日本落叶松林分密度与胸径、树高生长关系的探讨

日本落叶松林分密度与胸径、树高生长关系的探讨苑辉（辽宁省林科院１１００３２）目前，日本落叶松（ＬａｒｉｘｋａｅｍＰｆｅｒｉ）人工林在辽宁省已大面积郁闭成林，中、幼林占的比例较大，调节和控制林分的密度，可以在林木各生长阶段改变干材的质量和村积生长量，并...     

辽宁省一九八四年林业科技成果

(省级水平以上)林业厅登记号成果名尔!水平…主要完成单位84一01日本落叶松林分密度控制图的编制及应用红松无性系种子园营建技术的研究国内先进84一02国内先进…辽宁省林业勘测设计院冲国林业科学研究院…抚顺矿务局ha处辽宁省森林经营研究所84一03国内先进丹东市林业科学研究     

白桦林林分密度控制图的编制

白桦(Betula platyphylla)林在全省现有用材林中蓄积量占首位,为39.5％;林地面积占25.6％,居第2位;木材产量占年产量的60％以上。自日本林学家安藤贵(1968)的林分密度控制图创立以来,中外学者进行了多方面的研究,并获得了许多成果,如日本菊泽喜八郎(1978)、美国的Drew和Flewelling(1977～1979)、中国的尹泰龙(1978)、周本琳等(1980)、刘景芳等(1980)和姜文南等,均编制了不同林分密度控制图。但未见有关白桦林分的报道。因而编制此图,以便通过人为的干预,使白桦林在生长过程中,保持最佳密度,提供最多的木材产量或发挥最大的防护作用。     

落叶松(日本、长白)经营技术措施图的编制

利用落叶松（日本、长白）各年龄阶段与林分密度、直径、树高、优势高、林分蓄积、生物量的相关性，得到各项因子经验式，依据经验式，编制了经营技术措施图。     

日本落叶松林分材种出材量表的研制

本研究利用１７６块日本落叶松标准地材料，建立了与现行山本式材积方程相一致且符合适用性检验精度要求的削度方程。结合全林整体模型。林分自然稀疏模型及林分结构模型，分别立地指数、初植密度编制了日本落叶松林分材种出材量表，并对其进行了编制精度和适用性精度检验。结果表明，编表精度达９６％以上，适用性检验精度达９５％以上，可以在科研生产中应用。     

日本落叶松林分材种出材量表的研制

本研究利用１７６块日本落叶松标准地材料，建立了与现行山本式材积方程相一致且符合适用性检验精度要求的削度方程，结合全林整体模型，林分自然稀疏模型及林分结构模型，分别立地指数，初植密度编制了日本落叶松林分材种出材量表，并对其进行了编制精度和适用性精度检验，结果表明，编表精度达９６％以上，适用性检验精度达９５％以上，可以在科研生产中应用。     

《长白落叶松坑木林林分密度控制图》应用数表的编制

<正> 一、编制应用数表的目的林分密度控制图,是用来掌握林木生长与林分密度之间的数量关系,控制单位面积产量,培育目的材种以及科学营林的重要工具。该图一般都绘在双对数坐标纸上。鉴于双对数坐标纸比例较小,查找数据不便,易造成误差。我们又根据图上各变量间的相关关系编制了应用数表。以期为使用者提供方便,且提高精度。这仅是一次由图引变成数表的尝试。二、应用数表的编制方法 1.最大密度线数表的编制长白落叶松坑木林林分密度控制图(以下     

林分密度控制图在森林资源清查中应用初探

试验是通过实验林场“九五”森林经营规划外调查结果,随机抽取日本落叶松林分 30 个作为样本,利用林分密度控制图求积结果与利用一、二元材积表所计算林分蓄积量结果进行对照分析,得出林分密度控制图法是一种精度高、直观、适应性较强的森林资源清查办法。     

太行山油松人工林林分密度控制图的编制

利用太行山２４２块油松人工林标准地材料编制了林分密度控制图。主要方法是选用非线性迭代法求解曲线编制等树高线，精度达９７．３３％；等直径线是从三个曲线中选出一个曲线利用非线性迭代法求解精度达９８．６％。然后在此基础上编出林分密度控制图。经用未编表的标准地检验，精度达９３％以上，说明该林分密度控制图符合太行山区油松人工林的生长规律，可在该区使用。     

