空化射流式深水网箱网衣清洗装备的性能研究

为揭示网箱网衣附着污损生物的去除机理及影响因素,文章运用数值模拟方法结合样机试验,分析了淹没环境不同工况下清洗装备喷嘴的空化特性,获取了不同入口压力、喷嘴孔径(d)的清洗装备网衣挂板清洗清洁率,探究了空化射流作用下深水网箱网衣污损生物的去除机理.数值模拟结果表明,额定流量下,喷嘴孔径为0.6～1.0mm,喷嘴最大气相体...     

喷嘴结构对网衣清洗装备水下空化特性的影响

为揭示淹没环境下喷嘴高压射流空蚀的作用机理及沿程参数作用,基于空泡演变过程,利用有限体积法采用混合多相流模型对网衣清洗装备喷嘴空化程度、速度分布及射流空蚀强度进行分析.结果 发现,喷嘴空化初生、生长及溃灭主要发生在流场外围区域,实验样靶空蚀区以圆环形式呈现,在圆环冲蚀区内分布密集的冲蚀凹坑,中心区域有明显的冲蚀斑痕;空...     

喷嘴结构对网衣清洗装备水下空化特性的影响

针对我国深远海大型网箱养殖网衣清洗装备缺乏的难题,基于高压射流空化原理,研制了一种双体深水网箱网衣清洗装备。采用数学建模及物理试验方法,建立了清洗装备关键部件的水动力特性分析方程,开展清洗装备水下清洗试验,探究了不同工况下的喷嘴孔径、喷嘴与转盘夹角 (喷嘴轴线与分流转盘盘面所呈角度)、靶距对清洗装备污损生物清洁率的影响。结果表明：网衣挂板污损生物去除率受靶距、喷嘴孔径、喷嘴和转盘夹角等多因素影响,试验参数范围内网衣清洗装备污损生物去除率为30.26%~72.55%;试验范围内喷嘴孔径为1.0 mm,喷嘴与转盘夹角为60°,靶距为0 cm时网衣挂板污损生物去除率最大,靶距对网衣挂板污损生物去除率的影响最为显著。贝类污损生物在清洗装备空化射流冲击作用下主要以壳体破碎形式脱落,网面主要残留物为具有较强吸附力的软质足丝盘。研究结果进一步优化了水下清洗装备系统的参数配置,为网衣清洗装备的设计提供了理论支撑。

     

方形圆弧角养殖池射流间距对流场特性的影响

为研究养殖池入射流间距对双管射流模式下(射流位置位于圆弧角,射流角度为30°)方形圆弧角养殖系统内流场特性的影响.采用流体动力学仿真技术,通过有限体积法和有限差分法构建三维数值计算模型,选取RNG k-ε湍流模型模拟工厂化循环水养殖池池内流场流动状态.结果显示:通过优化入射流间距可以有效提高养殖池整体流速、流场分布均匀...     

围网网衣清洗装备的设计与打击力试验

在深海围网养殖过程中，围网网衣容易滋生很多附着物，影响围网内外部水体流动交换，附着物还会加重网衣重量，受海浪冲击时可能造成网衣破损。针对围网网衣清洗难的问题设计了一套围网网衣清洗装备。该装备采用水射流清洗技术，根据选取的高压泵(额定流量50 L/min,额定压力20 MPa)应用水动力学计算该装备喷嘴的理论直径与水射流理论打击力，加工样机进行水射流打击力对比试验来确定其最优喷嘴出水口形状和直径。结果显示：该设备在选配0.8 mm的圆柱形喷嘴时能与该高压泵的额定压力流量相匹配，可对该泵的压力流量进行最大化利用。研究表明，该设备在水下清洗时配有0.8 mm的圆柱形喷嘴能产生的射流打击力最大，且在靶距保持在10 mm内清洗效果最好，并为水射流清洗研究提供参考意义。     

转盘式网箱清洗装置设计与模拟试验

在网箱养殖过程中,网衣附着物的产生影响了网箱内部水流交换和鱼类的正常生长。设计了一套转盘式网箱清洗装置,用于解决网衣附着问题。根据选取的水泵(额定流量Q_额=30 L/min、额定压力p_额=20 MPa),应用连续性方程和伯努利方程,通过水力学计算并使用流量测速法进行实物样机试验,确定了清洗盘的最优喷嘴直径d=0.6 mm,其射流速度v=196.41 m/s、射流压力p=19.3 MPa。运用基于有限体积法的计算流体力学软件FLUENT对高压水射流场进行数值模拟分析,确定清洗盘与网衣的最大工作距离为10.3 mm;验证了使用Realizable k-ε湍流模型可以精确地计算此射流工况下的水动力学参数。结果表明,设计的网箱清洗装置可以满足网衣清洗需求,为网箱清洗装置的设计和优化提供参考。     

