增铵营养对番茄植株伤流液组分及含量的影响

在总氮(N)浓度相等的条件下,研究全硝营养(100% NO3-)和25% 增铵营养(NH4+∶NO3- = 25%∶75%)对开花期和幼果期番茄植株伤流液各组分含量的影响.结果表明,增铵营养显著增加幼果期伤流液中 K的含量,对Ca、Mg、P元素含量没有显著影响;增铵营养下伤流液中 NO3- 的含量下降、NH4+ 含量增加,氨基酸、苹果酸等的含量均显著增加,氨基酸/硝态氮含量之比显著提高,表明喜硝作物适当增铵不仅能够提高根系活力,显著促进K的吸收以供果实发育之需,而且提高了植株整体同化N素的能力.     

不同镁浓度对水稻根系生长及生理特性的影响

在温室条件下, 采用溶液培养法研究了不同Mg2+ 浓度对水稻(Oryza sativa L.)根系生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明,水稻根系干重、根冠比、总根长、Mg吸收、根系活力、伤流速度、伤流液中游离氨基酸总量和Mg含量、Mg流入速率以及Mg2+ 吸收速率与Mg2+ 供应水平密切相关。在低Mg2+ 浓度(0.05 mmol/L)条件下,水稻植株叶片在缺Mg症状出现之前分配较大比例的干物质到根系,使总根长和根冠比增加, 这可能是水稻早期对低Mg胁迫的适应机制之一。适中的Mg2+ 浓度(1.0 mmol/L)有利于水稻生长发育,促进养分吸收,提高根系活力和伤流速度以及伤流液中游离氨基酸总量。低Mg2+ 和高Mg2+ 浓度(5.0 mmol/L)在一定程度上抑制根系活力和氨基酸合成能力。植物Mg的吸收、伤流液Mg2+ 浓度、根系平均Mg流入速率和Mg2+ 吸收速率随营养液Mg2+ 浓度的增加而相应增加。     

根际CO2浓度对网纹甜瓜根系生长和活力的影响

采用气雾法栽培方式,在开花结果期对网纹甜瓜进行不同浓度的根际CO2处理,探讨根际CO2浓度对网纹甜瓜根系生长及伤流中4种内源激素含量的影响.结果表明:随着处理时间的延长,根际CO2浓度为2500 μL/L处理和5000 μL/L处理与350 μL/L处理相比,根系的生长受到了抑制,根系活力呈先升高后降低的趋势.同时伤流液体积、电导率、pH值以及促进生长类激素IAA(生长素)、ZT(玉米素)、GA3(赤霉素)含量显著降低,而ABA(脱落酸)含量升高.说明根际CO2浓度超过2500 μL/L就会明显影响网纹甜瓜根系生长和根系合成生长类内源激素的能力,这可能也是土壤栽培和基质无土栽培较汽雾法栽培减产的重要原因之一.     

氮素营养水平对水稻幼苗氮代谢的影响

以超级稻“两优培九”为试验材料,研究了不同氮素营养水平对其氮代谢关键酶活性的影响。结果表明,叶片硝酸还原酶（NR）活性和氮素水平具有较复杂的相关关系。叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性随氮素营养的增加而提高,根系GS活性在氮素水平过高时反而下降。氮素营养在2N以下时,叶片谷-丙转氨酶（GPT）和谷-草转氨酶（GOT）活性随氮素营养的增加而提高,当氮素水平继续升高时活性则下降;当氮素水平在N处理以下时,根系GPT和GOT活性随氮素营养的增加而提高;当氮素水平高于N处理时,则随氮素营养的增加下降。叶片和根系中上述酶的活性不同,而且活性高峰值出现时期不同,反映了叶片和根系氮代谢的差异。叶片和根系的蛋白质和游离氨基酸含量及叶片叶绿素含量随氮素营养水平的提高而增加,各处理叶片和根系蛋白质含量呈显著正相关,叶片蛋白质和游离氨基酸含量高于根系。     

