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1.
Precise calving monitoring is essential for minimizing the effects of dystocia in cows and calves. We conducted two studies in healthy cows that compared seven clinical signs (broad pelvic ligaments relaxation, vaginal secretion, udder hyperplasia, udder edema, teat filling, tail relaxation, and vulva edema) alone and in combination in order to predict the time of parturition. The relaxation of the broad pelvic ligaments combined with teat filling gave the best values for predicting either calving or no calving within 12 h. For the proposed parturition score (PS), a threshold of 4 PS points was identified below which calving within the next 12 h could be ruled out with a probability of 99.3% in cows (95.5% in heifers). Above this threshold, intermitted calving monitoring every 3 h and a progesterone rapid blood test (PRBT) would be recommended. By combining the PS and PRBT (if PS ≥ 4), the prediction of calving within the next 12 h improved from 14.9% to 53.1%, and the probability of ruling out calving was 96.8%. The PRBT was compared to the results of an enzyme immunoassay (sensitivity, 90.2%; specificity, 74.9%). The standard operating procedure developed in this study that combines the PS and PRBT will enable veterinarians to rule out or predict calving within a 12 h period in cows with high accuracy under field conditions.  相似文献   

2.
    
The effect of growth and parturition on hair cortisol concentrations of cattle was investigated. Plasma, saliva, and hair (black and white from the shoulders and hip) samples were collected from calves at 6 and 24 weeks old and from dairy cattle at the dry (1 and 2 months prepartum) and lactation (10, 50, 150, and 250 days postpartum) periods. Plasma and saliva cortisol concentrations were lower in 24-week-old calves than those of 6-week-old calves, and hair cortisol concentrations decreased regardless of color and position. In 6-week-old calves, hair cortisol concentrations differed between sampling positions, but this difference was not observed in 24-week-old calves. Plasma and saliva cortisol concentrations increased before parturition until 10 days postpartum then decreased until 50 days postpartum. The same trend was observed in the cortisol concentrations of white hair. Contrarily, cortisol concentrations in black hair remained unchanged and was lower than that in white hair. Hair cortisol concentration can vary greatly depending on the location on the body, hair color, cattle age, or parturition. When this method is used, all of the above factors must be considered.  相似文献   

3.
柴达木黄牛和青海东部黄牛红细胞钾型的研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
采用火焰光度法对238头柴达木黄牛和263头于海东部黄牛的红细胞钾型进行了研究。结果发现:①柴达木黄牛全部为低血钾型,而青海东部黄牛有高血钾和低血钾两种表型;②青海东部黄牛的K^L和K^h基因频率分别为0.826和0.174。  相似文献   

4.
互助县杂种黄牛红细胞钾型的研究   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
根据青海省互助县40头杂种黄牛的红细胞钾(EK)浓度分别为高钾(HK)和低钾(LK)两种表型,其中LK型占35头(87.5%)为优势表型。LK型杂种黄牛的EK浓度为8.9~30.1mmol/L,HK型的为45.8~75.3mmol/L,等位基因频率K^h=0.3536,K^L=0.6464。  相似文献   