基于有限元分析的金枪鱼延绳钓钓钩力学性能研究

掌握金枪鱼延绳钓钓钩的应力、变形等力学性能有利于改进钓钩设计和正确选用材料。实验针对生产实际中常用的2种钓钩(环形钩和圆形钩)进行三维实体建模,利用ANSYS软件对其进行有限元分析,获得钓钩的等效应力、变形的分布模式和可能的破坏条件及形式;由同尺寸和同结构钓钩的拉伸实验结果验证了数值分析得到的最大应力和变形结果,并根据数值分析的结果对钓钩进行了结构优化分析。结果显示:(1)同规格环形钩的抗拉强度优于圆形钩15.80%~29.40%,环形钩X、Y轴最大变形率比圆形钩分别小3.00%和0.21%;(2)钓钩的主要受力区域在后弯处(承受83.00%~86.00%的应力),轴头孔下端存在应力集中;(3)对后弯、前弯表面进行压扁处理(压下率为15.00%),适当增加钓钩后弯的圆弧曲率(曲率半径由14 mm增至16 mm)、钩轴采用圆弧过渡等措施,可提升钓钩强度4.60%~10.80%。研究表明,圆形钩是良好的生态保护型钓钩,强度满足使用要求,可在延绳钓渔业中使用。     

进径比对矩形圆弧角养殖池水动力特性影响

为研究单管入流模式下,进径比(参数C/B,C为射流孔位置到养殖池壁的水平距离,B为养殖池短边边长)对单通道矩形圆弧角养殖池系统水动力特性的影响,实验运用计算流体动力学仿真技术构建单通道矩形圆弧角养殖池三维数值计算模型,应用平均流速、阻力系数和速度分布均匀系数等流体动力学特征量分析养殖池内(尤其是池底)的流场形态,并修正...     

芯材对玻璃钢船体帽型骨材强度和刚度影响分析

分析玻璃钢渔船帽型骨材4种有限元模型,结果显示聚氨酯(PU)和聚氯乙烯(PVC)泡沫芯材对骨材强度和刚度影响甚小;松木芯材使骨材最大等效应力减小1.336 MPa,最大变形减小1.202 mm,并影响骨材剪应力分布。研究结果表明:简单结构的骨材模型,泡沫芯材可不计,松木芯材需做适当取舍;而对于船舶等大型复杂结构的模型,骨材芯材影响较小,从偏安全和效率方面考虑,可不计。此研究为玻璃钢渔船有限元模型的简化提供了依据,对玻璃钢渔船结构直接计算及快速设计有重要意义。同时还研究了腹板高度变化对骨材应力和变形的影响,为骨材截面尺寸设计提供参考。     

应用贝叶斯状态空间建模对东海带鱼的资源评估

将贝叶斯状态空间建模方法应用于东海带鱼的资源评估,状态过程使用Pella-Tomlinson形式的剩余产量模型,同时考虑了过程误差与观测误差。建立了4种有、无先验信息的混合模型,进行马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗(Markov chain monte carlo,MCMC)模拟。结果显示,有内禀增长率r、环境容量K先验信息的模型1通过了收敛和自相关诊断,并得到了最小的DIC(deviance information criterion)值;不同先验分布对参数r、K输出结果影响较大,说明数据对r、K的先验分布比较敏感;3种P-T模型中,r、K的后验分布与先验分布类型都相差较大,这表明与先验分布相比,数据对参数r、K的后验分布产生了较大影响。生物学参考点的结果显示,东海带鱼在1995—2010年处于过度捕捞状态(产量超过最大持续产量MSY),在2000—2006年情况恶化(捕捞死亡系数FFMSY),2012年状况较好,但仍需要加强管理。     

