长期施用化肥和稻草对红壤水稻土肥力和生产力持续性的影响

 【目的】研究长期施用氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）化肥和稻草（RS）对中国亚热带地区红壤水稻土肥力变化的趋势和水稻生产力可持续性的影响。【方法】利用1981年建立在湖南省望城县黄金乡第四纪红土红壤发育的水稻土（分类为普通简育水耕人为土）上的定位试验田,对氮、磷和钾化肥及其与稻草长期配合施用的5个处理的土壤肥力和生产力可持续性进行了评价。【结果】氮、磷和钾化肥与稻草长期配合施用能维持和提高红壤水稻土的生产力和土壤肥力;水稻获得了持续高产,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、可矿化氮量均增加,速效磷和速效氮比试前土壤增加。长期施用氮、磷肥而不施钾肥的NP处理水稻产量、土壤氮、钾逐年降低,稻田系统生产力的可持续性和土壤肥力难以维持。稻草还田对水稻具有显著的增产作用,27年54季的稻草还田配合化肥处理的平均水稻产量比仅施化肥的NP和NPK处理分别增产12.2%和6.7%,稻草的增产作用还随着稻草还田时间的延长而逐年提高。【结论】稻草还田携入的钾与化学钾肥具有相同的营养功能,稻草可替代部分化学钾肥。     

长期施用化肥、猪粪和稻草对红壤性水稻土物理性质的影响

【目的】研究化肥与猪粪和稻草长期配合施用对红壤性水稻土物理性质的影响。【方法】利用1981年建立在湖南省望城县黄金乡第四纪红土发育红壤性水稻土(普通简育水耕人为土)上的肥力定位试验,对化学氮、磷和钾肥料及其与猪粪和稻草长期配合施用的7个处理的土壤物理性质进行了评价。【结果】猪粪、稻草与化肥长期配合施用均可显著降低土壤容重和土粒密度,提高孔隙度,猪粪和稻草的效果基本相似。与化肥处理相比,施用猪粪和稻草显著地促进了5—0.5mm水稳性团聚体的形成和提高土壤团聚体稳定性。猪粪和稻草与化肥配施处理耕层土壤持水量也显著高于化肥处理。【结论】猪粪和稻草与化肥长期配合施用能显著降低土壤容重和土粒密度,提高孔隙度、土壤团聚体稳定性和土壤持水量,是提升土壤物理质量和红壤性水稻土肥力的有效措施。     

Effects of Long-Term Winter Planted Green Manure on Physical Properties of Reddish Paddy Soil Under a Double-Rice Cropping System

Soil physical properties are important indicators of the potential for agricultural production.Our objective was to evaluate the effects of long-term inputs of green manures on physical properties of a...     

长期有机物循环对红壤稻田土壤磷吸附和解吸特性的影响

 【目的】为揭示土壤磷素肥力的变化机制,对16年长期不同施肥模式处理后红壤稻田0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层的土壤磷吸附-解吸特性进行了研究。【方法】将4种施肥处理土样置于恒温摇床中连续振荡培养,定期测定不同处理土壤磷的各种吸附参数、累积解吸量和解吸率。【结果】长期不同施肥模式处理显著改变了土壤磷的吸附—解吸特性,其中对0～20 cm土壤的影响尤为突出。长期有机物循环利用显著降低了0～20 cm土壤磷吸附亲和力常数（k）、最大吸附量（Q）和吸附缓冲容量（MBC）,同时也明显提高了该层土壤磷的累积解吸量和累积解吸率;与不施化肥基础上的有机物循环利用相比,NPK化肥配施基础上的有机物循环利用在降低0～20 cm土层土壤磷吸附参数和提高该层土壤磷累积解吸量与累积解吸率方面的效果更为突出。长期NPK化肥配施与不施肥处理相比,对土壤磷吸附—解吸特性的影响不大。【结论】化肥与有机肥长期配施能显著降低红壤稻田耕层土壤对磷的吸附性,促进土壤磷的解吸,有效提高土壤磷素肥力水平。有机物循环利用对土壤磷吸附－解吸特性的影响并不会增加磷素对水环境的污染风险。     