新的林分密度控制图

<正> 新的林分密度控制图,是遵从生物生态学原理,引导抚育间伐对象的林分向理想林分发展的森林经营管理图。主要是用于林分各生长阶段的抚育间伐,以达到培育良材和高产等多种预期目的。林分密度控制图作为一种集约经营的重要工具,在日本、美国和我国,都已开始应用于定量间伐和产量预估等方面。过往编制的密度控制图,是根据吉良龙     

思茅松人工林林分密度控制图的编制与应用

在思茅松人工林集中分布的西双版纳、思茅地区的 10个县 (市 ) ,按照立地条件、年龄、郁闭度、生长状况等的不同 ,设置 16 6块标准地 ,用以编制林分密度控制图 ,包括等树高线、等直径线、最大密度 (饱和密度 )线、等疏密度线、等自然稀疏线等 5条曲线 ,根据密度控制图可以求算林分蓄积量、疏密度、优势高 ;可以求算林分间伐量、间隔期进行间伐设计 ;可以预测各生长阶段的平均胸径、生长量等。经检验等树高线精度为 96 1% ,等直径线精度为 97 8%。     

桂西南马尾松人工林生长对不同强度采伐的动态响应

[目的]研究不同强度采伐下马尾松的生长动态,筛选适宜的采伐强度,为马尾松人工林近自然经营提供技术支撑。[方法]2007年10月在14年生马尾松人工林(保存密度1 100株·hm~(-2))内进行采伐试验,设置4个采伐强度,即保留密度分别为225、300、375、450株·hm~(-2),以不采伐为对照;其后,自2008年开始连续8 a,每2 a测定1次马尾松的胸径、树高、枝下高和冠面积等生长指标,并计算单株材积和林分蓄积量,应用方差分析和Duncan多重比较分析生长指标对不同采伐强度的动态响应。[结果]表明:采伐强度显著影响林分生长,其中,林分平均胸径、单株材积、冠面积的年均增长量随保留密度增大而减小,但均显著高于对照(P0.05)。采伐后第1 3年,马尾松冠面积增长量显著高于采伐后期,胸径则在采伐后第3 5年最高,而不同采伐强度对林分树高生长影响不明显。保留密度显著影响林分枝下高和蓄积量的动态变化,其年均增长量随密度增大而递增。5个处理间林分蓄积年均增长量的差异随林龄的增大而逐渐缩小。[结论]马尾松人工林生长对不同强度采伐的动态响应以树冠最敏感,冠面积首先陡然增大,进而引起胸径的快速生长。树高和枝下高在采伐后年均增量变化相对平稳。4个采伐强度均显著促进单株材积生长,而仅保留密度为225株·hm~(-2)的采伐对林分蓄积增长量影响显著。综合比较林分的单株材积和林分蓄积连年增长量,建议在桂西南15年生马尾松人工林近自然经营中宜选择300株·hm~(-2)的保留密度进行采伐。     

塞罕坝林区低密度经营对华北落叶松林分生长的影响

为了给坝上塞罕坝林区低密度经营提供依据,以华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,对不同林分密度条件下(150株/hm~2、225株/hm~2、300株/hm~2和375株/hm~2)华北落叶松林分的生长情况进行分析,研究低密度经营对华北落叶松生长的影响,提出培育华北落叶松大径级用材林的技术体系。结果表明:林分密度对胸径、树高和单株材积总生长量、平均生长量、连年生长量都有一定程度的影响,影响程度按照胸径、单株材积、树高顺序递减;林分密度过大或过小均影响华北落叶松林分的生长,林分密度控制在225~300株/hm~2时,华北落叶松胸径、树高和单株材积总生长量、平均生长量、连年生长量最大。     

Development of a stand density management diagram for even-aged pedunculate oak stands and its use in designing thinning schedules

