坡面氮素流失的坡度和雨强效应模拟研究

为了研究坡面径流和壤中流中全氮(TN)的流失特征,探索坡度和雨强对TN流失的影响,以风化花岗岩母质发育的土壤为研究对象,选定坡度(5°,8°,15°,25°)和降雨强度(60,90,120,150mm/h)作为可变量,采用原状土搬迁的方式,在室内设计的径流槽上进行人工模拟降雨试验,设计试验降雨时长为坡面径流产流后90min,壤中流水样收集延续直至无出流为止。结果表明:(1)坡面径流TN流失浓度在产流初期快速下降,随雨强的减小或坡度的增大而增大,产流后期浓度趋于稳定且差距不大。(2)壤中流TN流失浓度均明显高于坡面径流,其流失过程规律为"上升—下降—略有上升—平稳",总体上随雨强的减小或坡度的增大而增大。(3)坡面径流和壤中流的TN流失量均随雨强或坡度的增大而增大。壤中流是坡面TN流失的主要途径,流失比例可达91.26%~99.61%。坡面径流中TN流失量占坡面TN总流失量的比例随雨强的增大而增大。(4)雨强、流量与坡面径流、壤中流TN总流失量均呈极显著正相关,而坡度只与壤中流TN总流失量呈显著正相关。(5)在雨强90mm/h与120mm/h之间存在一个临界雨强,超过这个临界雨强,坡面径流TN流失量及其占总流失量的比例都会大幅上升。     

人工模拟降雨条件下石灰土养分流失规律

通过对三峡库区香溪河流域选取具有代表性石灰土坡耕地进行原位人工模拟降雨试验,研究了在不同降雨强度下石灰土中氮磷养分随地表径流的流失规律。结果表明:雨强越大,地表径流量、径流总量、泥沙流失量越大,初始产流时间越短,但是雨强对泥沙流失浓度的影响不显著;不同雨强下TP、TN浓度都随着产流时间的延长逐渐变小,最后趋于平衡,而且雨强越大,TP、TN浓度流失越严重,其中TP主要以PP形式流失,达到80%以上,TN的流失在大雨时PN占优,中雨时以DN占优;地表径流磷素的流失主要以泥沙携带为主,泥沙养分流失浓度与雨强无关,但是泥沙养分流失量却与雨强和泥沙流失量成正比。     

紫色土坡面壤中流养分输出特征

壤中流作为紫色土坡面一种产流形式,其引起的养分流失往往被忽视,针对这一问题.采用人工模拟降雨法,在3.0 m长、1.0 m宽的土槽上.通过4个不同坡度(5°,10°,15°,20°)、5个不同雨强(0.6,1.1,1.6,2.12,2.54mm/min)的组合实验,对三峡库区紫色土坡面壤中流养分输出特征进行了研究.结果表明:实验条件下,壤中流占总径流量的0.2%～2.7%,且紫色土坡面壤中流的产生存在着一个临界坡度和临界雨强,临界坡度大约在10°左右,临界雨强约为2.1 mm/min.实验条件下.紫色土坡面壤中流养分含量为地表径流养分含量的4.32～63倍,因此,尽管壤中流总量在总径流量中的比例并不高,但由其携带而流失的养分仍不容忽视.壤中流携带而流失的总氮量占坡面总氮流失量的0.36%～7.82%,因此,要控制紫色土坡面氮素流失,不仅要控制地表径流,更重要的是要提高土壤的持水能力,减少壤中流.磷素迁移流失主要与侵蚀产沙量有关.在地表径流及壤中流中的含量都很低,由此而引起的总磷流失量也较小,二者合计占总磷流失量的不足7%,甚至不足1%,控制紫色土坡面磷素流失的关键是控制坡面侵蚀产沙.     

侵蚀性风化花岗岩坡地降雨产流及水文过程研究

为研究坡地的降雨产流分配及水文动态过程,以侵蚀性风化花岗岩坡地为研究对象,采用室内人工模拟降雨的方法研究不同降雨强度(30,60,90,120,150mm/h)和不同坡度(5°,8°,15°,25°)条件下坡面径流和壤中流的分配特征与水文过程。结果表明:坡面径流的初始产流时刻均随降雨强度和坡度的增大而提前,壤中流的初始产流时刻明显滞后于坡面径流。壤中流径流量在不同坡度下随降雨时间的延长呈先递增后趋于平稳的现象,雨强越大达到峰值的时间越早,在降雨停止一段时间后径流量开始下降。多数情况下,壤中流所占总径流量的比重均大于坡面径流,坡面径流量比重随雨强的增大而增大,随坡度的变化幅度较小。坡面径流的径流系数与雨强的相关性较强,而壤中流径流系数与坡度之间的拟合效果较好。不同坡度下坡面径流、壤中流和混合流(坡面径流与壤中流同时发生)的径流模数与雨强呈正相关关系,不同类型径流的径流模数大小依次为混合流壤中流坡面径流。     

