小麦-玉米轮作体系下氮肥对长期不同施肥处理土壤氮含量及作物吸收的影响

以长期不同施肥处理土壤为对象,研究了不同施肥土壤中施用氮肥后土壤氮素含量、微生物固持及释放和作物吸收及利用特性。结果表明,施用氮肥显著增加长期不施肥土壤(NF)矿质氮含量,对长期施用化肥土壤(NPK)和有机无机配施土壤(MNPK)矿质态氮含量无显著影响;施用氮肥对NF中土壤微生物生物量氮(SMBN)含量无显著影响,使拔节期NPK和MNPK中SMBN含量分别增加了4.3倍和0.8倍。从小麦拔节期到开花期,NPK和MNPK中土壤微生物生物量氮含量分别显著降低51%和56%。小麦收获时NPK和MNPK土壤氮肥的利用率分别为36%和45%;而NF土壤所施入的氮素几乎未被小麦吸收利用,但在玉米季有34%被吸收。小麦收获时,NF土壤施入的氮肥有50%以上淋溶至土壤30 cm以下土层,施氮也显著提高了NPK土壤30～50 cm土层硝态氮含量,但施用氮肥对MNPK土壤0～100 cm剖面硝态氮含量无显著影响。说明长期有机无机配施增强了土壤氮素的缓冲能力,协调了土壤氮素固持与作物吸氮间的关系,为提高氮素利用率,减少氮素对环境影响的有效手段。     

塑料大棚内长期施肥对菜田土壤磷素组成及其含量影响

对塑料大棚内自1988年开始的蔬菜施肥长期定位试验田土壤磷索组分和含量进行了研究.结果表明,除了长期单独施用氮肥引起耕层土壤全P、有效P降低外.其他施肥处理均能提高土壤中全P和有效P含量.长期施用有机肥土壤闭蓄态P(O-P)含量最高.占无机P总置的35%～47%;不施有机肥土壤磷酸钙(Ca-P)含量最高,占无机P总量的29%～39%.施用有机肥可以显著提高土壤有机P总量,有机肥组各处理土壤活性有机P和中等活性有机P含量均显著高于不施有机肥组各对应处理,而稳定性有机P和高稳定性有机P含量则低于不施有机肥组.长期施用磷肥会增加土壤中无机P积累,且有效性较高的Ca-P、磷酸铝(Al-P)积累程度高于较稳定的O-P、磷酸铁(Fe-P),土壤有效P含量与各组分无机P及其总量、活性有机P、中等活性有机P及有机P总量呈显著正相关.而与稳定性有机P、高稳定性有机P和全P含量的相关性不明显.因此,长期施用有机肥和磷肥能够改变土壤磷索组成.提高磷素有效性.     

长期施肥对棕壤铁形态及其有效性的影响

【目的】利用沈阳农业大学棕壤肥料长期定位试验,研究不同施肥处理对耕层土壤酸碱度（pH）、氧化还原电位（Eh）和有机质的影响,探讨不同施肥条件下土壤游离态氧化铁、无定形氧化铁、亚铁总量和有效铁含量的变化以及与pH、Eh和有机质的关系。 【方法】本文选取试验处理为CK（不施肥）、N（氮肥）、NP（氮磷肥配施）、NPK（氮磷钾肥配施）、M（有机肥）、MN（有机肥与氮肥配施）、MNP（有机肥与氮磷肥配施）、MNPK（有机肥与氮磷钾肥配施）。在2014年大豆收获期,采集了不同施肥处理0-20 cm耕层土壤样品,分析了土壤pH、Eh、有机质含量以及游离态氧化铁、无定形氧化铁、亚铁和有效铁含量。 【结果】与1979年原始土壤相比,所有处理土壤pH显著降低了0.6~1.4个单位。不施肥处理土壤有机质下降了11.5%,化肥处理有机质略有下降,而有机肥处理有机质含量显著增加。所有处理有效铁含量显著增加,化肥有机肥配施增加幅度更大;与2014年不施肥处理相比,施用氮肥处理土壤pH最低,而氮肥配施磷、钾和有机肥中的一种或几种pH又有所上升,其中配施有机肥效果最明显;施用化肥处理土壤Eh增加,而施用有机肥处理Eh则下降。施用化肥土壤游离态氧化铁和有效铁含量增加,亚铁含量下降,而施用有机肥土壤游离态氧化铁降低,亚铁总量及有效铁含量增加。 【结论】经过长期耕作和施肥,土壤pH显著下降,有效铁含量显著增加。长期不施肥土壤有机质显著下降。施用氮肥土壤酸化趋势明显,磷、钾和有机肥配施能够缓解氮肥引起的酸化现象。施用有机肥显著降低土壤氧化还原电位,有利于氧化态铁向还原态铁转化,更有利于增加土壤有效性铁的含量。     

