缓释肥施用时期对春播鲜食糯玉米产量和籽粒品质的影响

为探明缓释肥施用时期对鲜食糯玉米产量和籽粒品质的影响,本研究以苏玉糯11号为材料,在等量施肥条件下,以常规施肥方式(N15CK,基施复合肥+六叶期追施尿素)和不施肥为对照,研究缓释肥于播种期(SN15-0)、三叶期(SN15-3)和六叶期(SN15-6)一次性施用对鲜食糯玉米鲜果穗和鲜籽粒产量,籽粒淀粉和蛋白质含量、碘结合力、热力学特性和糊化特性的影响。结果表明,缓释肥处理的鲜果穗产量和鲜籽粒产量显著高于常规肥处理,且SN15-6和SN15-3的鲜果穗产量分别比SN15-0提高14.0%和7.4%,鲜籽粒产量提高14.6%和2.0%。SN15-6的籽粒中淀粉、可溶性糖和蛋白质含量均显著高于其他处理。缓释肥延后施用使淀粉粒径变小,SN15-6与N15CK的淀粉碘结合力和最大吸收波长显著高于其他处理。与不施肥相比,施肥提高了籽粒淀粉的糊化温度和胶凝温度(起始温度、峰值温度和终值温度),降低了回生热焓值和回生值。其中SN15-3的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、崩解值和终值黏度最高,而SN15-6的回复值、回生热焓值和回生值最低。综上,缓释肥适当延后施用有利于提高鲜食糯玉米产量,增加籽粒中蛋白质、淀粉、可溶性糖含量,降低淀粉平均粒径;另外,三叶期施用可显著提高籽粒糊化黏度,六叶期施用使籽粒回生值显著降低。本研究结果可为春播鲜食糯玉米绿色高产优质轻简栽培提供理论依据与技术支撑。     

Heat Stress at Different Grain Filling Stages Affects Fresh Waxy Maize Grain Yield and Quality

The effects of heat stress (mean day/night temperatures were 29/18 and 35/18°C for control and heat stress treatments, respectively) at 1–10 or 11–20 days after pollination (DAP) on grain yield and quality of two waxy maize varieties, Suyunuo5 and Yunuo7, were studied. The decrease in grain number and fresh grain yield was more severe when heat stress was introduced early. The responses of grain weight and its components to heat stress were dependent on the variety and heat stress stage. Heat stress increased the starch granule size and volume percentage of diameter larger than 17 μm in both varieties. Crystallinity, iodine binding capacity, and pasting and gelatinization temperatures were increased in both varieties under heat stress at 11–20 DAP; however, the response to early‐stage heat stress was variety dependent. Peak viscosity and retrogradation percentage were increased by heat stress at either stage. These results suggest that heat stress decreases fresh grain yield and accelerates grain filling rate; it increases starch content, starch granule size, crystallinity, and iodine binding capacity as well as decreases the protein content in Yunuo7, thus making the grain less tender and prone to retrogradation. Warm conditions should shorten the time to harvest in fresh waxy maize production.     

Effects of Heat Stress During Grain Filling on the Functional Properties of Flour from Fresh Waxy Maize

The effects of temperature during grain filling on the quality of fresh waxy maize grain were investigated using three varieties. Plants of the selected varieties were subjected to two temperature treatments, namely, control (mean daily air temperature, 30°C) and heat stress (35°C), after artificial pollination (1–23 days after pollination). Heat stress decreased starch content and crystallinity and increased the contents of protein and protein fractions (albumin, globulin, zein, and glutenin), but it did not affect soluble sugar content in general. The effects of heat stress on grain textural characteristics were variety dependent, except for springiness, which was similar between treatments. Pasting and thermal properties were also affected by heat stress. The results suggest that heat stress during grain filling changes the composition of flour and crystalline structure of starch, thereby decreasing viscosities and enthalpies of gelatinization as well as increasing the pasting and gelatinization temperature of fresh waxy maize.     

Effects of Heat Stress at Different Grain‐Filling Phases on the Grain Yield and Quality of Waxy Maize

Effects of heat stress (mean day/night temperatures of 35.2/16.1 and 27.4/15.6°C for heat stress and control, respectively) during different grain‐filling phases (1–10, 11–20, 21–30, 31–40, and 1–40 days after pollination [DAP]) on the grain yield and quality of waxy maize were investigated using two varieties. Heat stress decreased the number and weight of grains, thereby reducing grain yield. The effects of heat stress at an early grain development stage (before 20 DAP) were severe. Compared with the control, starch deposition was not affected by heat stress in Suyunuo5, and it was only decreased by heat stress at 1–10 DAP in Yunuo7. Protein content responses to heat stress were variety and stage dependent. Heat stress increased the iodine‐binding capacities of both varieties. Peak and breakdown viscosities were decreased by heat stress, and the effects gradually decreased with postponement of high temperature. Heat stress increased gelatinization temperature and retrogradation percentage for both varieties, and the response was stage dependent. Heat stress during the whole grain‐filling period increased the pasting and gelatinization temperatures but decreased gelatinization enthalpy. Changes in protein and starch contents as well as the proportion of long chains in amylopectin affected the pasting and thermal properties.     