不同稻田土壤钾素丰缺水平下施用钾肥的效应及对土壤肥力的影响

采用田间小区试验,选择三个土壤钾素丰缺不一致的稻田,研究施用钾肥对水稻产量和土壤养分含量的影响.结果表明:在三个土壤钾素丰缺不同的稻田中,施用钾肥都可以提高水稻产量,各施钾处理比不施钾增产4.08％～25.88％.在速效钾中低含量和高含量水平下,钾肥(K2O)的经济施用量为80 kg/hm2和45 kg/hm2;而速效钾低含量水平下,早稻的经济施钾量是100 kg/hm2,晚稻是60 kg/hm2.不同钾肥施用量对收获后稻田土壤的有机质、氮素、磷素和钾素含量的影响不显著.     

Effects of Long-Term Winter Planted Green Manure on Distribution and Storage of Organic Carbon and Nitrogen in Water-Stable Aggregates of Reddish Paddy Soil Under a Double-Rice Cropping System

In agricultural systems, maintenance of soil organic matter has long been recognized as a strategy to reduce soil degradation. Manure amendments and green manures are management practices that can increase some nutrient contents and improve soil aggregation. We investigated the effects of 28 yr of winter planted green manure on soil aggregate-size distribution and aggregateassociated carbon（C） and nitrogen（N）. The study was a randomized completed block design with three replicates. The treatments included rice-rice-fallow, rice-rice-rape, rice-rice-Chinese milk vetch and rice-rice-ryegrass. The experiment was established in 1982 on a silty light clayey paddy soil derived from Quaternary red clay（classified as Fe-Accumuli-Stagnic Anthrosols） with continuous early and late rice. In 2009, soil samples were collected（0-15 cm depth） from the field treatment plots and separated into water-stable aggregates of different sizes（i.e., 〉5, 2-5, 1-2, 0.5-1, 0.25-0.5 and 〈0.25 mm） by wet sieving. The long-term winter planted green manure significantly increased total C and N, and the formation of the 2-5-mm water-stable aggregate fraction. Compared with rice-rice-rape, rice-rice-Chinese milk vetch and rice-rice-ryegrass, the rice-rice-fallow significantly reduced 2-5-mm water-stable aggregates, with a significant redistribution of aggregates into micro-aggregates. Long-term winter planted green manure obviously improved C/N ratio and macro-aggregate-associated C and N. The highest contribution to soil fertility was from macro-aggregates of 2-5 mm in most cases.     

长期施肥对黄棕壤性水稻土生物学特性的影响

【目的】土壤生物肥力是土壤质量的直接反映,研究长期施肥对土壤生物学特性的影响可以为提高土壤质量及农田可持续利用提供理论依据。【方法】本文以长期不施肥(CK)为对照,研究长期单施氮肥(N)、氮、磷配施(NP)、氮、磷、钾配施(NPK)、单施有机肥(M)、有机肥+氮磷钾(MNPK)配施对黄棕壤性水稻土磷脂脂肪酸含量(PLFA)、微生物量碳、微生物量氮和微生物量磷(SMBC、SMBN、SMBP)、及与氮磷转化有关的水解酶活性的影响。【结果】长期施用有机肥显著提高了土壤总PLFA含量、真菌/细菌比值、真菌PLFA相对含量、SMBC、SMBN、SMBP含量,及土壤碱性磷酸酶、蛋白酶和脲酶活性,促进AM菌根的生长;而长期单施氮肥处理抑制了磷酸酶活性及大多数菌群生长。通过对PLFA进行主成分分析,配施有机肥的处理与单施化肥及CK处理微生物群落结构显著不同;PLFA载荷值分析表明,真菌特征脂肪酸及不饱和脂肪酸易受有机肥施用的影响,而放线菌特征脂肪酸更易受施用化肥的影响。【结论】化肥与有机肥长期配施提高了PLFA总含量、真菌PLFA含量、真菌PLFA/细菌PLFA比值,显著改善了土壤生物肥力状况,有利于土壤健康。     