长期施肥对旱作区农田土壤细菌群落组成和多样性的影响

为阐明长期有机、无机施肥对旱作区土壤细菌群落组成及多样性的影响机制,以农田土壤生态系统为研究对象,采用单因素随机区组设计,利用长期定位试验(11年)和高通量测序的方法,研究了不施肥(对照,T0)、单施化肥(T1)、化肥配施羊粪有机肥(T2)和化肥配施生物有机肥(T3)对土壤的影响,分析了处理间土壤细菌群落组成及多样性的差异,探究了驱动土壤细菌群落组成及多样性变化的主要土壤环境因子。结果表明:与T0相比,羊粪有机肥、生物有机肥与化肥配施能显著提高土壤全氮、全磷、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和铵态氮的含量,其中T2处理效果最显著(P<0.05)。各施肥处理下土壤放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi) 细菌为优势菌门;羊粪有机肥、生物有机肥与化肥配施处理降低了土壤放线菌门的相对丰度,增加了绿弯菌门、拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门的相对丰度,T2处理与T0处理间有显著差异(P<0.05)。与T1处理相比,羊粪有机肥、生物有机肥与化肥配合施用使土壤硝化螺旋菌门的相对丰度显著降低。类诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)、KD4-96和Subgroup_6为土壤细菌群落的优势菌属。T2处理较T3处理更显著地降低了土壤类诺卡氏菌属(41.15%)、芽球菌属(41.67%)和红杆菌属(27.45%)的相对丰度。与T0处理相比,T2处理更显著增加了细菌群落物种数、群落辛普森指数、香农指数和Chao1 指数(P<0.05)。冗余分析表明,土壤有机质(P=0.001)、pH(P=0.003)是驱动土壤细菌群落组成及多样性变化的主要因素。土壤pH以及有机质含量高低对驱动旱作区土壤细菌群落组成以及土壤细菌多样性变化均产生直接效应。因此,化肥与羊粪有机肥相结合的长期施肥管理是优化旱作区区域农田养分管理、提升土壤肥力的有效途径。     

不同土壤改良措施对大棚菜地高度盐渍化土壤改良效果研究

设施菜地土壤次生盐渍化现象普遍,严重制约了设施蔬菜的可持续发展。以高度和超高度大棚次生盐渍化土壤为对象,研究不同土壤改良措施对大棚青菜产量、氮肥利用率及土壤性状的影响。在两种盐渍化程度的大棚土壤上分别开展田间试验,设置相同的6个处理:不施氮肥(0%N)、常规施氮(100%N)、施石灰氮+常规施氮(Lime+100%N)、施石灰氮+减氮20% (Lime+80%N)、施石灰氮+填闲玉米+常规施氮(Lime+corn+100%N)和施石灰氮+填闲玉米+减氮20% (Lime+corn+80%N)。结果表明:与100%N处理相比,Lime+corn+80%N处理的青菜产量在高度、超高度次生盐渍化土壤上分别增产91.8% (11.3 t/hm²)和62.2% (5.6 t/hm²),显著提高了氮肥利用率。在高度盐渍化土壤上,与100%N处理相比,施石灰氮可使土壤电导率降低16.0%～19.7% (P<0.05),对土壤pH无显著影响;与施石灰氮处理(Lime+100%N和Lime+80%N)相比,土壤电导率在Lime+corn+100%N和Lime+corn+80%N处理下分别降低了49.4% 和55.2% (P<0.05),土壤pH升高3.4% 和12.6%。在超高度盐渍化土壤上,与100%N处理相比,施石灰氮处理对土壤电导率无显著影响,可使土壤pH升高14.1%～16.0% (P<0.05);与施石灰氮处理相比,土壤电导率在Lime+corn+100%N和Lime+corn+80%N处理下分别降低了43.7% 和49.2% (P<0.05)。不同土壤改良措施在高度盐渍化土壤上显著提高了土壤孔隙度,降低了土壤有效磷和速效钾含量,而在超高度盐渍化土壤上影响不显著。     

