Identification and Expression Analysis of the Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Gene Family in Peanut （Arachis hypogaea L.）

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase （PEPC） is widely distributed in plants and bacteria, and catalyzes the carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate to form oxaloacetate and inorganic phosphate. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of the regulation and control of peanut oil, with the degenerated primers and RACE-PCR approach, five PEPC genes were cloned from peanut, and designated as AhPEPC1, AhPEPC2, AhPEPC3, AhPEPC4, and AhPEPC5, respectively. The structure and phylogenetic analysis of PEPC protein indicated that AhPEPC1-4 genes encoded a typical plant-type PEPC-enzyme, and AhPEPC5 a bacterial-type. By real-time quantitative RT-PCR approach the expression pattern of each gene was detected in various tissues of normal and high oil-content peanut varieties. It was found that there was a lower expression level of AhPEPCs genes except for the AhPEPC2 in high-oil peanut than normal-oil peanut line. The results provide some fundamental information for the further investigation of plant PEPC proteins and their role in regulation of oil-content in peanut seeds.     

Development of peanut varieties with high oil content by in vitro mutagenesis and screening

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oil crop globally and high oil content is one of the major targets in peanut breeding programs. Previous studies indicated that the osmotic pressure (OP) of the leaves of peanut plants subjected to drought stress was negatively correlated with kernel oil content. Based on this knowledge, we established a practical and reliable method for creating new peanut varieties with high oil content using in vitro mutagenesis and directional OP-based selection. Using embryonic leaflets of peanut variety Huayu 20 as explants, pingyangmycin (PYM) as the mutagen, and hydroxyproline (HYP) as the OP regulator, we developed 15 HYP-tolerant regenerated plants. For each regenerated plant, we selected offspring with oil content>55% (relative to 49.5% for Huayu 20). We developed and released three new peanut varieties with high yield and high oil content from the offspring of the HYP-tolerant regenerated plants. The three new varieties were named as Yuhua 4, Yuhua 9 and Yuhua 14 and their oil contents were 57.7, 61.1 and 59.3%, respectively. The results indicate that in vitro mutagenesis with PYM followed by directed screening with HYP is a useful approach for breeding peanut varieties with high oil contents.     

基于灰色关联度分析评价新疆引种花生花育系列品种

[目的]采用灰色关联度全面、综合评价5个花生品种在新疆的农艺性状表现,为筛选适宜新疆栽培的大果花生品种提供依据.[方法]运用灰色系统理论关联度分析方法,对5个大果花生品种11个农艺性状:主茎高、总分枝数、第一侧枝长、有效枝长、茎粗、单株结果数、单株产量、百果重、百仁重、500 g果数及出仁率进行灰色关联度分析.[结果]关联度由大到小排序为:花育33号＞托克逊大花生＞花育25号＞花育22号＞花育31号.[结论]花育33号优于托克逊大花生,综合性状优良,适宜在新疆地区大面积推广种植.     

威海市花生新品种筛选试验

在威海市,对山东近年育成或区试表现突出的花生新品种（系）进行了筛选试验。结果表明,丰花1号、花育22号、花育26号、花育34号等表现优良,增产显著,可根据不同生产需要,在威海市大力推广;潍花10号、花育25号需进一步试验,以确定其利用价值;花育32号作为保健型油用原料,可适当种植;临花6号、山花9号、山花7号、潍2000-1、文登96-5等不宜在威海市发展。     

不同抗旱性花生品种的根系形态发育及其对干旱胁迫的响应

为明确不同抗旱性花生品种的根系形态发育特征,探讨其根系形态发育特征对不同土壤水分状况的响应机制,在防雨棚旱池内进行土柱栽培试验,研究抗旱型品种"花育22号"、"唐科8号"和干旱敏感型品种"花育23号"3个不同抗旱性花生品种根系形态发育特征及其对干旱胁迫的响应。结果表明:抗旱型品种根系较发达,具有较大的根系生物量、总根长、总根系表面积。干旱胁迫使抗旱型品种根系总表面积和体积增加,而干旱敏感型品种则相反。干旱胁迫显著增加抗旱型品种"花育22号"20 cm以下土层内根长密度分布比例及根系表面积和体积,但"唐科8号" 相应根系性状仅在20-40 cm土层内增加;干旱胁迫使干旱敏感型品种"花育23号"40 cm以下土层内各根系性状升高,但未达显著水平且其深层土壤内各根系性状增加幅度小于"花育22号"。花生根系总长、总表面积及0-20 cm土层内根系性状与产量间呈显著或极显著正相关。土壤水分亏缺条件下,花生主要通过增加深层土壤内根长、根系表面积和体积等形态特性,优化空间分布构型,以调节植株对水分的利用。     

