毛竹茎秆快速生长期光合关键酶活性及基因表达分析

  目的  揭示毛竹Phyllostachys edulis快速生长期茎秆光合碳同化规律。  方法  以毛竹笋竹为试材,采用分光光度法测定了毛竹茎秆和成熟叶片核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸氧合酶(Rubisco)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)、NADP-苹果酸酶(NADP-ME)、NADP-苹果酸脱氢酶(NADP-MDH)、PEP羧激酶(PEP-CK)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸双激酶(PPDK)活性,运用实时荧光定量聚合链式反应(qPCR)对相应部位光合关键酶基因相对表达量进行分析。  结果  茎秆7~19节间Rubisco活性均极显著低于叶片(P＜0.01),随着节间的升高,Rubisco活性逐渐降低;茎秆中PEPC、NADP-ME、NADP-MDH、PPDK活性在第7节间最高,分别是叶片的3.01倍、5.69倍、4.46倍、4.05倍(P＜0.01),随着节间的升高,酶活性均极显著降低(P＜0.01)。茎秆中PePEPC、PeNADP-ME、PeNADP-MDH、PePPDK基因表达量在第7节间最高,分别是叶片的3.48、7.89、6.48、3.46倍(P＜0.01),随着节间的升高,这些基因表达量均极显著降低(P＜0.01)。  结论  毛竹快速生长期茎秆主要以NADP-ME和NAD-ME途径对竹腔内部高浓度二氧化碳(CO₂)再固定,减少自身碳损耗,形成的碳水化合物被茎秆快速生长再利用。图13表1参37     

小麦根中NADP-脱氢酶系统关键酶活性与根系活力和产量的关系分析

【目的】在黄淮平原典型农田氮肥减施条件下,探索决定小麦根系活力的关键脱氢酶种类及酶活性变化及其对籽粒产量的影响。【方法】采用大田试验方式,运用裂区设计,主处理为施氮量,设0（N0）,135（N1）,157.5（N2）,180（N3）,202.5（N4）,225（N5）kg·hm^-2 6个施氮水平,副处理为半冬性品种矮抗58和周麦27号。对小麦越冬期、返青期、拔节期、挑旗抽穗期、灌浆期和蜡熟期根中异柠檬酸脱氢酶（NADP-ICDH）、NADP-苹果酸酶（NADP-ME）、戊糖磷酸途径总脱氢酶（G6PDH+6PGDH）活性与根系活力（改良TTC法）和产量间的关系进行分析。【结果】小麦关键生育时期根系活力呈“高-低-高-低”变化,NADP-ICDH,NADP-ME和（G6PDH+6PGDH）活性变化均表现为先上升后下降的趋势,灌浆后活性变化不明显。越冬前后,不同施氮处理间根中NADP-脱氢酶系统关键酶活性表现为不施氮处理（N0）大于施氮处理（N1-N5）;拔节-抽穗期,NADP-脱氢酶系统关键酶活性和根系活力均表现为施氮处理（N1-N5）显著高于不施氮（N0）处理,随着施氮水平逐步降低不同酶活性随之降低,与N5处理相比,N4处理NADP-ICDH和NADP-ME的活性未达显著水平,同时（G6PDH+ 6PGDH）活性和根系活力降幅最少。施氮量显著影响小麦籽粒产量及其构成因素,与不施氮处理（N0）相比,施氮处理（N1-N5）下的单位面积成穗数、穗粒数显著提高。综合两年度产量平均值可知,N5处理下籽粒产量最高,达9 238.02 kg·hm^-2,N4处理次之,较N5处理仅下降0.3%且差异未达显著水平。进一步分析表明,不同生育时期根中NADP-ICDH、NADP-ME与（G6PDH+6PGDH）三者之间呈显著或极显著正相关关系;NADP-脱氢酶系统关键酶活性与根系活力呈正相关关系,其中生育中、后期达显著或极显著水平;根系活力及NADP-ICDH,NADP-ME和（G6PDH+6PGDH）活性与产量呈显著或极显著正相关关系。通径分析表明,两年度NADP-ICDH,NADP-ME和（G6PDH+6PGDH）活性在拔节期和挑旗抽穗期对产量有较大的正向作用;挑旗抽穗期根系活力对产量的直接作用较小,但其通过NADP-ME和戊糖磷酸途径总脱氢酶（G6PDH+6PGDH）活性对产量所产生的间接正向作用较大,因而根系活力对产量的影响达极显著水平。【结论】本试验条件下,综合考虑NADP-脱氢酶系统关键酶活性和根系活力变化及籽粒产量表现,黄淮平原麦田施氮水平由N5减至N4水平当是最佳选择。NADP-ICDH,NADP-ME和（G6PDH+6PGDH）活性与采用改良TTC法测定的“根系活力”密切相关,其中NADP-ME和（G6PDH+6PGDH）活性对根系活力影响最大,实践中可通过分子育种手段和有效栽培措施实现NADP-ME和（G6PDH+6PGDH）在根中的高表达以提高小麦根系活力。     