水稻生育后期根系氮代谢生理活性变化的研究

以"两优培九"及其父本"9311"和"汕优63"为材料,测定不同水稻品种花后根系氮代谢相关酶[谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷-丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)]及蛋白水解酶活性、蛋白质和游离氨基酸含量、根系伤流液量以及伤流液游离氨基酸及糖含量.结果表明,"9311"的GPT和GDH活性高峰出现在开花前,GS和GOT峰值分别出现在花后第1、2周;"两优培九"除GS高峰在开花前,其余3种酶活性高峰均出现在花后1周;"汕优63"的4种酶活性高峰均出现在花后第2周."9311"和"两优培九"根系可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸含量高峰出现在花后1周左右,"汕优63"的两峰值滞后于前两品种,分别推至花后第2周和第3周,这与3品种根系酶活性的变化趋势基本一致."两优培九"根系伤流液量的最大值出现在花后两周,早于"9311"和"汕优63"1周.伤流液的高峰和根系中游离氨基酸峰值相差1周,且滞后时间在品种间有所差别,"两优培九"相差1周,"9311"相差两周,而"汕优63"二者基本一致.3品种伤流液中"汕优63"糖含量显著高于其他两品种(P<0.01),而"9311"的氨基酸含量显著高于其他两品种(P<0.05).本试验结果表明,"两优培九"根系的氮代谢高峰早于其他两个品种,而峰值低于其他两品种,说明生育后期"两优培九"根系生理活性衰退早于其他两个品种;品种间根系的代谢高峰具有明显的强度和时间性差异;根系组织代谢高峰和伤流液峰值具有时间差,其差值因品种而异.     

根际CO2浓度对网纹甜瓜根系生长和活力的影响

采用气雾法栽培方式,在开花结果期对网纹甜瓜进行不同浓度的根际CO₂处理,探讨根际CO₂浓度对网纹甜瓜根系生长及伤流中4种内源激素含量的影响。结果表明：随着处理时间的延长,根际CO₂浓度为2500 μL/L处理和5000 μL/L处理与350 μL/L处理相比,根系的生长受到了抑制,根系活力呈先升高后降低的趋势。同时伤流液体积、电导率、pH值以及促进生长类激素IAA（生长素）、ZT（玉米素）、GA3（赤霉素）含量显著降低,而ABA（脱落酸）含量升高。说明根际CO₂浓度超过2500 μL/L就会明显影响网纹甜瓜根系生长和根系合成生长类内源激素的能力,这可能也是土壤栽培和基质无土栽培较汽雾法栽培减产的重要原因之一。     

根际通气对基质气体、肥力及黄瓜伤流液的影响

为改善根际气体环境,试验采用基质通气栽培方式,研究不同通气方式对基质气体、肥力及黄瓜伤流液的影响。结果表明,基质底部通气和基质上部通气均显著改善根际二氧化碳和氧气体积分数,二氧化碳体积分数比对照降低33.31%～98.02%,氧气体积分数比对照提高2.13%～12.22%。通气处理显著提高基质速效养分质量分数,碱解氮比对照提高12.95%～28.87%,速效磷比对照提高12.02%～20.46%。基质上部通气处理的伤流液流量、电导率值和伤流液氨基酸含量均最高,表明基质上部通气处理根系代谢旺盛,是较理想的基质通气方式。     

低氮胁迫对不同耐低氮玉米品种苗期伤流液性状及根系活力的影响

【目的】研究了低氮胁迫对不同耐低氮性玉米品种苗期生长、伤流性状及根系活力的影响,比较不同耐低氮性玉米品种对低氮胁迫响应的差异,以期为西南丘陵地区耐低氮玉米品种的选育提供理论依据。 【方法】以两个耐低氮品种‘正红 311’、‘成单 30’和两个低氮敏感品种‘先玉 508’、‘三北 2 号’为试验材料进行水培试验,营养液设置 4 个氮水平:0、0.05、0.5、5 mmol/L。测定了苗期株高等形态指标、干物质积累量、根系活力,计算了根冠比、活跃吸收面积比、伤流液中可溶性蛋白等转运速度及氨基酸/硝态氮浓度的比值。 【结果】低氮胁迫下玉米苗期苗高、茎粗、叶面积、SPAD、单株干重、地上部干重、伤流强度,伤流液中可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖转运速度,氨基酸和硝态氮转运速度及浓度,根系活力,根系总吸收面积和根系活跃吸收面积均显著下降,但耐低氮品种各指标的降幅均低于低氮敏感品种。根冠比、伤流液中氨基酸/硝态氮浓度比值均显著升高,可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖浓度随胁迫时间的延长表现出先下降后升高的趋势。耐低氮品种根冠比增幅低于低氮敏感品种,而可溶性蛋白浓度的增幅高于低氮敏感品种,且低氮胁迫下耐低氮品种根系活力、伤流液中可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖浓度显著高于低氮敏感品种。 【结论】耐低氮品种在低氮胁迫下能够保持较高的根系活力,进而促进了根系对营养物质的吸收和转运,提高了伤流液中各组分的浓度和转运速度,较好地维持了碳氮循环,从而有效地协调了植株地上、地下部养分和物质的分配,控制了根冠比的增加,维持了地上部的生长。     