10个鲜食糯玉米品种比较试验研究

【目的】筛选适合广西南宁地区种植的鲜食糯玉米品种。【方法】对10个糯玉米品种进行比较试验,以苏玉糯5号为对照,从生育期、抗病性、田间植株性状、果穗性状及产量等方面进行分析。【结果】密甜糯2号和京科糯768产量分别为1039.5 kg/667 m2和1029.0 kg/667 m2,分别比对照增产40.8%和39.3%。同时这2个参试品种在生育期、抗病性、植株性状和果穗性状等方面大部分指标优于对照品种。【结论】密甜糯2号和京科糯768综合性状表现突出,适宜在南宁地区进行推广种植。     

Plant Density and Nitrogen Effects on Maize Phenology and Grain Yield

ABSTRACT

Nitrogen (N) and plant density are considered some of the most important factors affecting crop phenology (days to tasseling, silking, and maturity), morphology (leaves plant^?1, seeds ear^?1, ears 100 plants^?1) and grain yield. The effects of plant density and N on phenology, morphology, and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) at Peshawar in northwestern Pakistan were evaluated during 2002 to 2004. The 2 × 3 × 6 factorial experiment was designed having two plant densities (60,000 and 100,000 plants ha^?1) and three N levels (60, 120, and 180 kg N ha^?1) applied to main plots, while six split application of N in different proportions were applied to subplots in two equal, three equal, three unequal, four equal, five equal and five unequal splits at sowing and with 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th irrigation at two week intervals. All the phenological characteristics were significantly affected by year, plant density, rate and timing of nitrogen application. Year and plant density had no significant effect while rates and split application of N had significant effects on the leaf number plant^?1 and seed number ear^?1. Year, plant density and N rate had significant effects while N splits had no significant effects on the number of ears 100 plants^?1 of maize. Significantly higher grain yield was observed under high plant densities, high N rate and split application of N, while its response to year effects was statistically non-significant. Tasseling, silking and physiological maturity were delayed and maximum grain yield was obtained from those plots maintained at higher plant density. Delaying in the phenological characteristics while increasing the number of leaves and seeds plant^?1, and number of ears 100 plant^?1 through high rate and split application of N results in maximum yield of maize at Peshawar. This study suggested that maize production can be maximized through high plant density and high N split application.     

播期对夏播糯玉米淀粉理化特性的影响

为明确夏播糯玉米的适宜播期,以苏玉糯5号和渝糯7号为材料,分析了播期对夏播糯玉米籽粒淀粉理化特性的影响。结果表明,2014年度2个糯玉米品种的淀粉平均粒径在早播和迟播处理下均显著降低,2013年度苏玉糯5号在早播处理下较高,渝糯7号受播期影响较小。播期对糯玉米淀粉的晶体衍射类型无影响,但使尖峰强度发生了变化。淀粉碘结合力随播期推迟逐渐降低,糊化范围在早播和迟播处理下均显著降低。淀粉最大吸收波长、糊化温度、胶凝温度(起始温度、峰值温度和终值温度)受播期影响较小。淀粉膨胀势、黏度特征值、热焓值和回生值在不同播期处理下均发生了变化。相关分析结果表明,生育期较高的积温增加了支链淀粉中长链比例,使谷值黏度升高;降雨量过多易导致淀粉膨胀势下降,热焓值降低;较长的日照时数增加了支链淀粉中长链比例,使淀粉膨胀势、谷值黏度和热焓值升高。因此,在夏播糯玉米生产中,应根据气候条件和生产目标确定适宜播期,提高黏度应提早播种,降低回生应推迟播种。本研究结果为夏播糯玉米淀粉品质调优提供了理论依据。     

鲜食糯玉米新品种金糯005选育报告

选育适合不同区域和用途的优质甜糯玉米品种,是甘肃省特用玉米产业发展的迫切要求。金糯005是甘肃省张掖市农业科学研究院和张掖市华陇种业有限责任公司以自育系N51为母本、N11为父本杂交选育而成的鲜食糯玉米新品种单交种,2020 — 2021年参加甘肃省鲜食糯玉米品种区域试验,2 a平均折合产量18 669.8 kg/hm2,比对照品种白玉糯909增产7.4%,比对照品种京科糯569增产7.1%。该品种在甘肃甜糯玉米产区覆膜栽培平均采收期104 d左右,感丝黑穗病和瘤黑粉病。干籽粒含粗蛋白8.7 g/kg、粗脂肪43.3 g/kg、粗淀粉718.4 g/kg,粗淀粉中支链淀粉含量100%。适宜在甘肃省≥10 ℃活动积温2 240 ℃以上的鲜食玉米区或相同气候生态类型的北方鲜食玉米区覆膜春播种植。     

