著,在开花期、成熟期D4处理显著高于其他处理,D3、D2处理差异不显著,但显著高于D1处理;分蘖成穗率在D2处理下达到最大值,为52.51%;D2处理的叶面积指数在开花后0 d、开花后7 d、开花后14 d显著高于其他处理;开花后7 d,D2处理的冠层光合有效辐射截获量、截获率、光能利用率均显著高于D1、D3、D4处理,冠层光合有效辐射透射率表现为D3、D2处理差异不显著,但显著低于D4处理和D1处理。D2处理的拔节至开花阶段、开花至成熟阶段干物质积累量显著高于其他处理,单位面积穗数随种植密度的增加而增加,但D2、D3处理差异不显著;穗粒数、千粒重随种植密度的增加而降低,D1、D2处理差异不显著,但显著高于D3、D4处理;籽粒产量及水分利用效率均在D2处理下达到最大值,分别为9 158.71 kg·hm^-2、17.21 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1。这说明在本试验条件下,180×10⁴ 株·hm^-2为构建宽幅播种小麦合理群体结构、提高群体光能利用率、籽粒产量及水分利用效率的最优种植密度。     

氮、硫肥配施对稻茬麦氮素利用及籽粒产量和品质的影响

为探讨稻茬小麦的氮硫肥施用技术,在水稻秸秆全量还田条件下设置0、195和270 kg·hm^-2 3个施氮水平和0、30和60 kg·hm^-23个施硫水平,研究氮、硫肥配施对小麦氮素吸收利用、籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明,随施氮量的增加,小麦穗数、穗粒数和产量均显著增加,面团形成时间和稳定时间延长,但施氮量达270 kg·hm^-2时氮肥农学效率和表观利用率显著下降,籽粒支链淀粉、清蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量降低。增施硫肥可使籽粒产量显著增加,延长面团形成时间和稳定时间,并提高籽粒支链淀粉、谷蛋白和总蛋白含量。相比其他氮、硫肥组合处理,施氮195 kg·hm^-2配合施硫60 kg·hm^-2提高了总氮素积累量、氮肥农学效率和氮肥利用效率;该组合处理下籽粒产量比仅施氮270 kg·hm^-2处理提高了5.7%。此外,195 kg·hm^-2施氮量配施硫60 kg·hm^-2还提高了面团形成时间、稳定时间和蛋白各组分含量。这说明氮硫合理配施可提升小麦对氮素的吸收利用,起到提高籽粒产量、改善籽粒蛋白品质和粉质质量的作用;减氮条件下通过适量配施硫肥可作为小麦优质高效生产的栽培途径。     

密度对四川丘陵旱地带状种植小麦群体质量、产量及边际效应的影响

为了解四川丘陵旱地“双三零小麦/玉米”带状种植条件下小麦群体发展与产量构成的变化规律,以当地主推品种川麦42为材料,探讨了60×10⁴、120×10⁴、180×10⁴、240×10⁴和300×10⁴·hm^-2种植密度对带状种植小麦不同行间个体、群体发展的影响及其边际效应。结果表明,套作小麦的边行优势主要发生在生育后期;小麦苗期单株分蘖力及拔节期单茎干物质积累量在不同行间差异不显著;孕穗以后,边行优势明显;各种植密度下均以边行小麦的成穗率、单株成穗数、单茎干物质积累量最高,其有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量也较高,边行产量对群体产量的贡献最大;边行较内行增产的主要原因为有效穗数增加,其次是穗粒数增加,千粒重在行间差异不显著。180×10⁴·hm^-2密度下边行有效穗数基本达到饱和,穗粒数较大,边行和次边行的产量最高,为四川丘陵旱地”双三零”带状种植小麦最适宜种植密度。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).