农用稀土对作物生理效应的影响研究

本文通过田间试验与盆栽试验研究了农用稀土对作物生理效应的影响，在喷施０．０３％和０．０６％浓度的稀土液后，测其体内的养分含量，酶活性，光合和呼吸作用强度，以及蛋白质和氨基酸含量，结果表明（１）稀土促进了作物对养分的吸收，且以对氮的吸收最显著，其次是磷，钾表现出低浓度（０．０３％ＲＥ）的促进，高浓度（０．０６％ＲＥ）抑制效应，微量元素中锰，铜，锌，钼的吸收增加较显著，铁，硼的吸收却无一定的规律，表现     

一次性施用控释肥对水稻根系活力及养分吸收特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了一次性施用控释肥对水稻根系活力及养分吸收特性的影响。结果表明,在等养分量下,控释肥BNCRF和BRCU处理较专用肥分次施用的SNRSF处理能提高水稻生育前期、中期根系伤流强度,显著提高全生育期伤流液的氨基酸态氮输出强度;明显增加了根系总吸收面积和有效吸收面积。同时,BNCRF处理在前、中期氮、磷吸收速率显著增强,BRCU处理仅在生育中期显著提高。采用低钾控释肥BLCRF处理,水稻前期伤流强度、氨基酸态氮输出强度及吸收面积均较小,但中、后期明显增高,氮、磷吸收速率与高钾含量的SNRSF处理相当。说明一次性施用控释肥能显著增强根系活力,提高生育中期养分吸收速率,改善水稻根系生理功能。     

Untersuchungen über den N-Stoffwechsel und den N-Transport dekapitierter Wurzeln

Investigations on the N-metabolism and N-transport in decapitated roots Experiments were carried out on roots and bleeding sap of decapitated pumpkin plants supplied with nitrate-N to investigate the nitrogen metabolism and transport of nitrogen in relation to the time after decapitation. 1. Up to two hours after decapitation absorbed nitrate was metabolized into organically bound nitrogen. The rate at which this occurred decreased with time and subsequently the turnover was strongly depressed. 2. 30 free amino acids were detected in the bleeding sap. These amounted to 25% of the organically bound nitrogen. Amino acids of the glutamate family dominated, especially glutamine and arginine. In the course of the first hour, the relative proportion of glutamine-N increased; at the same time the total concentration of amino acids was slightly reduced. More pronounced shifts in this fraction were observed after two hours, indicating the occurrence of catabolic processes. In the root neither the total concentration of free amino acids nor the composition of this fraction was altered within the two hour period. However, the composition differed substantially from that of the bleeding sap. 3. By aid of gel filtration, compounds in the bleeding sap were detected with molecular weights from 200 to 5000 and with free NH₂-groups. 4. Up to the end of the two hour period the activities of nitrate reductase, glutamate-dehydrogenase and glutamate-oxalacetate-transaminase remained almost fully functional. A slight and reversible decrease in the activity of nitrate reductase in the roots in the first half hour proved to be coincident with rising rates of nitrate accumulation and strongly decreasing rates of organically bound N accumulation. The results are discussed in relation to the interruption of carbohydrate supply to the root following decapitation. In addition, differences are pointed out between the contents of nitrogen compounds in the roots and in the bleeding sap.     