圆柱干扰对杂交鲟幼鱼游泳能力及代谢行为影响研究

为了研究流场扰动对鱼类游泳行为和代谢的影响,本研究测定了单、双圆柱(平行)扰动条件下杂交鲟(Acipenser schrenckii♀×A.baeri♂)幼鱼的临界游泳速度和耗氧率。结果显示:与对照组比较,单、双圆柱扰动条件下,杂交鲟幼鱼U_crit比对照组分别增加了1.71%和40.41%。游泳过程中,耗氧率和速度呈线性关系,单、双圆柱扰动条件下,速度系数b值显著小于对照组,上溯运动中能量利用效率较高。圆柱设置形成的流场环境有利于提高杂交鲟幼鱼游泳能力和游泳效率。湍动能为1.960×10^-4～46.92×10^-4 m^2/s^2时,杂交鲟幼鱼游泳效率较高,上溯所需的能耗减少。     

近海拖网渔船推进系统探讨——前置导管螺旋桨的论证与设计

以山东１０４总吨钢质拖网渔船为母型船，对其进行了四种推进装置的设计与分析论证，筛选出适应近海拖网渔船多工况的较佳推进装置。通过对楚思德Ｂ型桨（以下简称Ｂ型桨）、１９Ａ导管桨（以下简称导管桨）、楚思德Ｂ型桨配双级变速齿轮箱（以下简称双级变速Ｂ型桨）以及１９Ａ导管桨配双级变速齿轮箱（以下简称双级变速导管桨）这四种推进装置的设计比较得出：双级变速导管桨最佳，双级变速Ｂ型桨次之，导管桨又比Ｂ型桨为优。以Ｂ型桨为基准，拖网时导管桨拖力增加２０．５％，双级变速Ｂ型桨增加为２８．２％，双级变速导管桨增加为４４．５％；从效率上看，以Ｂ型桨为基准，导管桨效率提高为２．５％，双级变速Ｂ型桨提高为６．３％，双级变速导管桨提高为７．５％。双级变速导管桨明显优于其他三种，可充分利用主机功率；但普通导管的剥蚀严重，因此在上述设计论证的基础上将导管前置，前置导管能减少空泡剥蚀，同时使尾流均一化和稳定化，有利于减小船体阻力和提高推进效率     

两种双通道圆形养殖池水动力特性的数值模拟与研究

为给养殖池的池型选择与设计提供理论依据,在相同的池体尺寸、进水速度和池底出水比例条件下,针对Cornell和Waterline两种经典双通道圆形养殖池,对其速度流场进行了计算流体动力学(CFD)仿真分析。仿真应用Ansys 15.0软件中的Fluent模块,采用RNG k-ε湍流模型对两种池型的内部速度流场进行了数值模拟,分析其流场特性并进行对比。结果显示:两种池型的水流速度向池中心方向在很短距离内随着径向距离的减少而急速增大,当达到某一径向距离时,速度达到最大值,然后速度随着径向距离的减小而减小,在池子中心轴线或附近处速度降到最小;在纵向上,与池心相同水平距离处的水体流转速度则随着高度增加而减小;在池底出水分流比小于10%时,Cornell池池底自清洁能力、池子整体流场均匀性均比Waterline池差。仿真结果从理论上验证了两种池型底流比例的经验设计值在10%以上。     

Prediction of water velocities in circular aquaculture tanks using an axisymmetric CFD model

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software was used to construct two-dimensional axisymmetric simulations of the turbulent flow inside 1.5, 5, 9.15 and 10 m tanks containing rotating water. The water rotation was induced mathematically by either placing a rotating cover on the surface of the water or locating a tangential water inlet near the top of the side wall. Central and side drains evacuated the water from the tank when using an inlet. The rotating cover produced a forced vortex in the tanks similar to the one observed in actual rearing tanks when the majority of the flow is leaving via the side drain. The predicted flow structure in tanks with an inlet can be divided into three regions: a narrow region along the side wall where the rotating water is moving down toward the floor, a thin boundary layer along the floor where the rotating water is moving radially inward, and a large region in the bulk of the tank where radial and axial velocities are small and the tangential velocity is independent of elevation but varies with radial position. Calculations were performed with the k-ε (RNG) and Reynolds stress turbulence models. Converged solutions were easier to obtain with the k-ε (RNG) model but only the Reynolds stress model could predict the strong vortex which is experimentally observed to form in the central portion of the tank as the flow leaving via the center drains is increased. The simulations predict that the thickness of the floor boundary layer is proportional to the tank diameter and that the radial velocity within the floor boundary layer is maximum at an elevation equal to about 10% of the boundary layer thickness. At any given radial position, the maximum value of the radial velocity next to the floor is between 15 and 45% of the tangential velocity in the bulk of the tank. Predicted shear stresses along bounding surfaces were used to obtain correlations for the side-wall and floor friction coefficients in terms of the Reynolds number. These correlations were in turn substituted in an overall moment balance to obtain an analytical model for predicting the maximum tangential velocity V_θw near the side wall of multi-drain rearing tanks. The predictions of the analytical model are in excellent agreement with V_θw values reported in the literature for tanks with diameters ranging from 1.5–15 m and indicate that the drag from inlet structures is non-negligible. The results demonstrate that the axisymmetric CFD model can simulate the main features of the rotating flow inside circular tanks and provide valuable boundary-layer information that is difficult to obtain experimentally.     