Effects of Long-Term Organic Amendments on Soil Organic Carbon in a Paddy Field A Case Study on Red Soil

Soil organic carbon （SOC） is one of the main carbon reservoirs in the terrestrial ecosystem. It is important to study SOC dynamics and effects of organic carbon amendments in paddy fields because of their vest expansion in south China. A study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between the SOC content and organic carbon input under various organic amendments at a long-term fertilization experiment that was established on a red soil under a double rice cropping system in 1981. The treatments included non-fertilization （CK）, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilization in early rice only （NPK）, green manure （Astragalus sinicus L.） in early rice only （OM1）, high rate of green manure in early rice only （OM2）, combined green manure in early rice and farmyard manure in late rice （OM3）, combined green manure in early rice, farmyard manure in late rice and rice straw mulching in winter （OM4）, combined green manure in early rice and rice straw mulching in winter （OMS）. Our data showed that the SOC content was the highest under OM3 and OM4, followed by OM1, OM2 and OM5, then NPK fertilization, and the lowest under non-fertilization. However, our analyses in SOC stock indicated a significant difference between OM3 （33.9 t ha^-1） and OM4 （31.8 t ha^-1）, but no difference between NPK fertilization （27 t ha^-1） and nonfertilization （28.1 t ha^-1）. There was a significant linear increase in SOC over time for all treatments, and the slop of linear equation was greater in organic manure treatments （0.276-0.344 g kg-1 yr^-1） than in chemical fertilizer （0.216 g kg^-1 yr^-1） and no fertilizer （0.127 g kg^-1 yr^-1）.     

施肥制度与养分循环对稻田土壤微生物生物量碳氮磷的影响

以红壤性稻田土壤为对象,采用田间试验方法,研究了在不同化肥配施条件下,有机养分循环利用对土壤微生物量C(MB-C)、N(MB-N)、P(MB-P)的影响。结果表明:①稻田土壤能维持较高的土壤微生物生物量。②化肥N、P、K先后引入农田生态系统对土壤MB-C、MB-N、MB-P没有显著的影响;有机养分循环利用能显著提高土壤MB-C;在施化肥NP或NPK基础上实行有机养分循环利用能显著提高土壤MB-N和MB-P,而在不施化肥或只施化肥N的基础上,有机养分循环利用虽也能提高土壤MB-N和MB-P含量,但提高的幅度没有达到统计学显著水平。随着NPK肥配合程度的提高,有机养分循环利用土壤MB-C、MB-N、MB-P的提高幅度有上升的趋势。③土壤MB-C与有机C的年际投入量有极显著的正相关关系,另外土壤微生物生物量C、N、P分别与土壤有机C、土壤全N、速效P有显著的正相关关系。通过有机养分循环利用可大幅度提高微生物对N素和P素的固持量,提高土壤MB-C、MB-N、MB-P占土壤全量C、N、P的比例。     

Effects of Long-Term Organic Amendments on Soil Organic Carbon in a Paddy Field: A Case Study on Red Soil

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is one of the main carbon reservoirs in the terrestrial ecosystem. It is important to study SOC dynamics and effects of organic carbon amendments in paddy fields because of their vest expansion in south China. A study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between the SOC content and organic carbon input under various organic amendments at a long-term fertilization experiment that was established on a red soil under a double rice cropping system in 1981. The treatments included non-fertilization (CK), nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilization in early rice only (NPK), green manure (Astragalus sinicus L.) in early rice only (OM1), high rate of green manure in early rice only (OM2), combined green manure in early rice and farmyard manure in late rice (OM3), combined green manure in early rice, farmyard manure in late rice and rice straw mulching in winter (OM4), combined green manure in early rice and rice straw mulching in winter (OM5). Our data showed that the SOC content was the highest under OM3 and OM4, followed by OM1, OM2 and OM5, then NPK fertilization, and the lowest under non-fertilization. However, our analyses in SOC stock indicated a significant difference between OM3 (33.9 t ha-1) and OM4 (31.8 t ha-1), but no difference between NPK fertilization (27 t ha-1) and nonfertilization (28.1 t ha-1). There was a significant linear increase in SOC over time for all treatments, and the slop of linear equation was greater in organic manure treatments (0.276-0.344 g kg-1 yr-1) than in chemical fertilizer (0.216 g kg-1 yr-1) and no fertilizer (0.127 g kg-1 yr-1).     