不同管理方式竹林坡地降雨径流中氮磷流失特性模拟试验

针对不同管理方式竹林坡地水土流失过程中携带养分流失的特征,于2008年和2009年在浙江省临安市和安吉县,分别选择用材竹林坡地和挖笋竹林坡地,建立径流小区(面积3 m×1.5 m,坡度20°),设计用材林不锄草、清鞭和施肥,笋林地除草清鞭每年1次和2年1次、每年施肥1次,共3种管理方式,采用人工模拟降雨的试验手段,设定6个降雨强度(0.53～1.90 mm/min),定时采集径流泥沙样,测试径流中的总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)含量,研究不同管理方式下竹林地N和P的流失过程特征,分析流失差异的原因.结论如下:(1)在相同管理方式下,径流中TN和TP的流失量随雨强在增加,以雨强为1.01 mm/min为界,小于该雨强时增加量很微弱,大于这一雨强时增加速率很快;(2)在相同雨强作用下,笋竹林地径流中TN的流失量是用材竹林地的3～7倍,但径流中TP的流失量却略小于用材竹林地的流失量;(3)泥沙中TP的流失量,笋竹林地是用材竹林地的数百倍;(4)在N和P随径流泥沙的流失过程中,产流前期浓度起主要作用,后期径流量和产沙量起决定作用.研究结果可为竹林地管理、笋用竹林地锄草、清鞭和施肥的科学合理安排提供参考依据.     

次降雨条件下鲁中南山区砂质壤土赤松林地产流与氮磷流失特征

为了研究水源地上游林地产流及其氮磷运移规律,采用人工模拟次降雨试验方法,选择鲁中南山区泰安市黄前水库上游药乡小流域赤松林地作为研究对象,以荒草地为对照,对其地表径流和壤中流及其氮磷流失特征进行研究。结果表明:(1)次降雨条件下赤松林地地表径流量低于荒草地,而荒草地壤中流量低于赤松林地,赤松林地及荒草地土壤入渗量与植被覆盖度呈正相关。随着降雨的进行,赤松林地和荒草地地表径流产流量不断增加且趋于稳定,壤中流产流时间比地表径流晚,径流量较平稳。(2)次降雨条件下地表径流全氮(TN)流失量呈现初期输出浓度较高,随降雨的进行,输出浓度减少并逐渐趋于稳定状态,壤中流呈现相对稳定的状态。TN流失量与输出浓度呈正相关。赤松林地地表径流及壤中流TN流失量均低于荒草地。(3)次降雨条件下赤松林地地表径流全磷(TP)的输出浓度与流失量呈正相关;赤松林地地表径流及壤中流TP流失量均低于荒草地的。(4)赤松林地及荒草地前期降雨TN、TP总流失量均低于次降雨的;次降雨TN总流失量是前期降雨的1.11倍;次降雨TP总流失量是前期降雨的1.15倍。同时,次降雨赤松林地TN、TP流失量均低于荒草地的。因此,与荒草地相比,赤松林地具有较好的调控氮磷流失的作用。     

极端暴雨下裸地坡面径流及壤中流中碳素输移特征

采用人工模拟降雨的方法,研究了不同雨强(90、120、150mm·h~(-1))和坡度(5°、8°、15°、25°)条件下,南方风化花岗岩母质土壤红土层裸地降雨坡面径流和壤中流中总碳(Total carbon,TC)的流失量及流失过程,并分析了雨强和坡度对TC流失量的影响。结果表明,在坡面径流中,坡度和雨强的增大对碳素质量浓度变化过程影响较小,且流失率曲线与质量浓度曲线呈极显著相关关系,TC流失率变化主要受质量浓度的影响;在壤中流中,TC质量浓度曲线呈现出迅速上升达到最大值后缓慢下降直至平稳的趋势;在试验条件范围内,各坡度条件下,随着雨强的增大,坡面径流中TC流失量增大,而壤中流中TC流失量减小;在大雨强下,坡面径流中TC流失量与坡度没有明显的线性关系,而随着雨强的增大,坡度与壤中流中TC流失量线性关系明显增加;在试验雨强和坡度下,雨强对TC流失总量和坡面径流中TC流失量的影响较坡度更显著,而在壤中流中坡度的影响则更显著。径流中碳素流失量与雨强、坡度及场降雨径流总量之间均有明显的线性关系,R~20.800。结果可为我国南方风化花岗岩母质土壤裸坡径流中TC单位面积流失量的估算提供依据。     