秸秆还田施氮调节碳氮比对土壤无机氮、 酶活性及作物产量的影响

秸秆的质量,特别是C/N是影响秸秆分解速率和养分释放的重要因素。在秸秆还田条件下,如何科学合理地施用氮肥是秸秆利用和优化施肥研究的关键问题。本研究以秸秆还田施入碳氮的C/N为切入点,于2012—2013年通过田间试验(设秸秆不还田不施肥、秸秆还田不施氮、秸秆还田施用无机氮肥调节C/N为10∶1、16∶1和25∶1以及秸秆还田施用有机氮肥调节C/N为25∶1处理),研究秸秆还田不同氮输入对小麦-玉米轮作田土壤无机氮、土壤微生物量氮、酶活性以及作物产量的影响。结果表明:1)在C/N为25∶1下,施用有机氮肥和无机氮肥对土壤无机氮含量无显著影响;在施用无机氮肥的情况下,C/N越低土壤无机氮含量越高。2)秸秆还田施氮提高了土壤微生物量氮含量,但是各秸秆还田施氮处理之间差异不显著;秸秆还田不同施氮处理对脲酶活性无显著影响;秸秆还田施氮提高了FDA水解酶活性,并随C/N降低呈升高趋势,施用无机氮肥的效果强于施用有机氮肥的。3)秸秆还田施用无机氮肥显著提高了小麦和玉米地上部生物量,施用无机氮肥调节C/N为10∶1和16∶1相比于C/N为25∶1提高了小麦和玉米的苗期和成熟期地上部生物量;施用有机氮肥调节C/N为25∶1相比秸秆还田不施氮对地上部生物量无显著影响。秸秆还田施用无机氮肥提高了作物产量,施用无机氮肥调节C/N为16∶1产量最高,而施用有机氮肥调节C/N为25∶1有降低作物产量的趋势。综合以上结果来看,施用无机氮肥调节C/N为16∶1较为合理。     

有机肥对油菜硝酸盐含量和土壤盐分累积的影响

探讨了不同C/N的有机肥对油菜生物量、硝酸盐含量以及土壤EC的影响。结果表明:施用低量氮肥,增施M1能够增加油菜的生物量,硝酸盐含量无显著变化;增施M2、M3,能够降低油菜生物量和硝酸盐含量。当N用量为N0.067g kg-1土时(300kg hm-2),增施M1,油菜生物量和硝酸盐含量无显著变化;增施M2、M3时,显著降低生物量和硝酸盐含量。施用高氮肥,增施三种有机肥显著增加油菜生物量,硝酸盐含量无显著变化。三种不同C/N的有机肥在低量氮肥时对土壤EC的影响不显著,在高氮量时,增施M1能够增加土壤EC,增施M2、M3能够降低土壤EC。     

氮肥优化减施对土壤氮磷累积及蔬菜产量品质的影响

针对长期不合理高化肥投入量导致城郊区菜地土壤环境恶化的现状,为探讨氮肥减施对城郊区菜地土壤氮磷累积及蔬菜产量品质的影响,应用田间小区试验,研究了长沙市郊2种不同菜地土壤中,氮肥减施20%与缓释尿素,脲酶抑制剂/硝化抑制剂,土壤调理剂配合施用的环境和农学效应。结果表明:与常规施肥处理相比,采用缓释尿素减施20%化学氮肥(80%N(CRU))有效降低了菜地土壤Olsen-P和NO3--N的含量,减少了其面源污染风险,但该处理蔬菜可食部分容易累积硝酸盐,也增加了食用风险;通过添加脲酶抑制剂/硝化抑制剂减施20%化学氮肥(80%N+QD),生育中期土壤NH4+-N含量和蔬菜鲜样产量分别增加了69.2%,262.0%(p<0.05)和2.5%,12.1%(p<0.05),对土壤Olsen-P、NO3--N以及可食部分硝酸盐含量影响不显著;减施20%化学氮肥配以添加土壤调理剂(80%N+SC)在2种种植年限的菜地中效果欠稳定。兼顾经济、食用风险、生态环境等效益,建议在高肥力菜地施肥实践中,氮肥减施与脲酶抑制剂/硝化抑制剂配合施用。     