不同果树间作对花生生育动态及产量的影响

【目的】 研究花生在不同间作果树下的开花结实、生长规律及产量状况。【方法】 以花育25号、花育33号、山花7号、山花9号为参试材料,分析花生在枣树、巴旦木2种果树下的开花结实、干物质积累、产量性状等指标。【结果】 (1)不同果树间作下花生主要开花时间在第10~27 d,枣树间作较巴旦木间作花生总开花量多;(2)红枣间作下花生根、茎、叶干重积累更快,幼苗期2种间作果树下花生营养生长表现一致,随生育期的进展,营养体与生育体比值(V/R)发生变化,苗期最大后逐渐减小;(3)同一果树间作下,不同花生品种间的主茎高、侧枝长差异显著,花育22号、花育33号较山花7号、山花9号更强壮;(4)枣树间作下花生单株结果数、单株产量较巴旦木间作高。【结论】 红枣适宜间作品种为花育22号,巴旦木适宜间作品种为花育22号、花育33号,红枣更适宜与花生间作。     

甘蓝型油菜磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶的研究分析

为了解甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus)中磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)基因的表达和分布情况,文章首先分析了油菜和拟南芥中PEPC基因之间的关系,同时参照拟南芥中4条PEPC基因扩增了针对甘蓝型油菜的探针,Southern blot结果表明,甘蓝型油菜中PEPC基因肯定多于4条,而RT-PCR分析了不同时期种子中的PEPC基因的表达情况,表明PEPC基因在种子成熟过程中油脂、储藏蛋白质等贮存物质的积累有一定作用。     

水氮互作对花生根系生长及产量的影响

【目的】明确不同水分处理下氮肥对不同抗旱性品种根系生长及产量的影响,探讨花生根系对水分和氮肥的反应机理,为花生水肥管理提供理论依据。【方法】防雨棚旱池内进行土柱栽培试验,在中度干旱胁迫（W0,45%-50%田间持水量）和充足灌水（W1,70%-75%田间持水量）两个水分处理下设置N0（不施氮）、N1（中氮,90 kg×hm^-2)、N2（高氮,180 kg×hm^-2) 3个施氮水平,研究抗旱型品种花育22号和干旱敏感型品种花育23号2个不同抗旱性花生品种根系生物量、根长、根系表面积、根系伤流量及产量变化。分别采集0-20 cm、20-40 cm和40 cm以下土层根系样品,采用WinRhizo Pro Vision 5.0a分析程序对扫描根系图像进行分析。【结果】不同抗旱性花生品种根系发育在不同水分条件下对施用氮肥的响应不同。对于抗旱型花生品种花育22号,与不施氮肥相比,干旱胁迫处理下施用氮肥降低其总根长、总根系表面积和0-20 cm土层内根长和根系表面积,增加了40 cm以下土层内根系生物量、根长和根系表面积;正常供水处理下施用氮肥处理降低其0-20 cm土层内根系生物量、根长和根系表面积,但增加40 cm以下土层内根系性状。干旱敏感型品种花育23号的根系对水分和氮肥的响应与抗旱型品种花育22号不同：干旱胁迫处理下,施用氮肥增加其总根系生物量和总根长和40 cm以下土层内根系生物量、根长和根系表面积;正常供水处理下,施用氮肥降低其40 cm以下土层内根长和根系表面积。不同抗旱性花生品种根系伤流强度对水氮互作的响应一致,与正常供水处理相比,两品种干旱胁迫下根系伤流强度均降低,干旱敏感型品种花育23号的降低幅度大于抗旱型品种花育22号。施用氮肥增加两品种干旱胁迫处理下的根系伤流强度,提高其干旱胁迫下产量;正常供水处理下中氮处理增加抗旱型品种花育22号的产量,对干旱敏感型品种花育23号的产量无显著影响。两年试验条件下水分和氮肥处理对产量的互作效应均达显著差异水平。相关性分析表明,干旱胁迫处理下40 cm以下土层内根长、根系表面积与产量间的相关性达显著或极显著水平;正常供水处理下20-40 cm土层内根系表面积与产量达显著相关;两种水分条件下根系伤流量均与产量达显著相关水平。【结论】干旱胁迫处理下增施氮肥能提高花生产量,改善花生根系的生长,增加40 cm以下土层内的根系生物量、根长和根系表面积,提高花生根系伤流强度。     

