不同大豆品种在养分吸收及产量上的比较

采用盆栽试验方法对红丰11等四个大豆品种吸收利用氮、磷、钾养分的能力进行了比较研究。结果表明,在施肥一致的条件下,不同大豆品种对养分的吸收利用能力不同,养分利用率也不同,导致产量的差异。以红丰11养分吸收量最多,表现产量最高。     

不同生育期大豆品种氮素积累特性研究

为研究不同生育期大豆品种的氮素积累特性,以10 个在黑龙江省哈尔滨地区生育期不同的大豆品种为试验材料,利用15N 示踪技术,在框栽条件下分析大豆植株全氮累积规律,以及不同氮素来源,即土壤氮、肥料氮和根瘤氮的积累和分配规律。结果表明:不同生育期大豆品种全株和各器官的全氮积累量,除了根部,均表现为晚熟品种＞中熟品种＞早熟品种,不同生育期品种间差异显著;不同生育期大豆品种土壤氮和肥料氮占全氮比例与生育期负相关,即早熟品种＞中熟品种＞晚熟品种,不同生育期品种营养器官中土壤氮和肥料氮比例高于荚皮和籽粒;不同生育期大豆品种根瘤固氮量和占全氮比例与生育期正相关,即晚熟品种＞中熟品种＞早熟品种,根瘤氮主要积累在大豆荚皮和籽粒中,分配到籽粒中的根瘤氮占全株根瘤氮积累量的76.38% ～ 92.25%。本研究为丰富不同生育期大豆品种氮素积累特性及氮肥调控提供数据支持。     

Diversity between some Ethiopian farmer's varieties of barley and within these varieties among seed sources

Barley is one of Ethiopia's major crops. Cultivation is mostly by traditional varieties that are chosen by farmers for their suitability for end-use or their adaptation to specific farming systems. A collection of 155 barley lines was grouped in 13 varieties, according to the name given by the farmers. The collection was evaluated for simple agronomic traits and resistance to barley scald disease. A large level of diversity was found, mainly between varieties, but also within varieties between farms from which the samples originated. In spite of a certain degree of overlapping, these traditional farmer's varieties showed coherence for the characters measured. Earlier maturing varieties were found to be more susceptible to scald, but a number of accessions combined earliness with scald resistance. It is suggested that the traditional variety name be included, next to the physical characters of the collection site, as a parameter to explain the degree of diversity in Ethiopian barley germplasm evaluation. The cultivated area of a number of traditional barley varieties is declining rapidly and special collection missions are needed to preserve this germplasm.     

磷素水平对不同大豆品种产量和品质的影响

选用近年来在黑龙江省推广面积比较大并具有代表性的东农42（高蛋白品种）、合丰25（中间型品种）、东农46（高油品种）3个基因型大豆品种作为试验材料,采用盆栽的方式,在每千克土壤施N和K2O各为0.033g基础上,设P1、P2、P3、P4 4个施P处理（即每千克土壤分别施P2O5 0、0.033、0.067、0.100g）,进行了3个大豆品种产量和品质的研究。结果表明,3个基因型大豆品种在单株产量、品质方面存在着差异。东农42和合丰25以P3处理单株产量和蛋白含量最高,东农46以P2处理单株产量和蛋白质含量最高;3个品种都是P4处理脂肪含量最高。同一处理不同品种间子粒蛋白质含量是东农42＞合丰25＞东农46;子粒脂肪含量是东农46＞合丰25＞东农42。     

Peptides from Lactobacillus hydrolysates of bovine milk caseins inhibit prolyl-peptidases of human colon cells

Prolyl-rich peptides derived from hydrolysates of bovine caseins have been previously shown to inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity, suggesting that they may also be able to inhibit the enzymatic activities of prolyl-specific peptidases. This study shows that peptides derived from α(S1)-casein and β-casein inhibited the enzymatic activities of purified recombinant matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-2, MMP-7, and MMP-9. The inhibitory efficacy was sequence-dependent. These peptides also selectively inhibited the enzymatic activities of prolyl-amino-peptidases, prolyl-amino-dipeptidases, and prolyl-endopeptidases in extracts of HT-29 and SW480 human colon carcinoma cells, but not in intact cells. They were not cytotoxic or growth inhibitory for these cells. Thus, the prolyl-rich selected peptides were good and selective inhibitors of MMPs and post-proline-cleaving proteases, demonstrating their potential to control inadequate proteolytic activity in the human digestive tract, without inducing cytotoxic effects.     