异侧布置竖缝式鱼道紊流结构试验研究

鱼道是辅助鱼类克服障碍物,实现产卵洄游、索饵洄游和越冬洄游的通道。全球目前已建鱼道中,鱼类能够溯游通过的鱼道尚不足50%,大多数鱼道的水力设计仅考虑平均流速,忽略了鱼道内的紊流结构,探究鱼道的水力特性尤其是紊流结构,对改进其设计具有重要的指导意义。通过在大比尺水槽模型中试验研究异侧布置竖缝式鱼道的紊流结构,利用声学多普勒测速仪(ADV)实测竖缝式水池内每一点的三维瞬时流速,剖析流场的三维时均流速分布、流动特征、旋涡特性、纵向和横向紊动强度分布、不同水平面的雷诺应力分布等,考虑了两种典型流量(Q1=20.62 L/s,Q2=30.75 L/s)和3个特征水平面(h/3,h/2和2h/3),提出了三维流速分布的半理论半经验公式、流场矢量图及各点的旋度,并与自由壁面射流进行比较。结果表明,异侧布置竖缝式鱼道前半池内纵向流速具有壁面射流的特征,后半池由于受下游隔板的阻挡则偏离壁面射流规律;水池内存在顺时针方向的水平旋涡,其旋度随流量的增大而增强;前半池壁面射流区的紊动强度存在峰值区,后半池的紊动强度峰值区由水槽左侧移至右侧;壁面射流区的雷诺应力变幅较大,而在旋涡区则较小,有利于洄游鱼类在鱼道上溯和歇息。     

Numerical analysis of the effects of gas-phase properties on the internal characteristics and wear in a centrifugal pump

Centrifugal pumps are indispensable in aquaculture engineering. The existence of bubbles is inevitable in a centrifugal pump and may affect the performance of the pump which delivers solid-liquid two-phase flow. Thus, this study aims to analyze the effects of gas-phase properties on the internal characteristics of a centrifugal pump by using a computational fluid dynamic code based on Eulerian multiphase mode and a standard k–ε two-equation turbulence model. Results show that gas-phase properties, such as concentration and diameter, affect the absolute pressure and the phase distribution in the centrifugal pump. The gas-phase distribution on the working faces of blades is greater than forces on the back face of the blades. The larger the diameter of the gas-phase is, the easier it is to be concentrated; Thus, the working face of the blades is prone to cavitation and corrosion, and with the increase of the bubble size, the cavitation corrosion of the back surface of the impeller becomes more serious. The solid-phase velocity and static pressure distribution increase with increasing concentration or diameter of gas-phase. The solid-phase is more easily leave the impeller area and enter the volute because of the existence of gas-phase, which may lead to abrasion of volute. The existence of gas makes the solid velocity distribution in the centrifugal pump more uneven, which may cause uneven wear of the centrifugal pump. The obtained results by this method can reveal the effects of gas-phase properties and wear on the internal characteristics in centrifugal pumps and are helpful for improvement and empirical correction in the hydraulic design of centrifugal pumps.     

Measurement and simulation of the three-dimensional flow pattern and particle removal efficiencies in a large floating closed sea cage with multiple inlets and drains

This study investigated the three-dimensional flow structures in an ellipsoid, closed sea fish cage. The results are presented using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and experimental measurements. Experimental residence time distribution (RTD) measurement and CFD simulation are the best methods to study the hydrodynamics of inflow systems. Three-dimensional numerical simulations of the flow and transport characteristics of the system were conducted using a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equation approach and the results were compared to the measurements performed using acoustic Doppler velocimetry techniques. The objective of the investigation was to characterize the flow field generated in an ellipsoid, closed tank. The flow in the enclosed volume is driven by four inlets pipes integrated into the wall of the cage. The focus is on the turbulent structures and undesirable flow patterns that lead to reduced self-cleaning efficiency and a lower quality habitat for the fish through phenomena, such as recirculation zones or low velocity areas. Correlations between CFD and the experimental data confirm the adequate reproduction of hydrodynamic conditions and reinforce the predictive capabilities of numerical models as tools to simulate field scale closed containment systems or to optimize existing and future aquaculture designs. The simulation of aquaculture-like particles demonstrates that almost 100% of particles with a diameter ranging between 1 μm and 3000 μm are removed during a maximum of two hydraulic retention time (HRT) cycles. Smaller particles are removed via the upper-side outlets and larger particles are removed via the bottom outlet.     