有机无机肥配施比例对红壤稻田水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响

 【目的】综合评价中国南方双季稻地区化肥有机肥配合施用下水稻产量及土壤肥力效应。【方法】在江西双季稻区进行连续25年的田间定位试验,比较不施肥（CK）、施用化肥（NPK）、等养分条件下70%化肥配合施用30%有机肥（70F＋30M）、50%化肥配合施用50%有机肥（50F＋50M）、30%化肥配合施用70%有机肥（30F＋70M）的水稻产量和土壤肥力变化。【结果】有机无机肥配施,早晚稻平均产量比不施肥（CK）增产幅度为65.4%－71.5%（P＜0.05）,比施化肥（NPK）增产幅度为3.9%－7.8%（P＜0.05）,其中,以30F+70M处理产量最高,年产量达 12 346.90 kg?hm-2。高量有机肥配施处理与化肥处理、低量有机肥配施处理的产量差均呈逐步增加趋势。对土壤肥力的研究表明,长期不施肥会降低土壤肥力,长期平衡单施化肥（NPK）具有明显培肥地力的作用,有机无机肥配施培肥地力作用更明显。【结论】红壤稻田系统的增产和稳产性能均以有机无机肥配施最好,高量有机肥更有利于稻田持续增产,有利于红壤稻田土壤培肥。     

浅谈水稻测土配方施肥技术

测土配方施肥是现代农业科技综合运用的成果,根据作物需肥规律,土壤供肥性能,以及肥料效应,均衡、合理、及时施用作物生长发育需要的各种营养元素,并能降低生产成本,提高农产品产量、实现农民增产增收。     

不同施肥结构下稻田产量及土壤有机质和氮素营养的变化

通过野外调查采样和室内测定．研究了湖南省土肥站1986年冬季在全省各地建立的、持续了18年的6个土壤肥力与施肥效益,监测长期定位试验点中不同施肥处理对稻田土壤有机质、氮素肥力及水稻产量的影响。结果表明：与不施肥处理相比．长期有机肥与无机肥配施能全面提高土壤全氮、碱解氮和有机质的含量;NP、NK、NPK各化肥处理的全氮、碱解氮和有机质含量处于同一水平,施用有机肥是增加土壤有机质古量的最有效途径,有机质与全氮含量具有极显著的正相关性（r=0．959＊＊）。各施肥区的产量比CK处理显著增加,OM60和OM30处理平均比CK处理增产106．2％和108．5％,且两处理间差异不明显。宁乡、临澧两试验点习惯施肥处理的平均产量分别比NPK处理还低1．5％和3．5％,说明当地农民的施肥配比有待改进。     

Effect of Different Fertilizer Treatments on Quantity of Soil Microbes and Structure of Ammonium Oxidizing Bacterial Community in a Calcareous Purple Paddy Soil