长期施用畜禽粪便对土壤生物化学质量指标的影响

采用两种母质发育的,长期施用畜禽粪便和化肥的稻麦轮作土壤作为供试土壤,探讨了施用畜禽粪便对土壤微生物组成、微生物生物量及活性、土壤酶活性等生物化学质量指标的影响。研究结果显示,与施用化肥比较,长期施用畜禽粪便显著提高了土壤细菌和放线菌数量(+72%和+132%)、土壤微生物生物量碳、氮(+89%和+74%)、土壤基础呼吸速率和微生物商(+49%和+45%),但降低了土壤真菌的数量(-38%)。土壤脲酶和转化酶活性也表现为长期施用畜禽粪便土壤高于施用化肥土壤。由于受土壤pH值强烈影响,土壤微生物代谢商(qCO2)和土壤磷酸酶活性没有表现出明显的变化规律。回归分析结果显示,长期施用畜禽粪便改变土壤活性有机碳含量和理化性质是导致土壤生物化学质量指标变化的主要原因。     

种植翻压紫云英配施化肥对稻田土壤活性有机碳氮的影响

依托长期种植紫云英定位试验,以不施肥(CK)为对照,研究化肥(100%F)、紫云英配施100%、80%、60%和40%化肥(G+100%F、G+80%F、G+60%F、G+40%F)以及紫云英(G)对土壤活性有机碳氮、水稻产量、氮肥利用率及其他土壤养分的影响。结果表明,与对照不施肥相比,单施化肥对土壤水溶性有机碳(WSOC)的影响很小,土壤水溶性有机氮(WSON)和微生物生物量碳氮(SMBC、SMBN)含量分别增加了20.61%、10.49%和2.20%;单施紫云英处理土壤WSOC、WSON、SMBC和SMBN含量分别增加了25.52%、36.30%、19.16%和10.37%;紫云英配施化肥增加了土壤WSOC、WSON、SMBC和SMBN的含量,增幅分别为12.99%~22.80%、26.66%~56.61%、19.01%~29.56%和16.08%~32.90%。施肥提高了土壤活性有机碳氮占土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)的比例,紫云英配施化肥和单施紫云英效果优于单施化肥。土壤活性有机碳氮与水稻产量、SOC、TN和铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)呈显著或极显著正相关。施肥增加水稻产量,G+80%F最高(10026kg hm~(-2))。与100%F相比,化肥减施20%~40%水稻不减产,同时氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力提高,增幅分别为11.64%~149.65%和2.66%~149.92%,土壤SOC、TN和NH_4~+-N含量增加,土壤有效磷和速效钾降低。综合考虑水稻产量、氮肥利用率和土壤肥力,紫云英翻压22500 kg hm~(-2)、磷钾肥常规用量、氮肥减施20%时最优。     

Long-term impacts of manure, straw, and fertilizer on amino sugars in a silty clay loam soil under temperate conditions

There is increasing evidence that microorganisms participate in soil C sequestration and stabilization in the form of resistant microbial residues. The type of fertilizers influences microbial activity and community composition; however, little is known about its effect on the microbial residues and their relative contribution to soil C storage. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term impact (21 years) of different fertilizer treatments (chemical fertilizer, crop straw, and organic manure) on microbial residues in a silty clay loam soil (Udolls, USDA Soil Taxonomy). Amino sugars were used to indicate the presence and origin of microbial residues. The five treatments were: CK, unfertilized control; NPK, chemical fertilizer NPK; NPKS₁, NPK plus crop straw; NPKS₂, NPK plus double amounts of straw; and NPKM, NPK plus pig manure. Long-term application of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments increased the total amino sugar concentrations (4.4–8.4 %) as compared with the control; and this effect was more evident in the plots that continuously received pig manure (P?<?0.05). The increase in total amino sugar stock was less pronounced in the straw-treated plots than the NPKM. These results indicate that the accumulation of soil amino sugars is largely influenced by the type of organic fertilizers entering the soil. Individual amino sugar enrichment in soil organic carbon was differentially influenced by the various fertilizer treatments, with a preferential accumulation of bacterial-derived amino sugars compared with fungal-derived glucosamine in manured soil.     