Integration of C4-specific PPDK gene of maize to C3 rice and its characteristics in relation to photosynthesis

Pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) is a key enzyme in photosynthesis in some plants that exploit the C₄ photosynthetic pathway for the fixation of CO₂. The C₄-specific PPDK encoding pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase was introduced into C₃ plant, a rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. indica IR64) mediated by biolistic and Agrobacterium transformation. The C₄-PPDK gene of maize was integrated to indica IR64 with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-Southern blotting. The total nitrogen of flag leaves of transgenic IR64 was analyzed with Kjeldahl method for quantitative determination of nitrogen, indicating that the total nitrogen of flag leaves of most transgenic IR64 was higher than that of non-transgenic control IR64 formants in the greenhouse. The maximum value of total nitrogen of flag leaves was 3.61% among transgenic IR64 plants, 1.07% higher than that of non-transgenic control IR64 formants. The total nitrogen of flag leaves of transgenic IR64 was increased by 42.1%. The factors for yield of transgenic IR64 plants were analyzed, indicating there was a greater difference in yield-forming factors among transgenic IR64 plants in the greenhouse, i.e. dried plant weight, harvested index and so on. Thus, it could help rice breeders select different materials for breeding. Translated from Molecular Plant Breeding, 2006, 4(6): 797–804 [译自: 分子植物育种]     

Screening of drought resistance indices and evaluation of drought resistance in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Sixteen cotton cultivars widely planted in China were sowed under five different drought concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10%) using PEG₆₀₀₀ to screen the indices of drought resistance identification and explore the drought resistance of different cotton cultivars. Eighteen physiological indices including root, stem, and leaf water contents (RWC, SWC, and LWC), net photosynthetic rate (P_n), the maximum photochemical quantum yield (F_v/F_m), the actual photochemical quantum yield (ϕPSII), non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ), leaf water potential (LWP), osmotic potential (ψs), leaf relative conductivity (REC), leaf proline content (Pro), leaf and root soluble protein contents (LSPC and RSPC), leaf and root malondialdehyde (MDA) contents (LMDA and RMDA), root superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities (RSOD, RPOD, and RCAT) were measured. Results indicated the 18 physiological indices can be converted into five or six independent comprehensive indices by principal component analysis, and nine typical indices (F_v/F_m, SWC, LWP, Pro, LMDA, RSPC, RMDA, RSOD, and RCAT) screened out by a stepwise regression method could be utilized to evaluate the drought resistance. Moreover, the 16 cotton cultivars were divided into four types: drought sensitive, drought weak sensitive, moderate drought resistant, and drought resistant types. The resistance ability of two selected cotton cultivars (drought resistant cultivar, Dexiamian 1; drought sensitive cultivar, Yuzaomian 9110) with contrasting drought sensitivities were further verified by pot experiment. Results showed that the responses of final cotton biomass, yield, and yield composition to drought were significantly different between the two cultivars. In conclusion, drought resistant cultivar Dexiamian 1 and drought sensitive cultivar Yuzaomian 9110 were screened through hydroponics experiment, which can be used as ideal experimental materials to study the mechanism of different cotton cultivars with contrasting drought sensitivities in response to drought stress.     