花生种子产业现状与发展对策

花生是重要的油料作物和经济作物,我国年用种量在120万t以上,占花生产量的7%~8%,花生种子市场成为种子企业竞争的焦点之一。我国花生种业如何适应新的形势需要,把我国花生种业做大、做强,是我国花生种业发展中亟须解决的问题。从花生种业现状出发,探讨了发展花生种子产业的意义、花生种业发展的动力,根据花生种业现状及存在的问题,提出了提高花生新品种覆盖率、提高花生种子加工机械化程度和企业竞争力、完善种子市场监管、创造公平竞争环境等是今后花生种子产业发展的方向。     

Response and adaptation to the accumulation and distribution of photosynthetic product in peanut under salt stress

To clarify the response and adaptability of peanut under salt stress, Huayu 25 was used as the material, and non-salt stress(CK), 0.15% salt stress(S1), and 0.3% salt stress(S2) were applied as three treatments. The study analysed the effects of salt stress on photosynthetic characteristics, photosynthetic substances accumulation and distribution as well as the ecological adaptability of peanuts. The results showed that net photosynthetic rate(Pn), SPAD value, leaf area, and peanut yield were reduced under salt stress. Pn in CK was 13.71 and 28.72% higher than that in S1 and S2 at the 50 th day after planting, respectively. At the same growth period, the SPAD value among treatments was ranked as follows: CKS1S2. The 100-pod mass, 100-kernel mass, kernel rate to pod, and pod mass per plant were reduced under salt stress, and the trend was CKS1S2. The distribution proportion of dry matter in different organs of peanut plant was changed to adapt to such stress. Roots under salt stress intensively distributed in a 0–40 cm soil layer for salt resistance. Dry mass proportion in stems and pods increased during the vegetative stage and early period of reproductive stage, respectively. The maximum growth rates of the pod volume, pod dry weight, and seed kernel dry weight all declined, and the pod and kernel volume at harvest were reduced, improving the seed plumpness under salt stress. This finding could be useful in growing peanut in saline soil.     

Genome-wide identification and function analysis of the sucrose phosphate synthase MdSPS gene family in apple

Sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS) is a rate-limiting enzyme that works in conjunction with sucrose-6-phosphate phosphatase(SPP) for sucrose synthesis, and it plays an essential role in energy provisioning during growth and development in plants as well as improving fruit quality. However, studies on the systematic analysis and evolutionary pattern of the SPS gene family in apple are still lacking. In the present study, a total of seven MdSPS and four MdSPP genes were identified from the Malus dome...     

不同种植模式的花生单粒精播密度研究

研究了春播和麦套2种种植模式下不同密度单粒精播对花生农艺性状和产量的影响。结果表明,精播密度对春播花生花育20号和麦田套种花生花育22号的主茎高、侧枝长均随着密度的增加而提高,而分枝数、单株结果数、双仁果率和饱果率均随密度的增加而减少。小粒花生花育20号的适宜密度大于大粒花生花育22号,两者适宜密度分别为22.5和21.0万穴.hm-2,比常规双粒穴播分别增产2.2%和4.1%。     