水 、氮供应对玉米伤流及其养分含量的影响

以玉米为供试作物, 在遮雨棚内进行了微区田间试验, 研究了不同水、氮供应玉米的伤流量, 伤流液中的硝态 氮、铵态氮、游离氨基酸及磷、钾含量, 以及对植株氮、磷、钾等养分含量和吸收量的影响。 结果表明, 供水明显增加 伤流量和伤流液中硝态氮、铵态氮、游离氨基酸及磷、钾含量。 水分充足或水分胁迫较轻时, 伤流量及其养分含量 随施氮增加而增加;水分胁迫严重时, 则减少。 在不同水、氮供应条件下, 植株氮、磷、钾养分含量及吸收量具有相 同的变化趋势。     

双季早稻氮素亏缺补偿效应的形成及其生理机制初探

为探明双季早稻氮素亏缺补偿效应的形成及其生理机制,采用桶栽方式,以超级杂交早稻品种淦鑫203为试验材料,于氮素亏缺敏感期分蘖期,设置5个氮肥处理:T0(各生育阶段均不施用氮肥,即空白对照)、T1(各生育阶段氮肥按常量分配)、T2(分蘖期氮肥亏缺后幼穗分化期不恢复供氮)、T3(分蘖期氮肥亏缺后幼穗分化期常量恢复供氮)和T4(分蘖期氮肥亏缺后幼穗分化期倍量补偿供氮),比较各氮肥处理稻株产量及其构成因素、单株分蘖数、成穗率和净光合速率、SPAD值、氮代谢酶(硝酸还原酶NR和谷氨酰胺合成酶GS)活性、内源激素含量、根系伤流量等有关生理指标的差异性。结果表明,T4单株产量与T1十分接近,补偿指数CI=0.99,无显著差异,呈现出等量补偿效应。与T1相比,T4叶片净光合速率、SPAD值、NR和GS活性均能维持在较高水平,而且随着生育推进,至补偿后期,T4该4项生理指标仍维持在较高水平,表现出较为明显的氮素亏缺补偿效应。至补偿后期,氮素补偿处理的T4和T3稻株叶片脱落酸(ABA)含量显著低于T0、T1和T2,以T4最低,生长促进类激素之和(GA3+IAA+ZR)与生长抑制类激素(ABA)比值则显著高于T0、T1和T2。氮素亏缺补偿后第10天根系伤流量以T0最低,T4、T3均高于T1,且T4与T1间差异达显著水平。至补偿后期,T4单株分蘖数及成穗率高于T1、T3。本研究结果进一步明确了双季超级杂交早稻分蘖期氮素亏缺补偿效应的形成,有助于诠释水稻氮素亏缺补偿效应形成的生理机制,为水稻氮肥施用不当时进行追补及双季早稻高产稳产栽培提供了科学依据。     

Analysis of phloem exudate collected from fruit-bearing stems of coconut palm: Palm trees as a source of molecules circulating in sieve tubes

Sieve tubes have been attracting widespread research interest because of their possible role in mediating physiological signals within the whole plant. However, progress in research into the function of sieve tubes has been limited by the low volume of sap available. To overcome this problem, we attempted to collect phloem exudate from tropical coconut palm trees (Cocos nucifera L. cv. Namhom). As much as 3 to 15 mL of exudate per hour was collected from the cut surface of the plant's fruit-bearing stem. Our analyses revealed that the characterized profiles of sugars (sucrose: 339 mM), amino acids (total concentration: 17.1 mM), cations (potassium: 48.3 mM), and proteins (total concentration: 0.1 /-lg /-lL-1) in the exudate were mostly consistent with those of phloem sap or phloem exudate collected from rice plants, castor bean plants, etc. This exudate was assumed to reflect the composition of the phloem sap from the source organs of coconut palm trees. The large volume of exudate collected contributed significantly to the analyses of the various compounds in the stream of sieve tubes.     