5.
试验旨在研究氯前列醇钠、产前背膘厚、便秘对后备母猪同期分娩集中度和生产性能的影响,并进一步探讨母猪同期分娩的最优方案。选取后备母猪共295头,根据妊娠期110 d时P2点处的背膘厚,随机分为3组:对照组(CON组:0.9%生理盐水)、低剂量氯前列醇钠组(LPG组:0.1 mg氯前列醇钠)、高剂量氯前列醇钠组(HPG组:0.2 mg氯前列醇钠),于妊娠期114 d进行阴户部注射诱导分娩。结果表明,与对照组相比,高、低剂量氯前列醇钠均可显著缩短母猪从注射到分娩的时间间隔(P<0.05),且两试验组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。但是,LPG组后备母猪在注射氯前列醇钠后48 h内的分娩率高达95%,并且白天分娩率达75.7%。此外,LPG组后备母猪的产仔间隔也显著短于CON组(P<0.05)。同时本研究发现,背膘厚在16~20 mm范围内的后备母猪从注射到分娩的时间间隔显著短于背膘厚≤15 mm的后备母猪(P<0.05);便秘指数0~1.0组后备母猪的产程和产仔间隔均显著大于便秘指数1.1~2.0组及2.1~3.0组的后备母猪(P<0.05)。进一步回归分析发现,母猪背膘厚分别与产程、总产仔数、活仔数存在极显著线性相关(P<0.01),母猪便秘指数分别与产程、产仔间隔、总产仔数、活仔数存在极显著线性相关(P<0.01)。综上所述,在妊娠期114 d对后备母猪阴户部注射0.1 mg氯前列醇钠诱导分娩,不仅可显著加快母猪分娩的进程,而且还可大大节约药物成本。此外,母猪产前背膘厚和便秘均会影响母猪同期分娩的效果,应使母猪分娩前保持最佳的背膘厚(16~20 mm),且避免母猪便秘,方可保证同期分娩的顺利实施。  相似文献   

6.
7.
    
Oxidative stress parameters; thiobarbituric acid reaction substances (RBC-TBARS), catalase (RBC-CAT) and reduced glutathione (RBC-GSH)) and the intraerythrocytic concentrations of electrolytes; sodium and potassium (RBC-Na and RBC-K) were determined in 18 well- controlled (WC) and 22 poorly-controlled diabetic mellitus (DM). Dogs with DM had significant higher blood glucose concentration (P < 0.001), haemoglobin A1c (P < 0.01) and fructosamine (P < 0.001) compared to normal healthy dogs (n = 19). Diabetic dogs in both groups had higher RBC-CAT (P < 0.05) while RBC-TBARS were higher significantly only in poorly-controlled DM group (P < 0.05). The RBC-K was significantly higher in both DM groups (P < 0.001). No changes in RBC-GSH and RBC-Na were found between DM and control healthy dogs. By linear regression analysis, the relationship were found between degree of diabetic mellitus and RBC-CAT, RBC-TBARS, RBC-Na and RBC-K. The relationship was also found between oxidative stress parameters and intraerythrocytic K+. The results suggest that in diabetic dogs, oxidative stress occurs which related to the severity of disease and may affect potassium homeostasis.  相似文献   

8.
本研究用4头12周龄 ,体重32kg 左右的回—直肠吻合阉公猪 ,测定了回—直肠吻合术后第4、第9、第11、第13、第18周日粮中钠和钾的消化率和代谢率。结果为 :①回—直肠吻合术后第4周~第18周 ,钠的消化率和代谢率都较稳定 ,差异不显著(P>0.05) ,分别稳定在23.11 %和21.38 % ,表明在本试验条件下 ,荷术猪对日粮中钠的消化和代谢处于一个稳定的状态 ;②术后第4周~第18周 ,钾的消化率和代谢率均呈下降趋势 ,钾的消化率从术后第4周的32.72 %下降至术后18周的1.46 % ,钾的代谢率则相应地从30.46 %下降至 -0.77 % ,表明在本试验条件下 ,回—直肠吻合荷术猪体内钾的消化与代谢随着术后时间的延长存在一定的变化  相似文献   

9.
    
In order to examine the effect of treated and untreated retained placenta (RP) on fertility and on the occurrence of puerperal and fertility diseases, the records of 248 cows with RP were examined: 199 cows were treated with intrauterine tetracycline or systemic therapeutics, and 49 were left untreated. One hundred and ninety-six herd mates without RP served as controls. The fertility of the cows with RP was lower than that of the controls. The effect of treatment on fertility was neither beneficial nor harmful. The untreated cows with RP seemed to be treated more often for endometritis and repeat breeding than either the treated animals or the controls. Mastitis within 1 week after calving was more common in both groups of RP cows than in the controls. Most cases of mastitis in the treated RP group could be diagnosed at the time of RP treatment.  相似文献   