不同类型花生品种（系）干物质积累特性研究

通过对白皮、彩色、黑皮、红皮花生及白沙1016、花育16、花育19、花育20、花育22共9个不同类型品种（系）干物质积累动态规律研究表明,各品种（系）干物质积累过程均呈“S”型曲线特征,可以用kogstic方程进行很好的拟合。开花期至结荚初期是花生地上部干物质积累的关键时期,开花期各品种（系）花生干物质积累量平均占总积累量的45．2％,荚果期占近30％。高产花生品种有较高的生物学产量和根／冠比值,供试品种（系）成熟期根／冠比值平均达0．618。     

3个鲜食保健型红花生新品种的选育及栽培技术

【目的】为适应消费市场对优质花生品种的需求,选育推广营养价值高、有保健功能、供消费者直接食用的鲜食优质红花生新品种。【方法】采用地方品种经系谱选育法选育鲜食保健型红花生新品种,采用株行比较、品系比较、区域和生产试验进行测定其农艺性状及产量。【结果】优质保健型红花生新品种桂花红35、桂花红95和桂花红166蛋白质含量分别为30.6%、32.3%和31.1%,钙含量分别为696、636和771 mg/kg,油亚比分别为3.04、1.75和2.61,产量为3000~3750 kg/ha。【结论】选育出的3个红花生新品种桂花红35、桂花红95和桂花红166属高产、高蛋白、高油亚比、高钙的保健食用专用型花生新品种,且耐储藏,适合市场、生产和农民种植需求,具有较好的推广应用前景。     

贵州铜仁市碧江区花生新品种引种评价

为筛选适宜贵州铜仁市碧江区种植优质、高产、抗性强的花生品种,2016年碧江区农业技术推广站引进花生新品种花小宝、粤油44、黔花生6号和花育44号,以黔花生1号为对照(CK)进行品比试验。结果表明:粤油44、花育44号和黔花生6号比对照品种黔花生1号增产,幅度分别为50%、46.8%和18%,适宜性、抗性、品质表现好,适宜在碧江区海拔约500m区域种植。     

Genome-wide identification,molecular evolution,and expression divergence of the hexokinase gene family in apple

Hexokinase(HXK) is the first irreversible catalytic enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, which not only provides energy for plant growth and development but also serves as a signaling molecule in response to environmental changes. However, the evolutionary pattern of the HXK gene family in apple remains unknown. In this study, a total of nine HXK genes were identified in the Malus×domestica genome GDDH13 v1.1. The physiological and biochemical properties, exonintron structures, conserved motifs, and cis-elements of the MdHXK genes were determined. Predicted subcellular localization indicated that the MdHXK genes were mainly distributed in the mitochondria, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Gene duplication revealed that whole-genome duplication(WGD) and segmental duplication played vital roles in MdHXK gene family expansion. The ω values of pairwise MdHXK genes indicated that this family was subjected to strong purifying selection during apple domestication. Additionally, five subfamilies were classified, and recent/old duplication events were identified based on phylogenetic tree analysis. Different evolutionary rates were estimated among the various HXK subfamilies. Moreover, divergent expression patterns of the Md HXK genes in four source-sink tissues and at five different apple fruit developmental stages indicated that they play vital roles in apple fruit development and sugar accumulation. Our study provides a theoretical basis for future elucidation of the biological functions of the MdHXK genes during apple fruit development.     

花生芽苗菜生长过程中营养物质代谢的研究

摘 要：利用山花8号,花育20,花育26等3个花生品种进行芽苗菜生产试验,研究其生长过程中的营养物质代谢。结果表明：花生从萌发的从第2天开始蛋白质含量逐渐升高,第8天时达最高;脂肪含量随发芽时间的推移逐渐在减少,第8天时达到最低值;维生素C含量从第1~5天时显著增加,第5天时达到峰值,第5~8天逐渐降低。山花8号是适合生产芽苗菜的品种。     