不同干湿交替灌溉与氮肥形态耦合下水稻根系生长及功能差异

【目的】适宜的灌溉方式及氮肥管理是水稻高产高效的有效途径,大多数研究集中于地上部分及产量品质的形成,而对于根系形态生理及其与产量之间的关系研究还不够深入。本文探讨了干湿交替灌溉方式与氮肥形态耦合对水稻根系形态、生理及代谢的影响,探索干湿交替灌溉与氮肥形态耦合机理,为水稻高产及根系生理提供理论依据。【方法】试验于2016和2017年在河南科技大学试验农场进行,以徐稻3号为材料,供试土壤土质为黏壤土,采用灌水方式和氮肥形态二因素随机试验,设置CK [浅水层灌溉(0 kPa)]、WMD[轻度干湿交替灌溉(–20 kPa)]和WSD[重度干湿交替灌溉(–40 kPa)] 3种灌溉方式。氮肥供应设置铵态氮∶硝态氮三个混合比例处理:100∶0、50∶50 (即1∶1)、0∶100,由硫酸铵、硝酸铵和硝酸钠提供氮源。在分蘖盛期、穗分化始期、抽穗期和成熟期采样,以水稻茎基部为中心,挖取20 cm (长)×20 cm (宽)×30 cm (深)的土块测定干湿交替灌溉和氮肥形态处理的水稻根长、直径、表面积、体积、根尖数等根系形态指标、根系氧化力,采集根系伤流液分析其中氨基酸、蛋白质、可溶性糖含量以及在成熟期测定产量和产量构成。【结果】灌溉方式与氮肥形态之间存在显著的互作关系。WMD与铵硝1∶1耦合后水稻产量最高,达到1015.8 g/m^2,为本试验的最佳互作组合模式。WMD下,铵硝1∶1处理主要生育时期的根长显著增加了10.6%~17.0%,平均根直径增加了3.98%~25.25%,根体积增加了5.27%~26.40%,根表面积增加了6.27%~25.19%,提高了根尖数、根系伤流液中氨基酸、蛋白质、可溶性糖的含量,促进了根系的碳氮代谢和对养分、水分的吸收。WSD降低单位面积穗数及每穗粒数,显著降低水稻产量,铵硝100∶0处理平均降低38.20%、铵硝1∶1平均降低29.94%、铵硝0∶100平均降低35.0%,减少了根系长度,降低根体积、根表面积、根尖数,抑制根系活力及伤流液中物质的合成,不利于根系功能的维持。不同水分条件下氮肥形态对根系的影响不一,CK下,100%NH4^+处理根长及根系活力提高,而在WMD下,硝铵1∶1处理改善根系形态、提高根系活性,促进根系碳氮代谢,100%NO3^–处理不利于根系生长及根系功能的维持。水稻根长、根体积、根表面积、根尖数、根系活力与产量呈显著或极显著的正相关关系。施用100%NO3^–处理单位面积穗数下降,产量降低明显。【结论】轻度适宜的干湿交替灌溉配合施用一定比例的铵硝混合氮肥可以充分发挥水肥的耦合效应,促进强健根系形态的建成,提高根系的碳氮代谢及养分吸收利用,从而促进水稻的高产稳产。     

Stickstoff-Assimilation in der Wurzel und Transport von N-Verbindungen mit dem Blutungssaft der Wurzeln in Abhängigkeit von der Mn-Versorgung

Nitrogen Assimilation in Roots and the Transport of Nitrogen Compounds in the Bleeding Sap of Roots in relation to Manganese Nutrition. The assimilation of nitrogen in the roots of 27 days old pumpkin plants was examined in relation to manganese nutrition. The transport of nitrogen compounds in the xylem was determined in roots and in the bleeding sap of roots using nitrate as the N-source. The maximum NO₃ content in the roots was observed in the Mn treatment which resulted in the highest shoot yields (0.05 ppm Mn). The bleeding sap of this treatment was lowest in nitrate concentration, but showed the highest rate of transport of organic nitrogen compounds. In experiments with ¹⁵N in the nutrient solution the isotope was found in the roots in organic and in inorganic compounds. The composition of the fraction of free amino acids differed between roots and xylem sap. In the bleeding sap glutamine was especially dominant. In the roots the amino acid composition depended on the extent of Mn-supply. Lowest glutamine concentrations were found in the xylem sap from the treatment with maximum shoot yields. A numerical difference was found in the xylem sap between organic N (N_(org)) and the amino acid nitrogen. This difference which account for more than 50 % of the organically bound nitrogen is suggested to be made up in part by low molecular weight peptides, amino sugars and other compounds. In Mn deficiency a general reduction in the intensity of nitrogen metabolism was found. With Mn toxicity the N assimilation activity was more intensive than for the low Mn supply. Simultaneously, however, the transport of organic N compounds from the root was lower.     