10.
氯前列烯醇诱导母猪同步分娩的效果   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
选择 2~ 4胎龄施格母猪 1 32头 ,分为 2组。对照组 ( 6 5头 )不做任何处理 ,试验组 ( 6 7头 )又分妊娠 1 1 2d组 ( 34头 )、1 1 3d组 ( 33头 )。用氯前列烯醇 ( 0 .1 g/L)分 0 .5m L/头、1 m L/头 2个剂量组分别处理上述各试验组母猪 ,观察母猪的分娩情况。结果 ,处理至分娩开始的间隔 ,1 1 2 d组为 2 8.72 h,1 1 3d组为 2 3.34 h,2组差异极显著 ( P<0 .0 1 ) ;分娩产程 ,1 1 2 d组为 3.0 8h比对照组长 4 .2 min,1 1 3d组为 2 .31 h比对照组短4 2 min,无显著性差异 ( P>0 .0 5) ;而白天分娩率经χ2 检验有显著性差异 ,1 1 2 d、1 1 3d组分别有 6 1 .76 %和78.78%的母猪在白天分娩 ,而对照组仅为 4 6 .1 5% ( P<0 .0 5)。1 1 2 d组、1 1 3d组母猪的生产成绩 ,死胎率分别为 2 .2 7%和 2 .0 8%比对照组低 1 .82 %、2 .0 1 % ( P<0 .0 5) ;初生窝重分别为 1 1 .56、1 0 .55kg,分别比对照组高 0 .0 8kg和低 0 .0 7kg( P>0 .0 5) ;2 0日龄窝重 ,1 1 2 d组平均为 33.56 kg比对照组低 1 .9kg,1 1 3d组为2 9.30 kg比对照组高 1 .77kg( P>0 .0 5) ;断奶个体重 ,1 1 2 d组平均为 8.1 4 kg比对照组低 0 .2 7kg,1 1 3d组平均为 9.2 7kg比对照组高 0 .85kg( P>0 .0 5)。结果表明 ,氯前列烯醇能有效控制母猪分娩时间集  相似文献   

11.
动物日粮阴阳离子平衡技术及研究现状   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
简要综述了日粮阴阳离子平衡技术及其在猪、禽、奶牛、羊方面的研究与应用现状  相似文献   

12.
窝箱温度对初生仔貂死亡率的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为了探讨水貂分娩前和分娩后窝箱温度变化与初生仔貂死亡率的关系,对处于不同环境气候条件下的分娩前和分娩后1~5 d的共计4组140个母貂的窝箱温度,采用红外测温仪进行了测定,同时对分娩后1~5 d内仔貂的死亡率进行了统计。结果表明:(1)分娩前1~5 d的窝箱温度始终在12℃以下变化,变化幅度大小主要受窝箱所处周围风力和光照的影响;分娩后1~5 d的窝箱温度逐渐升高,至第3~5 d达到或超过12℃,达到或超过12℃所需时间长短主要受母性强弱的影响。(2)分娩后的5 d内各组仔貂的平均死亡率为13.87%。分娩后1~5 d各天仔貂死亡率高低主要受窝箱温度高低的影响,以分娩当天窝箱温度最低,死亡率最高为5.61%(P<0.05),以后各天随窝箱温度逐渐升高,死亡率逐渐下降,至分娩后3~4 d窝箱温度达到或超过12℃时,死亡率为0。  相似文献   

13.
    
The current mineral requirements for growing goat kids are based on sheep and cattle studies without differentiating between the stages of development or gender. The aims of this study were to determine the net requirements for growth of Ca, P, Mg, Na and K of Saanen goat kids during the initial stages of growth and to analyse the effect of gender on the net requirements for growth of these macrominerals. Eighteen female, 19 intact male and 10 castrated male Saanen goat kids were studied. The kids were selected applying a completely randomized design and slaughtered when their body weight (BW) reached approximately 5, 10 and 15 kg to determine the mineral requirements for growth at these stages. The net mineral requirements for growth were similar among genders. The goat kids had slightly increased net requirements of Ca, P and Mg for growth with increasing BW from 5 to 15 kg. The net requirements for growth of Ca, P, Mg, Na and K ranged from 9.61 to 9.67 g/kg of BW gain, 7.14 to 7.56 g/kg of BW gain, 0.34 to 0.37 g/kg of BW gain, 1.26 to 1.13 g/kg of BW gain, 1.88 to 1.82 g/kg of BW gain as the animals grew from 5 to 15 kg respectively. In conclusion, when formulating diets for Saanen goat kids in early growth stage mineral levels do not need to adjusted based on gender.  相似文献   

14.
    