The quantity of soil microbes and the structure of ammonium oxidizing bacterial （AOB） community were analyzed using the dilution plate counting and most probable number method （MPN）, and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE）, respectively. Fertilizer application tended to increase the number of soil microbes and alter the AOB community compared to the control with no fertilizer application （CK）. Among the eight fertilizer treatments, soil samples from the treatments of mineral fertilizers （e.g., N, P, K） in combination with farmyard manure （M） had greater number.s of soil microbes and more complex structure of AOB community than those receiving mineral fertilizers alone. The principal component analyses （PCA） for ammonium oxidizing bacterial community structure showed that the eight fertilizer treatments could be divided into two PCA groups （PCA1 and PCA2）. For the soil sampled after rice harvest, PCA1 included NP, NM, NPM and NPKM fertilizer treatments, while PCA2 was consisted of CK, N, M and NPK fertilizer treatments. For soil samples collected after wheat harvest, PCA1 was consisted of M, NM, NPM and NPKM fertilizer treatments, while PCA2 was composed of CK, N, NP and NPK fertilizer treatments. For a given rotation, the richness of AOB community in PCA1 was greater than that in PCA2. In addition, AOB community structure was more complex in the soil after rice harvest than that after wheat harvest. The results indicated that different fertilizer treatments resulted in substantial changes of soil microbe number and AOB community. Furthermore, mineral fertilizers （N, NP, NPK） combined with farmyard manure were effective for increasing the quantity of soil microbes, enriching AOB community, and improving the soil biofertility.     

长期施肥红壤及其有机无机复合体非交换性钾释放动力学

【目的】研究长期不同施肥土壤及复合体中非交换性钾释放动力学特征,深入探索长期不同施肥引起的土壤供钾能力差异,明确不同施肥土壤及其有机无机复合体中非交换性钾的供应能力。【方法】以持续20年以上的进贤和祁阳旱地长期试验为研究基础,采用超声波打散,虹吸管法分离土壤＜2、2-10、10-50、50-100、＞100 µm粒级有机无机复合体,制备钙饱和样品,通过草酸连续浸提,得到原土及不同粒级有机无机复合体非交换性钾释放量并建立动力学方程,探索非交换性钾释放规律。【结果】浸提300 h,土壤非交换性钾累积释放量变化表现为进贤试验点化学氮、磷、钾肥与有机肥配施（NPKM）处理和化学氮、磷、钾肥配施（NPK）处理较化学氮、磷肥配施（NP）处理分别增加98.0和81.0 mg·kg^-1,增加率分别为30.7%和25.4%;祁阳试验点NPKM和NPK较NP处理分别增加130.0和40.0 mg·kg^-1,增加率分别为52.1%和16.0%。施用钾肥较不施钾肥显著增加＜2 µm粒级复合体非交换性钾累积释放量。采用一级动力学方程和Elovich方程对土壤及复合体非交换性钾释放特性进行拟合均达到极显著水平(P＜0.001),同时一级动力学方程a值、Elovich方程b值均与非交换性钾释放量呈极显著正相关（P＜0.001）。【结论】红壤长期施用钾肥及其配施有机肥提高土壤非交换性钾供应能力,这种能力的变化主要集中在＜2 µm粒级复合体;一级动力学方程a值和Elovich方程b值可以很好地模拟土壤及复合体非交换性钾的释放能力。     

长期定位施肥对棕壤钾素吸附解吸动力学特征的影响

【目的】研究32年连续不同施肥对耕地棕壤K+吸附解吸动力学特征的影响。【方法】采用去离子水淋洗土壤,连续液流法研究9个不同施肥处理耕层土壤钾吸附解吸动力学特征。【结果】不同施肥处理土壤对K+吸附、解吸平衡时间变幅分别为26-65 min和65-130 min;平衡吸附量和平衡解吸量范围分别为7.40-19.44 cmol•kg-1和0.070-0.258 cmol•kg-1;反应速度与反应时间的关系符合方程V=A+Blnt,且线性关系良好;CEC、黏粒、有机质、速效钾与吸附解吸各参数呈现不同程度的相关性;4种方程中,Elovich和一级动力学方程分别是拟合吸附和解吸过程的最优模型。【结论】不同施肥处理K+吸附解吸动力学特征差异很大,施用有机肥可以提高土壤对钾素的吸附能力;施钾量越高的处理,解吸能力越强;长期定位不同施肥通过改变土壤理化性质影响棕壤钾素吸附解吸动力学特性;长期不同施肥钾素在土壤中吸附解吸动力学过程不同。     