涝渍逆境下化学调节对孕穗期小麦生理特征和产量性状的影响

涝渍逆境下PP333、BR 120、AsA 能增加孕穗期小麦Chl含量, 缓解SOD、CAT 活性及根系活力的降低。减少Pro、MDA 积累, 增强POD活性, 增加主茎绿叶数和次生根数, 增大根冠比。PP333 和BR120 分别增加单株产量12.75% 和9.25% , 达极显著水平, AsA 增加4.29% , 差异不显著。     

稻田土壤铜含量对水稻籽粒灌浆特性与产量的影响

为探究稻田土壤铜含量对水稻产量及籽粒灌浆特性的影响,于2019和2021年通过盆栽试验分析24.32(对照,CK)、100(Cu100)和200 mg·kg^-1(Cu200)稻田土壤铜含量下水稻的产量差异,并通过Richards方程对籽粒灌浆过程进行拟合,比较籽粒灌浆参数之间的差异,探讨铜含量对不同粒位籽粒灌浆特性的影响。结果表明,2019和2021年Cu200处理水稻产量较CK分别减少31.18%和39.50%(P<0.05);而Cu100处理水稻产量较CK分别表现为减少12.94%(P<0.05)和增加10.07%(P>0.05)。土壤不同铜含量处理下水稻籽粒灌浆特性表明,与对照相比,Cu100处理强势粒延长了活跃灌浆期(D)和到达最大灌浆速率的时间(T_max),最终生长量A值提高,而弱势粒D值及T_max明显缩短,A值明显降低;Cu200处理强、弱势粒D值及T_max明显减小,A值显著降低。总体而言,各处理对弱势粒灌浆影响大于强势粒。进一步分析不同土壤铜含量下水稻产量变化规律发现...     

抽穗期高温胁迫对水稻产量构成要素和品质的影响

以扬稻6号与南粳43为试验材料,通过在人工气候箱中进行高温处理,研究抽穗期高温胁迫对水稻产量构成要素及稻米品质的影响,旨在深入探讨高温对水稻的伤害机理。研究表明:水稻抽穗期高温降低了水稻的每穗总粒数、结实率和千粒重,同时稻米的糙米率、精米率、整精米率、可溶性糖和蛋白质含量也呈下降趋势,而稻米的垩白率、垩白度和直链淀粉含量增加明显,随胁迫温度的提高和胁迫时间的延长,2个水稻品种的产量构成要素和稻米品质急剧下降。相同温度胁迫下,扬稻6号的热害指数(Index of heat sensitivity,HIS)稍低于南粳43,其中扬稻6号的产量构成要素和品质受高温的影响也稍低于南粳43,说明扬稻6号耐高温能力高于南粳43。研究结果为进一步了解高温对水稻结实和稻米品质的伤害机理,筛选耐热性强的水稻品种提供重要的理论依据。     

增施氮素对苗期渍水胁迫冬油菜生理特性及产量的调控效应

研究增施氮素对苗期渍水胁迫后冬油菜生理特性及产量的调控效应,可为冬油菜主产区渍水胁迫后植株生长恢复调控措施的选择提供重要参考。本研究采用盆栽和大田试验,在冬油菜5~6叶期设置渍水胁迫D0(0 d)、D6(6 d)和D9(9 d)三个处理,并在渍害胁迫解除后设置4个氮素增施水平N0(0 kg/hm~2)、N2(30 kg/hm~2)、N4(60 kg/hm~2)、N6(90 kg/hm~2),研究了增施氮素对苗期渍水胁迫后冬油菜的生理响应特性及产量的调控效应。结果表明:与单纯渍水不增施氮素相比,增施氮素均能有效改善冬油菜各项生理指标而提高产量,盆栽和大田试验各指标变化特征基本一致。增施氮素20 d后,随渍水胁迫天数的减少与氮素施用水平的增加,盆栽及大田植株叶片叶绿素含量、叶片和根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及产量增加,叶片和根系丙二醛(MDA)含量降低,除植株根系CAT活性以外,交互作用对其余各项生理指标及产量的影响均达到显著水平(P0.05)。与单纯渍水不增施氮素相比,盆栽及大田N4D6处理冬油菜叶绿素总含量、叶片和根系抗氧化酶活性以及产量均显著增加13.28%~26.98%(P0.05),叶片和根系丙二醛含量显著降低20.24%~23.67%(P0.05),除POD活性外,其余各指标均已恢复至自然对照水平;盆栽及大田N6D9处理叶绿素总含量、叶片和根系抗氧化酶活性以及产量均显著增加(P0.05),叶片和根系MDA含量显著降低(P0.05),但所有指标仍均未恢复至自然对照水平。因此,在冬油菜主产区苗期渍水胁迫6 d后增施纯氮60 kg/hm~2以及渍水胁迫9 d后增施纯氮90 kg/hm~2均能显著增强油菜渍水胁迫后的生理代谢活动,而提高作物产量。     