The incidence and severity of fat infiltration in the liver of Finnish Ayrshire cows at 1 and 8 weeks after calving were studied. All multiparous (n = 88) and some primiparous (n = 17) cows that calved in 20 commercial milk recorded herds were investigated. The cows lost weight and a condition score decreased significantly (p < 0.05) during early lactation. Blood samples were taken at 1, 4 and 8 weeks after calving. Ketone body concentrations were highest at 4 weeks after calving. Albumin and total protein concentrations and ornithine carbamyltransferase activity in the blood increased significantly (p = < 0.05) from 1 to 8 weeks after calving. The percentage of liver fat (v/v) was significantly (p < 0.05) greater at 1 (3.9 ± 0.5 %) than at 8 weeks (1.2 ± 0.3 %) after calving. Eighty-nine of 102 cows had less than or equal to 9 % of fat in the liver (mean 2.3 ± 0.2 %), and 13 cows had more than 9% (mean 14.9 ± 1.2%) at 1 week after calving. Only blood acetoacetate and plasma aspartate aminotransferase differed significantly between the groups. In the fatty liver group the incidence rate of treated cases of ketosis was 30.8 ± 13.3 % and of parturient paresis 23.1 ± 12.2 %. In the non-fatty liver group the rates were 10.1 ± 3.2 % and 7.8 ± 2.9 %, respectively. The differences were not significant.  相似文献   

15.
    
Four Thai native cattle were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to evaluate the availability of desalted mother liquor (DML) as replacement of salt in concentrate. Each cattle was assigned to one of the following concentrate feeding treatments: C1, 1% NaCl was added as salt; C2, 2% NaCl was added as salt; D1, 1% NaCl was replaced by DML; D2, 2% NaCl was replaced by DML, on a dry matter (DM) basis. The animals were fed rice straw and experimental concentrates (40:60) at 1.9% of body weight on a DM basis, daily. Acid detergent fiber expressed exclusive of residual ash (ADFom) digestibility in DML treatment was higher than salt treatment (< .05) and D2 feeding showed the highest value (60.8%). There were no significant differences in blood metabolites, nitrogen retention, ruminal ammonia nitrogen, methane emission or energy efficiency among treatments. Molar percent of acetate on volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid 4 hr post‐feeding tended to be higher in DML treatment than salt treatment (= .08). The results indicated that adding DML could improve ADFom digestibility and salt could be replaced by DML up to 2% as NaCl in concentrate without adverse effects on nitrogen balance, rumen conditions, blood metabolites and methane emission.  相似文献   

16.
    
Fatal sodium intoxication can occur in many species, including cattle, and postmortem confirmation often includes brain sodium concentration determination. Published information regarding brain sodium distribution in cattle was not found in a literature review. Our study was designed to determine whether sodium is uniformly distributed throughout the bovine brain. Eight whole bovine brains were collected from adult cattle with no neurologic signs or history suggestive of sodium intoxication, and with a non-neurologic cause of death diagnosed on gross examination. Brains were divided mid-sagittally. One hemisphere of each brain was homogenized. Subsamples were obtained from the remaining hemisphere (rostral, caudal, and dorsal cerebral cortices; brainstem, thalamus, and cerebellum). Sodium concentrations of regions and homogenates were measured by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA with a pairwise post-test to compare mean sodium concentration of each region to mean homogenate sodium concentration. Brain sodium was not uniformly distributed; sodium concentrations in different regions of the same brain varied somewhat unpredictably. Homogenization of an entire brain hemisphere appears to be the ideal method of sample preparation to ensure accurate brain sodium concentration measurement in adult cattle.  相似文献   