Density management is the usual method used by silviculturiststo achieve a desired future stand condition, and one of themost effective methods of design, display and evaluation ofalternative density management regimes in even-aged stands isthe use of stand density management diagrams. In the presentstudy, we describe a method for developing thinning schedulesfor even-aged pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) stands in Galicia(north-western Spain), using a density management diagram. Thediagram integrates the relationships among stand density, dominantheight, quadratic mean diameter and stand volume in a singlegraph. The data used in its construction were obtained from172 sample plots located throughout Galicia. The diagram isbasically composed of two equations: the first relates the quadraticmean diameter to the stand density and dominant height; thesecond relates the stand volume to the quadratic mean diameter,stand density and dominant height. These equations were fittedsimultaneously using full information maximum likelihood. Therelative spacing index is used to characterize the growing stockand the diagram provides isolines for dominant height, numberof trees per hectare, quadratic mean diameter and stand volume.Dominant height isolines together with the site index curvesallow specification of the timing of thinnings while intermediateand final harvest volumes are calculated using the stand volumesisolines.     

内蒙古赤峰市敖汉旗大五家流域森林涵养水源功能与林分因子的相关性研究

以内蒙古赤峰市敖汉旗大五家流域内不同林分类型为研究对象,以林分涵养水源功能为目标,研究涵养水源功能与林分因子的相关性,旨在通过林分因子来评判森林涵养水源功能的高低。结果表明：平均树高、胸径、冠幅、冠层厚度、公顷蓄积量、年蓄积生长量、郁闭度、地被物盖度、下木盖度、群落结构的相关关系最密切,影响也最大,该10个林分因子可作为评价不同林分类型涵养水源功能高低的因子。与枯落物层涵蓄水分能力相关性较大的林分因子为胸径（0.734 7）、年蓄积生长量（-0.806 8）、冠层厚度（0.464 7）、冠幅（-0.674 6）、群落结构（-0.370 0）、地被物盖度（0.677 6）、公顷蓄积量（-0.617 9）、郁闭度（-0.587 2）;土壤层涵蓄水分能力相关性较大的林分因子为树高（0.592 1）、胸径（0.275 0）、公顷蓄积量（0.827 5）、郁闭度（0.317 3）、年蓄积生长量（0.767 7）、冠幅（0.749 0）。枯落物层有效拦蓄水量和土壤层有效涵蓄水量相关性较大的因子为郁闭度、公顷蓄积量、下木盖度、胸径、冠幅;林地总的蓄水量相关性较大的因子为地被物盖度、公顷蓄积量。     

Thinning alters crown dynamics and biomass increment within aboveground tissues in young stands of Chamaecyparis obtusa

The stand density of a forest affects the vertical distribution of foliage. Understanding the dynamics of this response is important for the study of crown structure and function, carbon-budget estimation, and forest management. We investigated the effect of tree density on the vertical distribution of foliage, branch, and stem growth, and ratio of biomass increment in aboveground tissues; by monitoring all first-order branches of five trees each from thinned and unthinned control stands of 10-year-old Chamaecyparis obtusa for four consecutive years. In the control stand, the foliage crown shifted upward with height growth but the foliage quantity of the whole crown did not increase. In addition, the vertical distribution of leaf mass shifted from lower-crown skewed to upper-crown skewed. In the thinned stand in contrast, the foliage quantity of individual crowns increased two-fold within 4 years, while the vertical distribution of leaf mass remained lower-crown skewed. The two stands had similar production rates, numbers of first-order branches per unit of tree height, and total lengths of first-order branches. However, the mortality rate of first-order branches and self-pruning within a first-order branch were significantly higher in the control stand than in the thinned stand, which resulted in a higher ratio of biomass increment in branch. Thinning induced a higher ratio of biomass increment in foliage and lower in branch. The increased foliage quantity and variation in ratio of biomass increment after thinning stimulated stem growth of residual trees. These results provide information that will be useful when considering thinning regimes and stand management.     