Naturally derived micelles for rapid in vitro screening of potential cholesterol-lowering bioactives

A high plasma cholesterol level, especially low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, indicates increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Plasma cholesterol levels are influenced by diet and cholesterol biosynthesis, uptake, and secretion. Cholesterol uptake involves solubilization into complex phospholipid spherical bodies termed micelles that facilitate the transport of lipids through the gut brush border membrane into enterocytes. In vitro assays reported to date to determine potential cholesterol-lowering effects of various compounds require artificial micelle preparations that are elaborate and time-consuming to prepare. The aims of this study were to compare the efficacy of artificially prepared micelles with naturally derived micelles from pig's bile and to test their ability to assess potential inhibitors of cholesterol uptake. The suitability of pig's bile-derived micelles was tested both at the level of the micelle and at cellular uptake using cultured Caco-2 cells. Known cholesterol uptake inhibitors at the micelle (green tea catechins) and at the Caco-2 cell (beta-lactoglobulin-derived peptide, IIAEK) were used as reference inhibitory compounds. It was concluded that pig's bile was a rapid, reproducible, convenient, and cost-effective source of micelles for cholesterol micelle solubility and cellular uptake assay systems and is suitable for screening purposes focused on identifying potential cholesterol-lowering agents.     

甜玉米氮素积累和分配的基因型差异

为了解甜玉米高产品种氮素积累和分配的规律,阐明不同生育阶段氮素积累和分配的基因型差异,及其对产量形成及氮素利用效率的作用,分析了22个甜玉米品种在同一施氮水平下拔节期、开花期和鲜食期的植株氮素积累量和分配量。结果表明,甜玉米品种不同阶段的氮素积累和分配存在着显著的基因型差异。随着生育进程的推进,植株氮素含量逐渐下降,氮素积累量逐渐上升,不同生育阶段的氮素积累量以拔节到开花期最高;氮素在开花前主要分布在叶片中,在开花后开始由叶片逐渐向果穗转移。到鲜食期,甜玉米不同品种果穗中氮素分配量最高,占全株氮素总积累量的41.32%,其次为子粒,氮素分配量占全株氮素积累量的28.53%。高产品种拔节—鲜食期氮素积累量高,鲜果穗高产品种在鲜食期叶片和子粒中的氮素分配较高,鲜子粒高产品种在鲜食期叶片和雄穗中氮素分配量较高且轴中氮素分配量较低。鲜果穗氮素利用效率高的品种主要是由于其减少了开花—鲜食期的氮素积累量,其次是减少了拔节—开花期的氮素积累量,且其在鲜食期叶片、轴和叶鞘中的氮素分配量较少。鲜子粒氮素利用效率和各阶段的氮素积累量及鲜食期各器官的氮素分配量无显著相关关系。     

Comparison of quantity and structures of hydroxyproline-containing peptides in human blood after oral ingestion of gelatin hydrolysates from different sources

We compared quantity and structures of food-derived gelatin hydrolysates in human blood from three sources of type I collagen in a single blind crossover study. Five healthy male volunteers ingested type I gelatin hydrolysates from fish scale, fish skin, or porcine skin after 12 h of fasting. Amounts of free form Hyp and Hyp-containing peptide were measured over a 24-h period. Hyp-containing peptides comprised approximately 30% of all detected Hyp. The total area under the concentration-time curve of the fish scale group was significantly higher than that of the porcine skin group. Pro-Hyp was a major constituent of Hyp-containing peptides. Ala-Hyp, Leu-Hyp, Ile-Hyp, Phe-Hyp, and Pro-Hyp-Gly were detected only with fish scale or fish skin gelatin hydrolysates. Ala-Hyp-Gly and Ser-Hyp-Gly were detected only with fish scale gelatin hydrolysate. The quantity and structure of Hyp-containing peptides in human blood after oral administration of gelatin hydrolysate depends on the gelatin source.     