循环水养殖中水动力特性对鱼类影响的研究进展

为改善双通道方形养殖池内流场特性,通过研究圆弧角和直边的池壁组合方式对其进行流场优化,从而为循环水养殖产业提供更好的养殖装备。利用计算流体力学技术对双通道养殖池内流场进行三维数值模拟,通过对修正速度v₀和均匀系数UC₅₀的分析,评估了相对弧宽比 (R/B,R为圆弧角半径,B为池壁边长) 对池内流场特性的影响。结果表明,不同的底流分流比 (养殖池底部中心排水口的出流流量占总体出流流量的百分比) 工况均呈现相同规律,即在相同的水体交换率下,0.2≤R/B<0.4的方形圆弧角养殖池的平均流速大约为方形养殖池的2倍,而与圆形养殖池相比无明显差异;且在流场均匀性分析中发现,0.2≤R/B<0.4的方形圆弧角养殖池均匀系数较高,甚至优于圆形养殖池的流态。研究表明,方形圆弧角养殖池的圆弧角可有效缩小方形养殖池中直角所导致的低流速区域面积,且保留了较高的空间利用率。方形圆弧角养殖池结合了方形养殖池和圆形养殖池的优势,可较好地解决双通道方形养殖池内流态不佳的问题,具有良好的产业推广及应用价值。     

The effects of tank system,water velocity and water movement on survival,somatic and gonad growth of juvenile and adult green sea urchin,Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis

The effects of water velocity and tipping frequency (water movement) on survival, somatic and gonad growth of juvenile and adult green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis were investigated. Juvenile and adult urchins were held in ‘laminar’ or ‘tipper’ tanks. Both were supplied with three inlet water flows (1.5, 3.0 and 7.5 L min^?1) which converted to water velocities of 0.28, 0.57 and 1.43 cm s^?1 in the ‘laminar’ tanks and tipping frequencies of 30, 10 and 5 s in the ‘tipper’ tanks. Juvenile sea urchins had significantly lower mortality and greater somatic growth when held in ‘laminar’ flow tanks compared with ‘tipper’ tanks. The varying water velocities tested in the ‘laminar’ flow treatment had no effect on the growth of juvenile sea urchins. The juvenile sea urchins in the ‘tipping’ treatment held at high tipping frequency had significantly slower growth than those in the medium and low tipping frequency treatments. There were no differences in mortality or gonad growth in the adult sea urchins regardless of treatment. The ‘laminar’ flow tanks retained significantly more organic material compared with the ‘tipper’ tanks. The authors discuss the effects of water velocity and tipping frequencies in system design for aquaculture of sea urchins.     

鱼类增殖放流站亲鱼池数值模拟研究

增殖放流是目前普遍采用的减缓水利水电工程对鱼类影响的措施之一。亲鱼培育是增殖放流的关键环节,亲鱼培育池是增殖放流站中的关键设施。鱼池不同流速流场区域的形成与亲鱼池的结构型式、工艺尺寸、进出水流量等多种因素有关,特别是针对国内山区急流河段水电工程鱼类增殖放流站亲鱼池的数值模拟研究还处于空白。采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法对亲鱼培育池流场进行了模拟,从亲鱼适宜流速区间最大化的角度,通过标准k-ε模型对最常用圆形和矩形两种不同结构型式的鱼池进行三维建模,分析比较了不同结构尺寸圆形池与矩形池的水力学条件,建议优先采用圆形池作为亲鱼培育池的型式,最适宜径深比为6∶1～3∶1;场地紧张而采用矩形池时,适宜长宽比为4∶1～2∶1。除流场外,温度、溶氧、排污分布等其他环境因子对鱼类繁殖也有一定的影响。对于特定鱼类,应该根据其生物学特性,适时调整鱼池的流速,满足相关需求。研究结果丰富了国内鱼类增殖放流站亲鱼池结构设计内容,推荐的亲鱼池结构型式可为鱼类增殖放流站设计提供参考。