树冠结构对主干生长量垂直分配的影响

1985—1986年用定位测量方法研究了Ⅰ-69杨(Populus deltoides Bartr.cv.“Lux”ex.Ⅰ-69/55)树冠结构对主干生长量垂直分配的影响和主干、侧枝生长量分配的关系。结果表明,空旷地与人工林树干生长量分配趋势不同,前者树冠以下主干生长量较大,而后者的大生长量集中在冠部;人工林树干直径增量以地径处最大,向上逐渐变小,从枝下高处又开始增大,直到冠部。冠部树干直径增量一般都大于枝下干部,且呈波动式起伏;断面积与材积增量的分配,以树干基部较大,向上逐渐减小,随着修枝高度的上移,上部材积分配比额增大;侧枝生长影响主干上下生长量的分配,侧枝断面积增加1cm~2,可使分枝部位上下断面积的差值扩大0.7cm~2左右。修枝对调节树干的直径材积生长量分配有显著作用。可以促进树干上部直径材积生长。     

A simple step-wise procedure for predicting stand development of Acacia mangium plantations based on the maximum size–density line in South Sumatra, Indonesia

A simple step-wise procedure for predicting the course of stand development on log–log coordinates of stand density and quadratic mean diameter was presented based on a distance of measurement from the maximum size–density line of Acacia mangium. This procedure first predicts annual increment of diameter with a multiple linear regression having the distance, site index, and current diameter as independent variables, and then the associated mortality is calculated with the rate of reduction in stand density to the diameter growth derived from a fitted trend with the distance. The cumulative predictions, starting at 3 years after planting until 9 years of age, agreed well with the observations of group-age means of measurements calculated for the three levels of initial density. Contrasting trend of basal area growth between the three levels of initial density and those for their site index: the differences were decreasing in the former while they remained constant in the latter, was clearly illustrated with the procedure indicating a good potential for use in yield prediction. The simulations for stand growth under different spacing and thinning options were demonstrated in a stand density control diagram suggesting reasonable flexibility for practical application.     

Dependence of the aboveground respiration of hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) on tree size

Nighttime respiration was measured at monthly intervals over one year on the aboveground parts of five sample trees in an 8-year-old hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl.) stand, by an enclosed standing-tree method. The respiration rate rose rapidly from early spring to a maximum in June, and decreased abruptly in July and then gradually toward autumn and winter. The seasonal change in the respiration rate was synchronized with stem volume increment rather than with monthly mean air temperature. The respiration rate, r, of individual trees increased with increasing tree dimensions, such as stem volume, v(S), and stem girth at the base of the live crown, G(B). The dependence of respiration rate on tree size was successfully represented by a power function. The r - v(S) dependence was rather stronger than the r - G(B) (2) dependence, especially toward the end of the growing season (from July to September). The observed respiration rate was almost the same as the respiration rate corrected for the monthly mean air temperature. The annual respiration of individual trees was directly proportional to their phytomass or to its increment. Although the annual respiration of individual trees decreased proportionally to the square root of the leaf mass, it decreased abruptly in the range close to the smallest sample tree. Combining the monthly relationship between respiration rate and stem volume with the tree size distribution in the stand, the stand aboveground annual respiration was estimated to be 20.4 Mg CO(2) ha(-1) year(-1) (= 12.5 Mg dry mass ha(-1) year(-1)) for an aboveground biomass of 17.4 Mg ha(-1) with an annual increment of 6.51 Mg ha(-1) year(-1), i.e., the stand aboveground annual respiration amounted to the equivalent of 72% of the biomass or to almost twice the biomass increment.     

基于树冠因子的林木竞争指数研究

[目的]以湖南省黄丰桥国有林场杉木纯林为研究对象,进行树木竞争指数的研究,基于Hegyi简单竞争指数的形式,提出包含反映树冠特征因子的树冠竞争指数。[方法]将树冠竞争指数和Hegyi简单竞争指数分别与胸径增长量进行相关分析。[结果]Kendall's tau-b系数、Spearman's rho系数和相关系数R²均显示树冠竞争指数与林木生长量的相关性高于Hegyi简单竞争指数。[结论]该结果表明树冠竞争指数与林木生长量有更强的相关性,可以更好地体现树冠在树木生长中的作用,能作为模拟林分生长量的依据。