黑米皮的营养与抗氧化评价及其加工处理的保质效果

分析了黑米皮的主要营养成分、活性物质含量及总抗氧化能力，比较了热烘烤、微波加热和挤压膨化处理等加工工艺对黑米皮活性物质和总抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明，黑米皮的总黄酮、总花色苷及总抗氧化能力明显高于精米的，占黑米重12%的黑米皮的总黄酮、总花色苷和总抗氧化能力均占到整粒黑米的98%以上。黑米皮含有丰富的蛋白质、脂肪、粗纤维、维生素和矿物质等营养成分，氨基酸种类齐全，结构合理，必需氨基酸和不饱和脂肪酸比例均较高，可视为黑米营养成分和活性物质的主要载体。热烘烤、微波加热和挤压膨化3种加工方法对黑米皮总黄酮、总花色苷及总抗氧化能力的影响不尽相同，其中，挤压膨化处理的影响较小，微波处理的其次，热烘烤处理的影响较大。经挤压膨化处理后黑米皮的过氧化值和酸价变化较平缓，保质效果稳定，可作为黑米皮保藏的首选工艺。     

Glutathione levels in phloem sap of rice plants under sulfur deficient conditions

Glutathione which is an abundant reduced sulfur compound in plants is considered to play important roles in the transmission of the sulfur nutrient status between organs within the plant body and in the long-distance transport of reduced sulfur. We determined the concentrations of glutathione, γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-EC), sulfate in the rice phloem sap collected by the insect laser technique. Phloem sap was collected from the plants cultured in sulfur-deficient and control solutions. The concentration of glutathione in the rice phloem sap was higher than that of sulfate in both control and sulfur-deficient plants. Under sulfur-deficient condition, the concentration of glutathione in the phloem sap did not decrease, whereas the sulfate concentration decreased significantly. The pattern of changes in γ-EC concentration was similar to that of glutathione. These data indicate the presence of mechanisms for the maintenance of a constant glutathione concentration in the phloem sap in rice plants under sulfur deficiency, whereas the sulfate concentration was found to be relatively unstable.     

Chemical composition of xylem sap of tomato grown on bicarbonate containing medium

Incorporation of bicarbonate (HCO₃ ^‐) by the roots of tomato seedlings resulted in an increase in biomass production and changed the chemical composition of xylem sap. In the xylem sap of seedlings grown on a medium enriched with HCO₃ ^‐ (5.68 mM dm^‐3, series II) compared with the control (series I) the element content increased by about 27% and 33% for cations and anions, respectively. Potassium was the major cation in the xylem sap and constituted 69% of the total concentration of all the inorganic cations determined. Calcium attained 19% of this amount. The anionic load in the xylem sap was chiefly nitrate, constituting about 90% of the content of all the inorganic anions. The exudate was analysed for seven organic acids. In general, malic (MA), maleic, and citric (CA) occurred in xylem exudate at greater concentrations, constituting about 95% of the total content of organic acids. Cultivation of seedlings on the medium enriched with HCOJ brought about an increased content of organic acids, exceeding the control by about 60%. The concentration of MA increased by about 104% and that of CA and maleic acid exceeded the control by about 40% and 14%, respectively. Twenty amino acids were identified in tomato xylem sap. Glutamic, aspartic and y‐arninobutyric acid, and particularly the amides aspargine and glutamine occurred in greater amounts. Their total concentration was about 60% and 70% of the total amino acid content in series I and II, respectively. The remaining amino acids occurred at concentrations ≥ 90 μM. The cultivation of plants on the medium containing HCO₃ ^‐ resulted in an increase in amino acid content in xylem sap by about 28% as compared with the control. The ratio of amino acid to organic acid content was 2: 2.5 and 2: 3 for series I and II, respectively. The similar value of the ratio in the two series suggests that the synthesis of both groups of compounds be equally favoured by the carbon source (endogenous in the control and from the medium enriched with HCO₃ ^‐ in series II). The increased level of elements and organic compounds in xylem sap in the case of plants supplied with HCO₃ ^‐ is discussed in the work in respect of metabolic processes of roots.