Effects of different N sources on N nutrient and microbial distribution across soybean rhizosphere

Abstract

Nitrogen is the most important nutrient for plant growth. In the present study, investigations were carried out on the effects of sodium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, urea, and two types of controlled-release coated urea (LP-40 and LP-70) fertilizers on the NO₃ ^?-N, NH₄ ⁺-N concentrations, and microbial numbers as well as pH distribution across the rhizosphere of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill, var. Heinong 35). The study was conducted on a typical black soil using a rhizobox system. The results showed that NO₃ ^?-N was the main source of nitrogen, which was deficient in the rhizosphere in the treatments of ammonium sulfate, urea, LP-40, and LP-70, but accumulated considerably in the sodium nitrate treatment. The NH₄ ⁺-N concentration slightly increased in the rhizosphere in the ammonium sulfate treatment, and decreased in the rhizosphere when the other four kinds of N fertilizers were supplied. In an the treatments, bacterial and fungal numbers were highest in the central compartment (C.C.) of the rhizoboxes where the soybean root system was confined, but the rhizosphere width estimated from the increase in the microbial abundance differed among different N fertilizers. The experimental results also indicated that the fungal composition in the C.C. was less diverse than in other parts of the rhizobox compartments, and that the majority of fungal groups was represented by Penicillium spp., suggesting that the microbial distribution across the soybean rhizosphere differed both quantitatively and qualitatively.     

不同品种油菜氮效率差异及其生理基础研究

采用盆栽土培试验,以氮胁迫与正常供氮条件下的子粒产量比值作为氮效率系数,探讨了不同品种油菜氮效率差异及其生理基础。结果表明,供试5个油菜品种的氮效率有显著差异,其氮效率系数的变化范围是0.37~0.69。在氮胁迫条件下,氮高效品种的植株含氮量与氮素累积吸收量、叶片叶绿素含量与硝酸还原酶活性、茎叶可溶性糖含量与硝态氮再利用量高于氮低效品种。在正常供氮条件下,高潜力品种的植株含氮量低于低潜力品种,但由于其生物量较高,氮素累积吸收量并不低于低潜力品种,甚至苗期的氮素累积吸收量高于低潜力品种;高潜力品种的叶片叶绿素含量与硝酸还原酶活性、茎叶可溶性糖含量与硝态氮再利用量高于低潜力品种。说明上述4种生理指标均可作为评价油菜氮效率及增长潜力差异的间接指标。     

低钾胁迫下不同低钾耐性大豆光合特性及保护性酶的差异

田间试验选用耐低钾和低钾敏感的大豆品种各2个,研究低钾胁迫下不同品种光合特性及活性氧代谢的差异。结果表明,与施钾相比,低钾胁迫下,两类品种的相对叶绿素（SPAD）、光合速率（Pn）和气孔导度(Gs)均下降,但低钾耐性品种比低钾敏感品种下降的幅度小;而胞间CO2浓度（Ci）、蒸腾速率（Tr）和脯氨酸含量升高,且低钾敏感品种比低钾耐性品种升高幅度大。低钾耐性品种SOD活性在开花期低于低钾敏感品种,成熟始期又明显高于低钾敏感品种;CAT活性在开花期和结荚期低钾耐性品种都高于低钾敏感品种;成熟始期POD活性低钾耐性品种下降的幅度小于低钾敏感品种;MDA在生育中后期,低钾耐性品种明显低于低钾敏感品种。     

基于三温模型和热红外遥感的不同大豆品种蒸腾特征研究

蒸腾耗水是水循环中重要的水分存在形式之一,是准确量化水分利用效率的关键参数,对研究碳水循环关系及节水农业有重要意义。本研究以大豆品种‘晋21’(J21)和‘Union’(C08)为研究对象,设置两种水分处理[当地经验灌水定额的75%(A0)和37.5%(A1)],基于三温模型(3TModel)和热红外遥感,定量研究不同品种和不同水分胁迫下的大豆蒸腾速率,揭示其时空特征差异,从而为抗旱节水大豆品种筛选提供参考。研究结果表明:1)不同处理下大豆的蒸腾速率日变化趋势与气温、太阳净辐射和冠层温度的基本一致,呈先增加后减小的单峰曲线,且于午间达到峰值,峰值为1.2～2.5mm·h~(-1);各处理的大豆冠层温度和蒸腾速率均呈现出明显的空间异质性。2)J21与C08大豆的冠层温度A0处理分别低于A1处理6.55K和5.91K,蒸腾速率A0处理高于A1处理0.28 mm·h~(-1)和0.29 mm·h~(-1);大豆蒸腾速率与灌水量呈正相关、与冠层温度呈负相关。3)在相同水分胁迫下,大豆冠层温度J21低于C08 1.83～2.47 K,蒸腾速率J21高于C08 0.13～0.14 mm·h~(-1)。本研究与传统方法相比,所需要的参数较少,避开了空气动力学阻抗等难获取的参数,对农田尺度更具有适宜性,更能揭示不同农田环境下作物的蒸腾时空异质性,在农业水分高效利用和节水品种筛选上有十分重要的科学意义。     