不同酸度欧李果实有机酸积累特性与相关代谢酶活性分析

【目的】比较不同欧李品种果实中主要有机酸积累特性及相关酶活性。【方法】以6年生欧李品种‘农大3号’和‘农大4号’为材料,采用超高效液相色谱（UPLC）检测果实发育过程中总酸、苹果酸和柠檬酸含量,并测定苹果酸和柠檬酸相关酶活性。【结果】两个品种果实中苹果酸和柠檬酸主要在果实发育后期积累,品种间积累速率存在较大差异。果实发育前期NADP-苹果酸酶（NADP-ME）活性较高,NAD-苹果酸脱氢酶（NAD-MDH）活性和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（PEPC）活性相对较低,使苹果酸仅少量积累;果实发育后期NADP-ME活性迅速下降,而NAD-MDH活性和PEPC活性开始上升,促进了苹果酸大量积累;果实成熟时NADP-ME活性突然升高,而NAD-MDH活性和PEPC活性开始下降,促使苹果酸降解。果实成熟前（花后18-19周）‘农大4号’NAD-MDH活性显著高于‘农大3号’、而NADP-ME活性低于‘农大3号’,导致成熟时前者苹果酸含量高于后者。花后17-19周‘农大3号’柠檬酸合成酶（CS）活性高于‘农大4号’,成熟时柠檬酸含量也高于后者。【结论】果实发育后期是苹果酸和柠檬酸积累的关键时期,苹果酸的积累差异主要由NAD-MDH活性和NADP-ME活性协同变化引起,柠檬酸积累差异主要受CS活性变化影响。     

Relationship between Protein Accumulation and Nitrogen Accumulation and Translocation in Different Genotype Soybean

Physiological studies of soybean[Glycine max(L.)Merr.]genotypes with wide differences in seed protein concentration may permit detection of important yield-related processes.In order to research the law of protein accumulation and the characteristics of N accumulation and translocation,we did an experiment with three soybean cultivars which have different protein content and the similar phase in pot culture.The results showed that the laws of protein accumulation of three soybean cultivars are similar in the course of seeding;protein content descended in the early stage,and increased steadily in the middle period,then increased quickly in the later period.But the speed of protein accumulation in soybean seeds was difference in different period.In addition,high-protein cultivar(Dongnong 42)and intermediate protein cultivar(Dongnong 7819)were more than those of low-protein cultivar (Dongnong 434),including nitrogen in leaf and petiole,stem and pod,peak value of nitrogen accumulation of the whol plant,value of nitrogen translocation,its efficiency.     

C4转基因水稻秧苗叶片气孔与叶鞘维管束结构特征

【目的】探明C4转基因水稻高光效的生物学结构基础。【方法】以已导入玉米C4光合关键酶磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)、丙酮酸磷酸二激酶(PPDK)、NADP-苹果酸酶(NADP-ME)和PEPC + PPDK的转基因水稻为材料，以其受体品种Kitaake (WT) 为对照，运用扫描电镜观察了秧苗叶片气孔与叶鞘维管束结构，运用透射电镜观察叶肉细胞。【结果】与对照品种相比，转C4单基因水稻叶片气孔密度提高、面积增大，PPDK气孔密度和气孔面积都居各转基因品系之首；转C4双聚合基因（PEPC + PPDK）水稻叶片气孔密度提高、面积减小；C4转基因水稻各品系叶片叶肉细胞中叶绿体基粒堆密集，有些基粒类囊体沿长轴方向排列整齐、完整；C4转基因品系的叶鞘均比对照品种粗壮坚韧；除PPDK外，所有转基因品系叶鞘的内外侧维管束及其导管管腔、筛管等执行物质运输功能的组织结构的面积均大于对照品种。【结论】C4转基因水稻叶片气孔多、面积大以及叶鞘维管束结构发达是C4转基因水稻高光效实现的结构前提和基础，与秧苗高的干物质积累相一致。     

Analysis and Evaluation of Nutritional Quality in Chinese Radish （Raphanus sativus L. ）

Radish （Raphanus sativus L.） is an important vegetable crop worldwide. High nutritional quality was critical in its genetic improvement and production. The nutritional quality of 42 Chinese radish cultivars was analyzed in this study. The contents of six nutritional facts, dry matter （DM）, crude fiber （CF）, total soluble sugar （TSS）, vitamin C （Vc）, protein, and nitrate, ranged from 29.7 to 88.2, 4.507 to 18.546, 2.233 to 15.457, 0.1416 to 0.3341, 0.34 to 1.15, and 1.81 to 5.89 g·kg^-1 fresh weight （FW）, respectively. Significant differences among the 42 radish cultivars were detected in the contents of nutritional facts. The data were subjected to cross-correlation analysis and principal component analysis （PCA）. It was found that DM content was positively correlated with the content of TSS （r=0.7104）, Vc （r=0.4011） and protein （r=0.4120）. Vitamin C （Vc） content of radish showed a positive correlation （r = 0.3300） with the protein content. According to the principal component analysis, out of the 42 radish cultivars, Nau-17, Nau-28, Nau-6, Nau-11, Nau-10, Nau-27, and Nau-31 were detected with very high scores in comprehensive evaluation. It could be concluded that abundant diversity of nutritional fact content occurred in different radish genotypes, and PCA analysis was effective for selecting radish germplasm with high quality. The results could contribute useful knowledge of nutritional quality, and provide important germplasms for the elite cultivar development and the inheritance study of nutritional facts in radish.     