雨强和坡度对黄土坡面土壤侵蚀及氮磷流失的影响

采用人工模拟降雨的手段,在2种雨强(50,75mm/h)、4种坡度(5°,10°,15°,20°)条件下,研究了雨强和坡度对黄土坡面土壤侵蚀和养分流失的影响。结果表明:(1)降雨强度从50mm/h增大到75mm/h,相同坡度的坡面开始产流时间提前了2.75~4.79min。(2)随着雨强的增大,同一坡度的坡面径流量增加了12.53~15.80mm/m2,增加幅度为1.24~1.31倍;同一坡度的坡面产沙量增加了0.47~3.61kg/m2,增加幅度为0.77~2.90倍。坡面侵蚀过程中,存在临界坡度,为15°左右。(3)氮素流失以径流流失为主,泥沙中总氮的流失量较低,仅占径流总氮流失量的1.4%~9.7%。坡度较小时,磷素流失途径以径流流失为主,随着坡度的增加,磷素的流失途径以泥沙流失为主。(4)径流总氮流失浓度与径流强度呈线性正相关,泥沙总氮和总磷流失浓度与产沙率也分别呈显著的线性正相关。     

碎石土坡地不同植被配置下的养分流失途径

为了解不同植被类型及覆盖度对碎石土壤坡地养分流失途径的影响,采用模拟径流小区降雨,研究了6种植被配置模式下地表径流、壤中流及侵蚀泥沙氮、磷养分流失特征。结果表明:植被覆盖坡地氮流失量比裸地减少了0.91~4.60倍,磷流失量减少了6.25~63.9倍,养分控制效果排序为草灌草本灌木裸地。6种植被配置下的地表径流、壤中流及侵蚀泥沙养分流失量存在显著差异,裸地氮、磷的主要损失途径是侵蚀泥沙,灌木是地表径流,草本与草灌结合处理则是地表径流和壤中流;而草本、灌木以及草灌结合土壤磷的主要损失途径是侵蚀泥沙与地表径流共同作用的结果。不同植物覆盖措施对含碎石土裸地氮、磷的流失起到显著的截留作用,主要通过由侵蚀泥沙向非侵蚀泥沙途径转化而实现对氮磷的截留。灌木覆盖度与地表径流的氮磷流失量、径流总量的氮磷流失量之间呈现显著的正相关性,与壤中流的氮磷流失量呈现显著的负相关性。     

极端暴雨下裸地坡面径流及壤中流中碳素输移特征

采用人工模拟降雨的方法,研究了不同雨强(90、120、150 mm?h^-1)和坡度(5°、8°、15°、25°)条件下,南方风化花岗岩母质土壤红土层裸地降雨坡面径流和壤中流中总碳(Total carbon,TC)的流失量及流失过程,并分析了雨强和坡度对TC流失量的影响。结果表明,在坡面径流中,坡度和雨强的增大对碳素质量浓度变化过程影响较小,且流失率曲线与质量浓度曲线呈极显著相关关系,TC流失率变化主要受质量浓度的影响;在壤中流中,TC质量浓度曲线呈现出迅速上升达到最大值后缓慢下降直至平稳的趋势;在试验条件范围内,各坡度条件下,随着雨强的增大,坡面径流中TC流失量增大,而壤中流中TC流失量减小;在大雨强下,坡面径流中TC流失量与坡度没有明显的线性关系,而随着雨强的增大,坡度与壤中流中TC流失量线性关系明显增加;在试验雨强和坡度下,雨强对TC流失总量和坡面径流中TC流失量的影响较坡度更显著,而在壤中流中坡度的影响则更显著。径流中碳素流失量与雨强、坡度及场降雨径流总量之间均有明显的线性关系, R²＞0.800。结果可为我国南方风化花岗岩母质土壤裸坡径流中TC单位面积流失量的估算提供依据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.