根瘤菌剂和种衣剂拌种对不同品种大豆结瘤能力和产量的影响

为研究不同拌种材料对不同品种大豆根系结瘤能力和产量的影响,以郑1307和齐黄34为试验材料,设置对照(不拌种)、根瘤菌剂拌种(1010 CFU·mL-1大豆慢生根瘤菌)和悬浮种衣剂拌种(6.25%精甲霜灵·咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂)3个处理,研究其对2个大豆品种根际土壤养分、结瘤能力和产量性状的影响。研究结果表明:(1)与对照相比,根瘤菌剂拌种后齐黄34结瘤优于郑1307,根瘤数、根瘤干重和鲜重分别增加22.73%、23.47%和8.33%。郑1307根瘤数、根瘤鲜重与对照相比分别增加6.67%、2.27%。与对照相比,悬浮种衣剂拌种后根际土壤无机氮含量降低,根系生物量增加。(2)与对照相比,郑1307根瘤菌剂和种悬浮衣剂拌种后产量相对稳定;但根瘤菌剂拌种后齐黄34产量显著增加15.22%,而悬浮种衣剂拌种后产量无增加。(3)根瘤数、根瘤鲜重和干重均与底荚高度呈显著负相关,但与有效分枝数呈极显著正相关;根瘤数及根瘤鲜、干重与根系生物量、秸秆生物量和产量也在一定程度上正相关。综上,2种拌种剂均通过改变根际土壤环境、调控根瘤和根系的生长,影响地上部的农艺性状,但根瘤菌剂对产量的提高效果优于悬浮种衣剂,其具体调控途径和机制还需进一步深入研究。研究结果为黄淮海地区大豆种子处理方式的优化和合理配置田间栽培管理技术提供理论支撑。     

Compositional variability in conventional and glyphosate-tolerant soybean (Glycine max L.) varieties grown in different regions in Brazil

The compositions of a diverse range of commercially available conventional and genetically modified (GM; glyphosate-tolerant) soybean varieties from maturity groups 8 and 5, respectively, grown in the northern and southern soybean regions of Brazil during the 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 growing seasons were compared. Compositional analyses included measurement of essential macro- and micronutrients, antinutrients, and selected secondary metabolites in harvested seed as well as measurement of proximates in both forage and harvested seed. Statistical comparisons utilized a mixed analysis of variance model to evaluate the relative contributions of growing season, soybean growing region, production site, phenotype (GM or conventional), and variety. The study highlighted extensive variability in the overall data set particularly for components such as fatty acids, vitamin E, and isoflavones. There were few differences between the GM and non-GM populations, and most of the variability in the data set could be attributed to regional and variety differences. Overall, the results were consistent with the expanding literature on the lack of any meaningful impact of transgene insertion on crop composition.     

Beta-conglycinin embeds active peptides that inhibit lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in vitro

Obesity is a worldwide health concern because it is a well-recognized predictor of premature mortality. The objective was to identify soybean varieties that have improved potential to inhibit fat accumulation in adipocytes by testing the effects of soy hydrolysates having a range of protein subunit compositions on lipid accumulation and adiponectin expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The results showed that differences in the protein distribution of 15 soy genotypes led to different potentials for the reduction of fat accumulation. The inhibition of lipid accumulation of soy alcalase hydrolysates in 3T3-L1 adipocytes ranged from 29 to 46%. Soy hydrolysates made from genotypes with 45.3 +/- 3.3% of total protein as beta-conglycinin, on average, showed significantly higher inhibition of lipid accumulation compared to those with 24.7 +/- 1.5% of extracted total protein as beta-conglycinin. Moreover, after in vitro simulated digestion with pepsin-pancreatin of the soy alcalase hydrolysates, 86% of the original activity remained. Adiponectin expression was induced in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with 15 soy hydrolysates up to 2.49- and 2.63-fold for high and low molecular weight adiponectin, respectively. The inhibition of lipid accumulation calculated from a partial least squares (PLS) analysis model correlated well with experimental data (R(2) = 0.91). In conclusion, it was feasible to differentiate soy varieties on the basis of the potential of their proteins to reduce fat accumulation using a statistical model and a cell-based assay in vitro. Furthermore, beta-conglycinin embeds more peptides than glycinin subunits that inhibit lipid accumulation and induce adiponectin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Therefore, soy ingredients containing beta-conglycinin may be important food components for the control of lipid accumulation in adipose tissue.     