枣果实发育过程中有机酸质量分数及相关代谢酶活性的变化

以骏枣和酸枣为试材,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测了枣果实发育过程中有机酸组分和质量分数,并对苹果酸脱氢酶(NAD-MDH)、苹果酸酶(NADP-ME)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)、柠檬酸合成酶(CS)等相关代谢酶的活性进行测定。结果表明:(1)骏枣和酸枣果实发育过程中,除酒石酸外,苹果酸和柠檬酸质量分数的变化均呈先升高后降低的趋势。(2)NAD-MDH、CS活性与苹果酸和柠檬酸质量分数的变化趋势基本一致,NADP-ME活性变化则相反。(3)相关性分析表明:NAD-MDH活性变化与苹果酸质量分数呈正相关,NADP-ME活性变化与苹果酸质量分数呈负相关;CS活性变化与柠檬酸质量分数达到极显著正相关;而PEPC活性变化与苹果酸和柠檬酸质量分数相关性不大。因此,NAD-MDH、NADP-ME和CS活性对枣果实中有机酸代谢发挥重要作用,而PEPC作用不大。     

夜间低温对白菜型冬油菜光合机构的影响

【目的】探讨夜间低温对白菜型冬油菜叶片光合机构的影响机理及品种间差异。【方法】采用人工气候室内模拟夜间低温对白菜型冬油菜幼苗叶片气孔形态、叶绿体超微结构、光合特性及产物分配与积累的影响。【结果】昼/夜温度为20℃/10℃时,与弱抗寒品种天油2号相比,超强抗寒品种陇油7号生长点较低,株型匍匐,叶色深,叶绿素含量、胞间CO₂ 浓度（C_i）、叶片净光合速率（P_n）处于同一显著水平。当夜间温度降至5℃处理7 d后,不同抗寒品种气孔导度（G_s）、C_i、P_n下降,叶绿素含量、根/冠升高,表明低夜温下不同品种均有更多光合产物被优先输送到根部;天油2号叶片叶缘、叶尖呈卷曲状或水渍斑状,表现明显冻害症状,陇油7号叶色加深,叶片平展,生长点下陷,未见冻害;夜温降低处理后白菜型冬油菜叶片叶绿素均升高,不同品种叶绿素升高幅度明显不同,天油2号比对照升高6.0%,陇油7号升高9.6%;此时,天油2号大部分气孔关闭或半关闭,其叶片胞间C_i高于陇油7号,G_S、P_n显著低于陇油7号,表明在夜间温度为5℃时,天油2号光合作用受到显著抑制,非气孔限制是引起其光合效率降低的主要原因;而陇油7号在5℃低夜温条件下,叶片气孔大部分仍保持开放,叶片P_n、C_i虽略有下降,但与对照（昼夜温度为20℃/10℃）处于同一显著水平,在5℃低夜温条件下仍保持较高的光合能力。昼/夜温度为20℃/10℃时,白菜型冬油菜叶绿体紧贴细胞内壁整齐排列,基粒片层垛堞整齐紧密,基质片层整齐有序,叶绿体外形呈梭状或单面凹透镜形,内含淀粉颗粒,陇油7号淀粉粒数量和直径均大于天油2号;当昼/夜温度降为20℃/-5℃时,天油2号下部叶片已全部干枯,持绿叶片叶出现水渍状冻害,陇油7号心叶深绿色,下部叶变黄,但叶片平展,叶面呈块状泛红;天油2号相邻叶绿体融合、叶绿体外膜破裂、释放出內溶物,基粒溶解、基质片层断裂,叶绿体膜有序结构完全损坏;陇油7号叶绿体外膜完整清晰,保持部分基粒结构,基质片层结构较完整,其内仍有少量淀粉粒存在;-5℃低夜温处理后冬油菜不同品种C_i升高,叶绿素含量、G_s、P_n下降;但不同品种叶绿素含量、气体交换参数等存在显著差异,天油2号叶绿素含量显著低于陇油7号,其P_n迅速降低到0.210 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,比对照下降256.2%,陇油7号P_n为0.434 μmolCO₂·m^-2·s^-1,是天油2号的2.06倍,在-5℃低夜温处理后陇油7号仍有较高的光合速率;陇油7号根/冠显著高于天油2号,表明陇油7号更多光合物质被优先输送到根部保存。【结论】低夜温造成白菜型冬油菜叶绿体光合膜结构损伤,引起叶片P_n降低,昼/夜温度为20℃/5℃时,P_n的下降主要与气孔限制相关,而昼/夜温度为20℃/-5℃时,P_n下降主要由非气孔限制引起。     