Analysis of manure and soil nitrogen mineralization during incubation

Understanding the N-cycling processes that ensue after manuring soil is essential in order to estimate the value of manure as an N fertilizer. A laboratory incubation of manured soil was carried out in order to study N mineralization, gas fluxes, denitrification, and microbial N immobilization after manure application. Four different manures were enclosed in mesh bags to allow for the separate analysis of manure and soil. The soils received 0.15 mg manure N g^–1 soil, and the microcosms were incubated aerobically and sampled throughout a 10-week period. Manure addition resulted in initial NH₄-N concentrations of 22.1 to 36.6 mg kg^–1 in the microcosms. All manured microcosms had net declines in soil mineral N. Denitrification resulted in the loss of 14.7 to 39.2% of the added manure N, and the largest N losses occurred in manures with high NH₄-N content. Increased soil microbial biomass N amounted to 6.0 to 8.6% of the added manure N. While the microcosms as a whole had negative N mineralization, all microcosms had positive net nitrification within the manure bags. Gas fluxes of N₂O and CO₂ increased in all manured soils relative to the controls. Our results show that measurement of microbial biomass N and denitrification is important to understand the fate of manure N upon soil application.     

羊粪有机肥与化肥配施对烤烟生长及土壤肥力特性的影响

为探讨羊粪有机肥与化肥配施对烤烟(Nicotiana tabacum L.)生长和土壤肥力特性的影响,以烤烟品种中烟101为试验材料,设置不施加肥料为对照(CK),研究了等量施肥条件下羊粪有机肥与化肥不同配施比例(T0:100%无机肥N;T20:20%羊粪有机肥N+80%无机肥N;T40:40%羊粪有机肥N+60%无机肥N;T60:60%羊粪有机肥N+40%无机肥N;T80:80%羊粪有机肥N+20%无机肥N;T100:100%羊粪有机肥N)对烟株农艺性状、根系形态参数、叶片光合特性、土壤养分含量及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,T0和T20处理在烟株移栽后30 d土壤速效养分含量较高,能更好地促进移栽后0~30 d烟株的生长,但在烟株移栽后60 d土壤速效养分含量明显降低,烟株生长势减弱,且土壤中有机质含量和土壤蔗糖酶活性较低;T80和T100处理土壤有机质含量较高,但在烟株移栽后30 d时土壤蛋白酶和脲酶活性弱,土壤速效养分含量低,不利于移栽后0~30 d烟株的生长;T40和T60处理在烟株移栽后30 d土壤速效养分的供应略低于T0处理,但在移栽后60 d能够显著提高土壤蔗糖酶、蛋白酶和脲酶活性,增加土壤速效养分的供应,既能保障烟株移栽后0~30 d的生长势,也有利于烟株移栽后30~60 d根系发育和地上部分的生长。与T0处理相比,T40和T60处理在烟株移栽后60 d的最大叶面积提高了11.9%和10.7%,地上部干重提高了11.9%和9.6%,根干重提高了12.1%和26.8%,净光合速率提高了17.6%和16.2%。综合来看,配施40%和60%羊粪有机肥N更有利于满足烟叶生长和维持烟区土壤肥力,该研究为洛阳烟区合理利用羊粪有机肥提供了理论依据。     

The Effect of Different Fertilizers’ Sources on Micronutrients’ Content and Sugar Quality of Sugar Beet

Abstract

In order to evaluate the effect of different fertilizers’ sources on micronutrients’ content and sugar quality of sugar beet, three fertilizers’ sources include spent mushroom compost (SMC) (29 t/ha), sheep manure (23 t/ha), chemical fertilizer including zinc sulfate (10?kg/ha), copper sulfate (10?kg/ha), iron sulfate (30?kg/ha), manganese sulfate (15?kg/ha) and no fertilizer (control) were conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Research Farm of Shahrekord University in 2013. The results showed that micronutrients’ content in the root, α-amino-N sucrose percentage and sucrose yield were significantly affected by fertilizer treatments. The highest elements’ content of Fe (90.39?mg/kg), Zn (39.15?mg/kg), and Cu (18.1?mg/kg) in sugar beet root belonged to SMC treatment. Besides, SMC caused less α-amino-N accumulation in sugar beet compared with sheep manure (1.05 MEq/g). Sucrose percentage was higher in SMC treatment than the sheep manure. Likewise, sucrose percentage revealed a significant positive correlation with micronutrients of zinc, copper, and manganese in sugar beet root. Therefore, it could be concluded that using SMC increases micronutrients’ content in the root and at the same time, plays an important role in sugar quality improvement of sugar beet.     