Quantitation of polyphenols in different apple varieties

Forty-one apple samples, representing eight of the most widely cultivated varieties in western Europe, were collected in Trentino, Italy. Samples were extracted from fresh fruit with a mixture of acetone/water to achieve a good extraction of polyphenols, including proanthocyanidin oligomers which were analyzed by normal-phase HPLC. Up to 20 compounds including catechin, epicatechin, B2 procyanidin, hydroxycinnamates, flavonols, anthocyanins, and dihydrochalcones were analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC and LC-MS. Total polyphenol content was independently measured with an optimized Folin-Ciocalteu assay. The mean content of total polyphenols lay between 66.2 and 211.9 mg/100 g of FW depending on the variety. With chromatographic analysis, it was possible to explain the whole amount of total polyphenols measured by the FC assay. Flavanols (catechin and proanthocyanidins) are the major class of apple polyphenols (71-90%), followed by hydroxycinnamates (4-18%), flavonols (1-11%), dihydrochalcones (2-6%), and in red apples anthocyanins (1-3%).     

带状套作复光后不同大豆品种干物质积累模型与特征分析

为了研究套作下高产类型大豆复光后的干物质积累特征,本研究共采用14个高、中、低产量水平的大豆为材料,比较了不同大豆产量类型品种与玉米套作,复光后的干物质积累特征差异。结果表明:1)高产类型大豆复光后干物质积累量为32.99 g·plant?1,较中、低产类型分别高26.82%和91.51%(两年均值)。2)不同产量类型大豆复光后干物质积累速率均呈先增加后下降的趋势,复光后最大干物质积累速率和平均干物质积累速率呈高产类型中产类型低产类型,高产类型大豆最大干物重积累速率的时间大致在复光后41~42 d,中低产类型则在复光后33~37 d;高产类型大豆复光后干物质渐增期天数、积累速率和干物质积累量以及快增期和缓增期的积累速率和积累量均显著高于中、低产类型。3)产量与最大干物质积累速率、最大干物质积累速率时间、平均干物质积累速率、渐增期的持续时间及干物质增量、快增期平均积累速率及干物质增量、缓增期平均积累速率及干物质增量呈显著正相关。本研究表明,套作下高产类型大豆复光后较强的干物质积累优势主要表现在复光后渐增期,而复光后渐增期较强的干物质积累能力主要在于其较长的渐增期持续天数。     

Inhibitory action of soybean beta-conglycinin hydrolysates on Salmonella typhimurium translocation in Caco-2 epithelial cell monolayers

Soybean protein hydrolysates are widely used as functional foods as they have antioxidative properties able to enhance immune responses in humans. The alcalase enzymatic hydrolysates of beta-conglycinin were fractionated by ultrafiltration, and two main fractions, SP1 (<10 kDa) and SP2 (10-20 kDa), were obtained. The effects of these two fractions on the growth, development of epithelial cells, and formation of intercellular tight junctions were tested on an in vitro Caco-2 cell culture system. The inhibitory effects of SP1 and SP2 on the penetration of Salmonella typhimurium into Caco-2 epithelial cells were also examined. The results showed that the addition of >0.05 g/L of SP2 improved epithelial cell growth and that a concentration of 0.5 g/L of SP2 increased intercellular tight junction formation, which resulted in increased of transepithelial monolayer resistance (TER) values. Moreover, a lower S. typhimurium count compared to control was obtained when Caco-2 cells were grown in 0.05 and 0.5 g/L of SP2. These results show that beta-conglycinin hydrolysates play an important role in resisting S. typhimurium penetration into intestinal epithelial cells and that high molecular mass peptides (10-20 kDa) were more effective overall than low molecular mass peptides.     

Evaluation of nonstarch polysaccharides and oligosaccharide content of different soybean varieties (Glycine max) by near-infrared spectroscopy and proteomics

A total of 832 samples of soybeans were screened by near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy, to identify soybean samples with a lower content of oligosaccharides and nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP). Of these, 38 samples were identified on the basis of variation in protein content and agronomic value and submitted to high-resolution NIR spectroscopy. On the basis of the NIR data, 12 samples were further selected for chromatographic characterization of carbohydrate composition (mono-, di-, and oligosaccharides and NSP). Their soluble proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE). Using partial least-squares regression (PLSR), it was possible to predict the content of total NSP from the high-resolution NIR spectra, suggesting that NIR is a suitable and rapid nondestructive method to determine carbohydrate composition in soybeans. The 2DE analyses showed varying intensities of several proteins, including the glycinin G1 precursor. PLSR analysis showed a negative correlation between this protein and insoluble NSP and total uronic acid (UA).