喷施氯化钾对油菜体内氮素分配的影响

采用土培试验,研究了叶茎喷施1%的氯化钾溶液对油菜开花期氮素分配及其体内硝酸盐累积再利用的影响.以喷施1.17%的硫酸钾溶液(要求氯化钾和硫酸钾溶液中的钾离子的浓度相同)和清水相比较,在开花后期开始喷施,每2 d喷洒一次,连续喷洒15 d,喷洒部位主要在叶和茎,重点喷洒叶的背面,尽量不喷洒至叶柄,于角果初期采样.结果表明,喷施氯化钾溶液能有效降低油菜茎叶硝酸盐含量,与喷施硫酸钾溶液和清水相比达到了显著水平;有效促进了氮素向角果分配;喷施氯化钾还可以增强叶片硝酸还原酶的活性,但不影响喷洒后采样时油菜总的鲜质量;而且品种之间处理后的差异比较明显,同一品种不同处理之间的差异也比较显著.     

不同类型油菜品种(系)光合生理指标与产量之间关系的研究

[目的]对不同类型油菜(Brassica L.)品种(系)的光合生理指标与产量的关系进行研究,揭示不同油菜品种的光合特性。[方法]选择青海省主栽油菜品种(系),甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)杂交种为青杂7号、青杂5号、青杂3号、青杂2号,白菜型油菜(Brassicacampestris L.)为青油241,甘蓝型油菜为青油14和No.46,芥菜型油菜(Brassica juncea L.)为青海芥菜。[结果]不同类型油菜品种(系)各生育期净光合速率均与单株产量呈极显著或显著正相关。苗期时甘蓝型常规种青油14、白菜型油菜青油241和芥菜型油菜青海芥菜蒸腾速率与单株产量之间呈现极显著相关;盛花期时只有白菜型油菜青油241的蒸腾速率与单株产量之间呈现极显著相关;而在角果期各品种(系)油菜的蒸腾速率与产量之间均无相关性。单位面积叶片的净光合速率对产量的影响大于蒸腾速率。[结论]在油菜品种选育中可把净光合速率作为一个重要的选择指标。     

氮素用量对水稻籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性及产量的影响

以东农423、东农425、松粳6号和松粳9号4个水稻品种为试验材料,研究了不同氮素处理对水稻籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性及产量的影响。结果表明,籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性在抽穗后呈下降趋势,适量施氮对谷氨酰胺合成酶活性有明显的促进作用;对4个品种来说,东农425和松粳9号以N150处理下有较高的酶活性,东农423和松粳6号则以N100处理为最佳;在一定范围内,籽粒产量随施氮量的增加而增加,对东农423、东农425和松粳6号而言,N150是保证高产最佳施肥量;松粳9号以N200处理为最佳。籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性与籽粒产量呈正相关关系,其中抽穗后7,35d酶活性与产量呈极显著正相关。     

Relations Between Photosynthetic Parameters and Seed Yields of Adzuki Bean Cultivars (Vigna angularis

The study comparatively examined the leaf photosynthetic capacities of different adzuki bean cultivars, high-yield 2000-75 and Jihong 9218, and low-yield Hongbao 1 and Wanxuan 1 from flowering to ripening. It showed that after flowering, the leaves of the cultivars gradually aged, the leaf chlorophyll (Chl.), soluble protein (SP) contents, net photosynthetic rates (P_n), transpiration rates (T_r) and stomatal conductance (G_s) of the cultivars tended to decline, but the leaf intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) of the cultivars tended to rise. The leaf photosynthetic capacities of the cultivars decreased gradually from the lower to the upper nodes. The dry seed yields of the cultivars were positively correlated with their leaf Chl., SP, P_n, and T_r and G_s, and negatively associated with their leaf C_i. At the late growth stages, the high-yield cultivars maintained higher leaf Chl. contents, SP contents, P_n, T_r, and G_s than the low-yield cultivars, indicating that leaf photosynthetic capacity was one of important yield-affecting factors of adzuki bean. Therefore, it was important for a crop at the crucial stage of yield formation to maintain a high leaf chlorophyll content and a high leaf photosynthetic capacity and delay leaf aging.     