不同有机肥与化肥配施对氮素利用率和土壤肥力的影响

【目的】不同类型畜禽粪便有机肥在成分和性质上存在明显差异，本文研究了华北地区主要有机肥与化肥以不同比例配施后，对作物氮素吸收利用及土壤养分的影响，以期为本地区有机肥的科学利用提供理论依据和数据支撑。【方法】在华北平原冬小麦–夏玉米种植区进行田间试验。以推荐养分施用量 (每季作物N 225 kg/hm2) 为基础，设置了1个常规单施化肥处理 (CF)，12个鸡粪、猪粪和牛粪氮分别与化肥氮配比处理 (有机肥氮素占比25%、50%、75%、100%)，化肥及3种有机肥的加倍单施处理，同时设1个不施肥处理为对照，共18个处理。分析了作物的氮素吸收量、氮素利用效率，测定了0—20、20—40 cm土层土壤氮、磷、钾含量。【结果】常规施肥量下，单施鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪处理的氮素收获指数 (NHI) 均与化肥处理相当，平均为79.06%；单施牛粪处理的氮素生理利用率 (NPE) 为64.42 kg/kg，显著高于化肥处理；而单施鸡粪、猪粪处理的NPE与化肥处理相当，平均为55.14 kg/kg。与常规施肥量相比，加倍施用鸡粪、猪粪和化肥处理的显著降低NHI值和NPE值，而加倍牛粪处理的NHI与NPE值没有降低。牛粪、鸡粪、猪粪与化肥配施的处理间NHI与NPE值均未表现出显著性差异，且与单施化肥的处理相当。常规施氮量下，单施猪粪、鸡粪处理的氮素偏生产力 (PFP) 和回收率 (NRE) 接近，均值为分别39.67 kg/kg和41.85%，达到了单施化肥处理的水平，而牛粪处理的氮素PFP以及NRE仅为29.08 kg/kg和15.6%，显著低于化肥、鸡粪和猪粪处理。与常规施氮量相比，加倍施用牛粪、鸡粪、猪粪和化肥处理的氮素的PFP值平均降低了49.1%，氮肥NRE值平均降低了23.2%。牛粪、鸡粪、猪粪与化肥各配施比例处理的氮素PFP和NRE值均达到了单施化肥的水平。与单施化肥相比，单施有机肥以及有机无机配施没有明显提高土壤全氮含量，但显著提高有效磷和速效钾含量，单施鸡粪、猪粪处理土壤表层有效磷含量分别是单施化肥处理的5.82和7.06倍。【结论】推荐施肥量下，鸡粪或猪粪单独施用或配施少量化肥氮，牛粪配施75%左右的化肥氮可实现与化肥相当的氮素利用效率，同时提升土壤肥力。在实际生产中应根据有机肥特性调节有机肥与化肥配施比例，实现有机肥的科学利用。     

Long‐term effects of manure and fertilization on soil organic matter and quality parameters of a calcareous soil in NW China