17.
对中国大丰麋鹿 (Elaphurusdavidianus) 4只母鹿的产仔行为进行了较为细致的观察和分析。结果表明 ,首次离群至分娩时间间隔的平均值为 32 2 5h ;母鹿临产时的行为主要有走动、卧地、回头顾腹、呆立、嗅地等 ,走动的频次最高 ,其次是卧地和回头顾腹 ;分娩历时平均为 33 75min ,以卧式分娩为主 ;仔鹿的首次站起时间为 39min ,仔鹿吃到初乳的时间为 6 0 75min。  相似文献   

18.
The levels of oestrone sulphate in plasma of pregnant cows was followed from 30 days of pregnancy until parturition. The Swedish Jersey Breed (SJB) showed significantly lower levels of oestrone sulphate between 101 and 200 days of pregnancy than either the Swedish Red and White (SRB) or the Swedish Lowland Breed (SLB). No significant difference was noted between SRB and SLB. On days 141-160 of gestation the oestrone sulphate values were still below the 10 nmol/l level for the SJB while they were above this level for the SRB and the SLB, and the difference was significant. In the SJB, levels above 10 nmol/l were reached on days 161-180 of gestation. In the second part of this study the levels of oestrone sulphate were measured around parturition in SRB cows. At parturition, the levels of oestrone sulphate rose to peak values of 79.9 +/- 5.2 nmol/l and then decreased to 6.6 +/- 0.5 nmol/l on the day after calving. In one cow peak values of 66.0 nmol/l were reached 2 days prior to parturition, and subsequently dropped to 7.0 nmol/l at parturition. This cow had retained foetal membranes. A possible relationship between low oestrone sulphate levels prior to parturition and retained foetal membranes is discussed.  相似文献   

19.
对中国大丰麋鹿(Elaphurus davidianus)4只母鹿的产仔行为进行了较为细致的观察和分析。结果表明.首次离群至分娩时间间隔的平均值为32.25h;母鹿临产时的行为主要有走动、卧地、回头顾腹、呆立、嗅地等,走动的频次最高,其次是卧地和回头顾腹;分娩历时平均为33.75min,以卧式分娩为主;仔鹿的首次站起时间为39min,仔鹿吃到初乳的时间为60.75min。  相似文献   

20.
    
It is generally assumed that animal species differ in physiological characteristics of their digestive tract. Because investigating digestive processes is often labour‐intensive, requiring lengthy adaptation and collection periods, comparisons are often made on the basis of data collated from different studies. We added a new data set on dietary crude fibre (CF) and macromineral (Na, K, Ca, P, Mg) composition and apparent digestibility (aD) of organic matter (OM) and macrominerals in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus; a total of 180 measurements with 12 individuals and 10 different diets) to a literature data collection for rodents and domestic horses (Equus caballus). Significant negative relationships between dietary CF and aD OM were obtained, but the significant difference in digestive efficiency between rabbits and guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) reported from studies where both species had been investigated under identical conditions were not detectable in the larger data collection. However, the 95% confidence interval of the negative slope of the CF–aD OM relationship did not overlap between domestic horses on the one hand, and rabbits and guinea pigs on the other hand, indicating a less depressing effect of CF in horses. Akaike's information criterion indicated that aD of a macromineral did not only depend on its concentration in the diet, but also on the individual and various other diet characteristics and the presence of other macrominerals, indicating complex interactions. The data indicate similar mechanisms in the absorption of macrominerals amongst rabbits, rodents and horses, with the exception of Na and K in guinea pigs and Ca in chinchillas (Chinchilla laniger) that should be further corroborated. In particular, the occurrence of high aD Ca in hindgut fermenters, regardless of whether they employ a digestive strategy of coprophagy or whether they have fossorial habits, suggests that this peculiarity might represent an adaptation to hindgut fermentation in general.  相似文献   

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