花生高亲和硝酸盐转运蛋白基因AhNRT2.7a响应低氮胁迫的功能研究

【目的】 氮素在作物生产中对生物量和产量起关键作用。高亲和硝酸盐转运蛋白基因NRT2在植物响应低氮胁迫时被激活并具有维持氮吸收和转运的作用。通过筛选花生低氮耐受相关的NRT2基因并解析其生物学功能,为培育高氮素利用率的花生新品种提供理论参考,最终有助于实现节氮、高效的绿色生产目标。【方法】 检测正常氮浓度及1/20正常氮浓度（15 mmol·L^-1）条件下5个具有典型跨膜结构的花生NRT2基因（AhNRT2.4、AhNRT2.5b、AhNRT2.5c、AhNRT2.7a和AhNRT2.7b）的时空表达情况。以花育6309的cDNA为模板,对AhNRT2.7a进行克隆和生物信息学分析,并通过亚细胞定位确定AhNRT2.7a的表达部位。进一步构建异源过表达AhNRT2.7a的拟南芥株系,分别在正常以及低氮胁迫条件下测定其叶绿素含量、氮积累量以及谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）、谷氨酸合成酶（GOGAT）、硝酸还原酶（NR）、亚硝酸还原酶（NiR）、谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）5个氮代谢关键酶的活性。【结果】 5个NRT2基因中有4个NRT2基因在花生响应低氮胁迫条件下大量表达。其中,AhNRT2.7a能够响应低氮胁迫,并在花生茎和叶中高表达。获得AhNRT2.7a的cDNA序列,全长为1 380 bp,编码459个氨基酸。蛋白结构分析显示其为具有12个典型跨膜结构域的膜蛋白。该氨基酸序列与栽培种花生（Arachis hypogaea L.）相似性高达99.56%,其次是野生亲本AA和BB基因组花生。亚细胞定位显示其主要定位于细胞质膜上。构建异源过表达AhNRT2.7a的转基因拟南芥植株,在不同供氮条件下,成熟叶和幼叶叶片的叶绿素相对含量均显著高于野生型拟南芥。同时,对上述5个氮代谢相关酶活性以及氮、磷、钾积累量测定显示,转基因植株中2个氮代谢相关酶（GS和NR）的酶活性以及氮积累量均比野生型拟南芥有显著升高。【结论】 花生中4个NRT2基因响应低氮胁迫,其中AhNRT2.7a能够提高植物氮代谢过程的氮素利用率。AhNRT2.7a的表达在促进氮代谢过程的同时,促使碳代谢作用的进一步加强。因此,AhNRT2.7a适合作为花生氮素高效利用为目的的候选基因。     

花生不同品种筛选试验研究

对黔花生1号、黑花生、99115、中油1号、本地小花生等5个花生品种进行栽培试验,试验结果表明:产量表现由高到低的顺序为99115>黔花生1号>黑花生>中油1号>本地小花生,依次为5 078.95、4 710.53、4 368.42、4 355.26、4 263.16 kg/hm2,99115、黔花生1号、黑花生可以在赤水地区作为主要推广品种;产量表现较低的中油1号和本地小花生由于生育期短,可以作为早熟品种补充,能获得较好的经济效益。     

Gene cloning and expression analyses of WBC genes in the developing grapevine seeds

White-brown complex (WBC) transporters, also called half-size ATP binding cassette G (ABCG) transporters, are involved in many biological processes, including seed development; however, the WBC transporters in grapevines received less attention to date. To reveal the molecular characteristics of WBCs and the connection between WBCs and agronomic traits of stenospermocarpic (seedless) grapevine, we carried out a genomic census and analysis of ovule-associated expression for VvWBC genes in grapevine. We identified 30 VvWBC genes and cloned full-length complementary DNAs (cDNAs) for 20 of these. The tissue or organ-specific expression analysis showed that several VvWBCs exhibited distinct expression patterns with some showing tissue specificity. Twelve VvWBC genes were found to be expressed in the developing ovules. Moreover, the results of quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) suggested that four of twelve ovule-expressed VvWBCs have distinct expression profiles during the development of ovules between seeded and stenospermocarpic grapevines. These four genes might be involved in ovule abortion. Meanwhile, chromosome mapping, multiple sequence alignments, exon/intron structure analyses and synteny analyses were preformed on VvWBC genes. Our experiments provide a new perspective on the mechanism of stenospermocarpic seedlessness and put forward a framework for further study of WBC transporters.