Long‐term applications of inorganic fertilizers and farmyard manure influence organic matter as well as other soil‐quality parameters, but the magnitude of change depends on soil‐climatic conditions. Effects of 22 annual applications (1982–2003) of N, P, and K inorganic fertilizers and farmyard manure (M) on total organic carbon (TOC) and nitrogen (TON), light‐fraction organic C (LFOC) and N (LFON), microbial‐biomass C (MB‐C) and N (MB‐N), total and extractable P, total and exchangeable K, and pH in 0–20 cm soil, nitrate‐N (NO ‐N) in 0–210 cm soil, and N, P, and K balance sheets were determined using a field experiment established in 1982 on a calcareous desert soil (Orthic Anthrosol) at Zhangye, Gansu, China. A rotation of irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)‐wheat‐corn (Zea mays L.) was used to compare the control, N, NP, NPK, M, MN, MNP, and MNPK treatments. Annual additions of inorganic fertilizers for 22 y increased mass of LFON, MB‐N, total P, extractable P, and exchangeable K in topsoil. This effect was generally enhanced with manure application. Application of manure also increased mass of TOC and MB‐C in soil, and tended to increase LFOC, TON, and MB‐N. There was no noticeable effect of fertilizer and manure application on soil pH. There was a close relationship between some soil‐quality parameters and the amount of C or N in straw that was returned to the soil. The N fertilizer alone resulted in accumulation of large amounts of NO ‐N at the 0–210 cm soil depth, accounting for 6% of the total applied N, but had the lowest recovery of applied N in the crop (34%). Manure alone resulted in higher NO ‐N in the soil profile compared with the control, and the MN treatment had the highest amount of NO ‐N in the soil profile. Application of N in combination with P and/or K fertilizers in both manured and unmanured treatments usually reduced NO ‐N accumulation in the soil profile compared with N alone and increased the N recovery in the crop as much as 66%. The N that was unaccounted for, as a percentage of applied N, was highest in the N‐alone treatment (60%) and lowest in the NPK treatment (30%). In the manure + chemical fertilizer treatments, the unaccounted N ranged from 35% to 43%. Long‐term P fertilization resulted in accumulation of extractable P in the surface soil. Compared to the control, the amount of P in soil‐plant system was surplus in plots that received P as fertilizer and/or manure, and the unaccounted P as percentage of applied P ranged from 64% to 80%. In the no‐manure plots, the unaccounted P decreased from 72% in NP to 64% in NPK treatment from increased P uptake due to balanced fertilization. Compared to the control, the amount of K in soil‐plant system was deficit in NPK treatment, i.e., the recovery of K in soil + plant was more than the amount of applied K. In manure treatments, the recovery of applied K in crop increased from 26% in M to 61% in MNPK treatment, but the unaccounted K decreased from 72% in M to 37% in MNPK treatment. The findings indicated that integrated application of N, P, and K fertilizers and manure is an important strategy to maintain or increase soil organic C and N, improve soil fertility, maintain nutrients balance, and minimize damage to the environment, while also improving crop yield.     

氮肥运筹、配施有机肥和坐水种对春玉米产量与养分吸收转运的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究了氮肥运筹、配施有机肥和坐水种对春玉米产量与养分吸收转运的影响。结果表明,适宜氮肥运筹方式、配施有机肥和坐水种均能显著增加春玉米产量,氮肥两次追肥处理的产量较一次追肥处理的产量增加10.6%～17.0%,配施有机肥增产10.3%～18.0%,坐水种增产9.1%,配施有机肥并坐水种增产20.4%。氮肥两次追施、配施有机肥及配施有机肥并坐水种均能显著提高春玉米干物质最大积累速率和积累总量,分别提高干物质最大积累速率11.1%～29.5%、28.0%～28.8%和32.1%,依次提高干物质积累总量11.9%～15.5%、21.2%～24.4%和26.9%。氮肥两次追施、配施有机肥和坐水种均可提高N、P、K养分最大吸收速率和吸收总量,养分最大吸收速率以K最高,N居中,P最低;养分吸收总量以N最高,K居中,P最低;养分最大吸收速率出现的时间以K最早（57.2～60.4 d）,N居中（65.3～68.5 d）,P最晚（71.4～74.8 d）,三者均早于干物质积累最大速率出现的时间（82.5～89.3 d）。氮肥两次追施、配施有机肥和坐水种均有利于N、P、K养分由营养体向籽粒的转运量、转运效率、籽粒中养分含量以及氮肥利用率的提高,养分转运效率以P最高（59.3%～66.1%）,其次是N（41.5%～55.1%）,K最低（35.9%～38.0%）。在本实验条件下,施氮量为225 kg/hm2,基肥:拔节肥比1:3,配施有机肥结合坐水种,为最佳施肥处理。     