稻草还田免耕抛秧对土壤剖面氮、磷、钾含量的影响

【目的】探讨稻草还田免耕对稻田土壤剖面氮、磷和钾的影响。【方法】对连续2年和7年结合稻草还田常耕抛秧和免耕抛秧试验的水稻土剖面氮、磷、钾进行了研究。【结果】免耕表层0-4（5）cm土壤全氮、全磷、碱解氮和速效磷含量显著高于常耕土壤。稻草还田免耕0-4（5）cm土壤的全钾含量显著高于常耕土壤,速效钾含量与稻草还田常耕差异不明显,但显著高于普通常耕土壤。免耕5-20 cm层土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮和速效磷含量低于常耕土壤。普通免耕Aa层（耕作层）土壤速效钾含量显著低于常耕土壤。免耕的Ap层（犁底层）、W层（潴育层）和C层（母质层）碱解氮和速效钾含量高于常耕土壤。【结论】稻草还田免耕抛秧协调土壤氮、磷和钾的效果比普通免耕好,有利于土壤肥力的提高,稻草还田免耕抛秧是稻田免耕栽培的发展方向。     

长期施肥下紫色土小麦肥料利用率及增产效应

通过7 a田间定位试验,研究了紫色土小麦氮磷钾肥的当季利用率和累积利用率,以及长期不同施肥对肥料养分增产效应的影响.结果表明,NPK处理小麦的氮、磷、钾利用率最高,分别为40.35%,12.94%和21.10%,是最佳施肥配合;非N配合的PK处理小麦对磷肥和钾肥的利用率均较低,即在不施用氮肥的情况下,施用磷肥和钾肥是无效的.同时在不施用磷肥的情况下,NK配施处理其钾肥的当季利用率也很低.氮肥的累积效应中,NPK处理氮肥的累积效应不明显,而NP和NK处理的氮肥利用率累积效应表现为先增加后降低;磷的累积效应中,NPK处理的磷肥的累积利用率有增加的趋势,说明磷肥具有一定的后效,但时间越长磷肥的后效越不明显,PK处理磷肥的累积效应明显,但累积利用率较低,而NP处理的磷肥累积利用率变化较为稳定;钾的累积效应中,NPK处理和NK处理钾肥的累积利用率表现出较为明显的增加趋势,而后3年的增加趋势趋向于稳定.在肥料的增产效应上,1 kg氮、磷、钾肥(N,P2O5,K2O)的平均增产量分别是11.13,8.77和6.75 kg.     

增施钾肥对冷浸田水稻生理及植株铁吸收累积的影响

有效钾缺乏、Fe2+毒害是影响冷浸田水稻产量的重要因素。通过田间试验,研究不同钾肥用量对冷浸田水稻生长生理、植株铁累积及产量的影响。结果表明:与不施钾肥相比,增施钾肥孕穗期水稻叶绿素a+b和光合速率分别增加10.27%~28.40%、11.40%~29.31%,孕穗期与成熟期根系活力分别提高10.53%~22.67%、27.71%~48.62%,成熟期稻谷产量增加4.93%~14.77%。施肥能促进植株体内钾的吸收和抑制根系对铁的累积。在水稻分蘖期、孕穗期与成熟期,根系铁含量分别降低0.04~0.73、0.33~0.95及0.62~0.82个百分点,此外在分蘖期水稻根系钾与铁含量呈极显著负相关(r=-0.86**)。增施钾肥能够提高根系活力,增强光合作用,促进碳水化合物合成与运输,同时较好地抑制铁的累积,因此增施钾肥是发挥冷浸田生产潜力的有效措施。     

矿质营养对稻米品质影响的研究进展

矿质营养对水稻产量和稻米品质的形成有重要影响,调控全生育期施肥量和各生育期施肥比例是施肥技术的两个方面.不同类型的矿质营养在稻米品质形成过程中所起的作用不同,且各种矿质元素间存在一定程度的互作效应,不仅如此,矿质营养对稻米品质的影响还存在品种间、品质指标(特性)间的差异.因此,在优质米生产中,针对某一主栽品种,应全面考虑肥料类型、施肥量、前后生育期施肥比例及不同品质指标间的协调关系,制定施肥方案,以提高稻米的综合品质.