Weakened carbon and nitrogen metabolisms under post-silking heat stress reduce the yield and dry matter accumulation in waxy maize

Post-silking high temperature is one of the abiotic factors that affects waxy maize(Zea mays L. sinensis Kulesh) growth in southern China. We conducted a pot trial in 2016–2017 to study the effects of post-silking daytime heat stress(35°C) on the activities of enzymes involved in leaf carbon and nitrogen metabolisms and leaf reactive oxygen species(ROS) and water contents. This study could improve our understanding on dry matter accumulation and translocation and grain yield production. Results indicated that decreased grain number and weight under heat stress led to yield loss, which decreased by 20.8 and 20.0% in 2016 and 2017, respectively. High temperature reduced post-silking dry matter accumulation(16.1 and 29.5% in 2016 and 2017, respectively) and promoted translocation of pre-silking photoassimilates stored in vegetative organs, especially in leaf. The lower leaf water content and chlorophyll SPAD value, and higher ROS(H_2O_2 and O_2~-·) content under heat stress conditions indicated accelerated senescent rate. The weak activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase(PEPCase), Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase(Ru BPCase), nitrate reductase(NR), and glutamine synthase(GS) indicated that leaf carbon and nitrogen metabolisms were suppressed when the plants suffered from a high temperature during grain filling. Correlation analysis results indicated that the reduced grain yield was mainly caused by the decreased leaf water content, weakened NR activity, and increased H_2O_2 content. The increased accumulation of grain weight and post-silking dry matter and the reduced translocation amount in leaf was mainly due to the increased chlorophyll SPAD value and NR activity. Reduced PEPCase and Ru BPCase activities did not affect dry matter accumulation and translocation and grain yield. In conclusion, post-silking heat stress down-regulated the leaf NR and GS activities, increased the leafwater loss rate, increased ROS generation, and induced pre-silking carbohydrate translocation. However, it reduced the post-silking direct photoassimilate deposition, ultimately, leading to grain yield loss.     

Induced morphological mutants in soybean [<Emphasis Type="Italic">Glycine max</Emphasis> (L.) Merrill]

The seeds of two soybean cultivars viz., Pusa-16 and PK-1042 were treated with 15, 30, and 45 kR of gamma rays, three concentrations of ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%), and their combinations. Various morphological mutants were recorded in M₂ and M₃ generations. These morphological mutants were named on the basis of the part of the plant body affected. Eight different morphological mutants, i.e., tall, dwarf, gigas, black pod, smooth pod, black spotted seed, bold seeded, and early maturing were isolated. Among them, early maturing and bold seeded mutants had the potential to be incorporated into breeding programs.     

Comparison of phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities in skins and pulps of eleven grape cultivars(Vitis vinifera L.)

Eleven grape cultivars were analysed to explore the variety differences of fresh grape phenolic profiles. The results showed that free phenolics were predominant in grape skins and pulps, and showed the higher antioxidant activities than bound. In 11 cultivars, Muscat Kyoho extracts had the highest total phenolic content in skins(10.525 mg GAE g~(–1) FW) and pulps(1.134 mg GAE g~(–1) FW), and exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavening capacity(EC_(50)=11.7 μg mL~(–1)) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity(ORAC) value(190.57 μmol TE g~(–1) FW) of free phenolic in skin. In addition, the most abundant phenolics in grape skins were found to be flavonoids such as kaempferol in Kyoho skin(541.2 μg g~(–1) FW), rutin, catechin and epicatechin in Muscat Kyoho skin(262.3, 86.3 and 70.0 μg g~(–1) FW, respectively). Furthermore, the principal component analysis showed a strong difference of phenolic profiles with the cultivars, existing forms and distributions. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis showed a significant linear correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity(P0.05). Therefore, both skins and pulps were rich sources of bioactive phenolic compounds, and Muscat Kyoho was the ideal source among all samples.     