Effect of NPK and biofertilizer on date palm trees grown in Siwa Oasis,Egypt

The effect of applying chemical fertilizers alone or in combination with biofertilizer on the growth, yield and fruit quality and leaf mineral nutrient content of Sewy date palm was investigated in three successive seasons from 2004 to 2006. This study was carried out at the Siwa Oasis in the western desert of Egypt between longitude 25°18′ and 26°06′ E and latitudes 29°05′ and 29°20′ N. Chemical fertilizer applications were 1.2 or 1.5 kg N/tree, 0.065 or 0.044 kg P/tree and 0.250 or 0.420 kg K/tree. Nitrogen and potassium were given as three split applications, whereas P was mixed with organic manure (40 kg/palm tree) and supplied as a single application. Biofertilizer treatments were applied at both rates of N, P and K. The control treatment was the existing nutrient application of just 40 kg of organic sheep manure/tree/year, given as a single application. The results indicated that the application of the larger amounts of N, P and K increased the number of leaves and bunches per palm, fruit yield and total sugar content with a high level of fruit quality and production economics. In addition, this treatment increased the mineral content of leaves and reduced the biennial bearing phenomenon of Sewy date palm.     

Leaching of nitrate and phosphorus after autumn and spring application of separated solid animal manures to winter wheat

Animal slurry can be separated into solid and liquid manure fractions to facilitate the transport of nutrients from livestock farms. In Denmark, untreated slurry is normally applied in spring whereas the solid fraction may be applied in autumn, causing increased risk of nitrate and phosphorus (P) leaching. We studied the leaching of nitrate and P in lysimeters with winter wheat crops (Triticum aestivum L.) after autumn incorporation versus spring surface application of solid manure fractions, and we compared also spring applications of mineral N fertilizer and pig slurry. Leaching was compared on a loamy sand and a sandy loam soil. The leaching experiment lasted for 2 yr, and the whole experiment was replicated twice. Nitrate leaching was generally low (19–34 kg N/ha) after spring applications of mineral fertilizer and manures. Nitrate leaching increased significantly after autumn application of the solid manures, and the extra nitrate leached was equivalent to 23–35% of total manure N and corresponded to the ammonium content of the manures. After spring application of solid manures and pig slurry, only a slight rise in N leaching was observed during the following autumn/winter (<5% of total manure N). Total P leaching was 40–165 g P/ha/yr, and the application of solid manure in autumn did not increase P leaching. The nitrogen fertilizer replacement value of solid manure N was similar after autumn and spring application (17–32% of total N). We conclude that from an environmental perspective, solid manure fractions should not be applied to winter wheat on sandy and sandy loam soils under humid North European conditions.     

Long-term alternative dairy manure management approaches enhance microbial biomass and activity in perennial forage grass

Removing solids from liquid dairy manure slurry reduces manure phosphorus (P) and increases the available (mineral) fraction of nitrogen (N) but also decreases the organic matter content of the manure. While this novel treatment reduces environmental concerns associated with excess N and P application to soils, it may also reduce microbial biomass and activity in soil. This study evaluated the long-term effects of this alternative manure treatment compared to more typical nutrient applications in a perennial grass sward (tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) on soil microbial biomass, community composition, hydrolytic enzyme activity, and forage yield. Nutrient treatments for this long-term field experiment in Agassiz, British Columbia, Canada were started in 2003. The treatments included liquid dairy manure slurry, liquid dairy manure with solids removed, commercial fertilizer, a combination of fertilizer and dairy manure, and a control. All treatments were applied at 400–600 kg total N ha^?1 year^?1 in four equal doses. Soil microbial community composition (phospholipid fatty acid analysis) and activity (hydrolytic enzyme activity) were determined several times during the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons to a depth of 15 cm. Time of sampling (date) had a strong influence on microbial biomass, community composition, and activity, while the response to soil properties and yield was more varied. All manure treatments (dairy manure slurry, liquid fraction, and the combination) increased microbial biomass (by 19–32%) and the potential activity of cellulose-degrading enzymes (by 31–47%) compared to commercial fertilizer and unamended plots. The commercial fertilizer and liquid fraction lowered fungal/bacterial ratios compared with both whole manure and unamended plots. Our results indicate that separating the solid from the liquid fraction of manure, to improve crop yield and reduce P loading, did not reduce microbial community size and activity and that all manure treatments increased microbial biomass and activity compared to mineral fertilizer application.