孕穗期干旱胁迫对寒地粳稻籽粒氮素形成及产量的影响

为探究孕穗期干旱胁迫对寒地粳稻籽粒氮素形成及产量影响,以水稻松粳6(不耐旱型)和东农425(耐旱型)为材料,通过盆栽控水方式于孕穗期不同梯度干旱处理(土壤水势分别为:0、-10、-25、-40 k Pa),20 d后恢复正常管理。结果表明,与对照相比,轻度干旱胁迫下(土壤水势为-10 k Pa)籽粒氮代谢关键酶(GS、GPT、GOT)活性显著升高,东农425增幅高于松粳6;重度干旱胁迫(土壤水势为-40 k Pa)下酶活性显著降低,东农425降幅小于松粳6,品种间差异显著。干旱胁迫可提高籽粒蛋白质及各组分含量,籽粒清蛋白、球蛋白含量升高主要受GS、GPT和GOT活性变化影响,醇蛋白含量升高与籽粒GS活性关系密切,谷蛋白含量变化主要受籽粒GPT、GOT活性影响。孕穗期干旱胁迫显著降低寒地粳稻产量,随土壤水势降低,产量降幅逐渐增大,东农425降幅显著低于松粳6,产量降低主要影响因素是穗粒数、结实率和千粒重。文章从氮代谢关键酶调控角度分析孕穗期干旱胁迫对寒地粳稻籽粒灌浆过程中蛋白质及各组分含量和产量影响,为揭示干旱胁迫下寒地粳稻产量及品质形成机制提供理论依据。     

High potassium to magnesium ratio affected the growth and magnesium uptake of three tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivars

Potassium(K) and magnesium(Mg) levels and their balances are two factors affecting the growth of plant. However, the responses of different crop cultivars to K/Mg ratios are less clear. This study was aimed at assessing the different responses of tomato(Solanum Lycopersicum L.) cultivars to the different K/Mg supply ratios. Three tomato cultivars(Zhongza 9(ZZ), Gailiangmaofen(MF), and Jinpengchaoguan(JP)) were grown in pots with three different K~+/Mg~(2+) ratios(4:0, 4:1 and 8:1, represented by K/Mg_(4:0), K/Mg_(4:1), and K/Mg_(8:1), respectively). Compared with K/Mg_(4:1) treatment, the leaf chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, and total biomass of tomato seedlings under K/Mg_(4:0) treatments were decreased by 69.7, 89.1, and 53.1%, respectively. The Mg deficiency symptoms were observed when the Mg content in shoot became lower than 4 mg g~(–1) DW. Compared with K/Mg_(4:1) treatment, total biomass of tomato seedlings of K/Mg_(8:1) treatment was decreased by 21.6%; the shoot and root Mg contents were decreased by 10.4 and 21.8%, respectively; and Mg uptake of tomato was reduced by 34.1%. There were significant differences in biomass and Mg uptake for the three cultivars between the different K~+/Mg~(2+) treatments. The Mg uptake of the three different cultivars ranked as ZZJPMF under Mg deficiency and high K condition. In conclusion, the growth and Mg uptake and allocation of tomato were influenced significantly by imbalance K and Mg supply. JP and ZZ were the cultivars with the highest efficiency in Mg uptake.     

耕作方式对小麦抗氧化酶和产量的影响

通过田间试验研究耕作方式对小麦根系、叶片抗氧化酶和产量的影响。试验设置耕翻+镇压（HS）、旋耕+镇压（RS）和旋耕（R）3个处理。结果表明,在拔节期、孕穗期和花后10 d HS处理叶片和根系超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性均显著高于其他2个耕作处理;在拔节期、抽穗期和花后5 d HS处理根系过氧化物酶（POD）活性均显著高于RS和R处理;在越冬期、孕穗期至花后5 d,HS处理叶片过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均显著高于RS和R处理;除拔节期和孕穗期,HS处理叶片丙二醛（MDA）含量均显著低于RS和R处理。相关分析表明小麦产量和叶片CAT活性呈极显著正相关性（R=0.930,P＜0.01）,与叶片MDA含量呈显著负相关（R=-0.774,P＜0.05）。HS处理可以通过提高小麦有效穗数、穗粒数和千粒重从而提高产量,产量分别比RS和R处理高出5%和8%。综上表明,耕翻+镇压可提高小麦根系和叶片抗氧化酶活性,降低叶片MDA含量,延长小麦灌浆期实现小麦高产。