稳定氮肥用量对夏玉米产量和氮肥利用率的影响

通过大田小区试验,研究了稳定氮肥不同用量对夏玉米产量、养分累积量、氮肥利用效率及经济效益的影响。结果表明,与不施稳定氮肥相比,稳定氮肥施氮量90、150、210 kg·hm-2和270 kg·hm-2分别增产36.7%、62.1%、76.6%和81.9%,地上部氮素总累积量分别增加39.0%、60.3%、79.0%和113.4%,经济效益分别增加36.1%、61.2%、72.7%和77.1%;与农民习惯施用氮肥相比,高量稳定氮肥用量210 kg·hm-2和270 kg·hm-2分别增产7.3%和10.5%,地上部氮素总累积量分别增加3.2%和23.0%,经济效益分别增加9.7%和11.4%。施用稳定氮肥促进夏玉米对氮素的吸收累积,高量210 kg·hm-2和270kg·hm-2处理较习惯施氮提高总吸氮量。施用稳定氮肥各处理氮肥表观利用率和农学效率显著高于农民习惯施氮,偏生产力高于农民习惯施氮,生理效率除270 kg·hm-2处理外,高于农民习惯施氮。稳定氮肥施氮量在210 kg·hm-2时,能较好地协调玉米高产与稳定氮肥合理利用的统一。     

灌溉量和灌溉时期对胡麻需水特性和产量的影响

为了探讨不同灌水条件下胡麻的需水规律,在2012年和2013年田间试验条件下,以陇亚杂l号为材料,研究了不同灌水处理对胡麻耗水特性、籽粒产量及其水分利用效率的影响.试验设置5个处理:不灌水(CK)、分茎水80 mm(T1)、分茎水60 mm+盛花水40 mm(T2)、分茎水80 mm+盛花水40mm(T3)、分茎水60 mm+现蕾水40 mm+盛花水40 mm(T4).结果表明:随着灌水量的增加,总耗水量逐渐增加,土壤贮水量和降雨量占总耗水量的比例降低.土壤贮水量占总耗水量比例的变异系数显著大于降水量占总耗水量比例的变异系数,表明土壤贮水利用率的可调控幅度较大.适量灌溉的T2处理,土壤贮水量占总耗水量的比例较灌水量多的T4处理显著增加了59.37％(2012年)、52.85％ (2013年),表明T2处理明显增加了胡麻对土壤贮水的吸收利用.胡麻的阶段耗水量和耗水模系数表现为盛花至成熟＞现蕾至盛花＞分茎至现蕾,2012年的生长季阶段耗水量明显大于2013年.籽粒产量随着灌水量的增加先升高后降低,其中T2处理的籽粒产量和水分利用效率显著高于其他处理,与CK处理相比,分别显著增加了45.90％、20.50％(2012年),40.72％、11.71％(2013年).结果表明,T2处理为本试验条件下高产节水的最佳灌水处理.本试验为胡麻合理灌溉和增产节水提供理论依据.     

DCPTA和ETH复配剂对玉米茎秆力学特性及籽粒产量的影响

为探究植物生长调节剂对玉米茎秆力学特性的影响以及与产量的关系,以东农253为试材,在玉米9叶期喷施2种外源物质:玉黄金、自配的DCPTA和ETH复配剂(代号KP),以喷施清水为对照(CK)。喷施处理后,分别在玉米抽雄前10 d、抽雄期、灌浆初期、乳熟期和完熟期取其茎秆研究力学特性,并在收获期测产。结果表明,与CK相比,喷施KP和玉黄金后,株高分别下降8.87%和6.65%,穗位高分别下降17.79%和4.04%,扁率最高下降45.86%和15.86%;茎秆横折强度、穿刺强度、单位节间长度干物重、节间横截面积及皮厚最高分别提高150.17%、103.56%、215.79%、85.03%、110.48%和115.46%、56.44%、53.33%、76.19%、27.41%。收获期玉黄金处理下籽粒水分含量较CK显著下降4.97%。KP和玉黄金处理下的产量较CK增加9.23%和5.78%。相关性分析表明,植物生长复配剂处理后茎秆的皮厚、穿刺强度、横折强度、横截面积、单位节间长度干物重和田间致倒伏推力与产量呈正相关;株高、穗位高和扁率与产量呈负相关。由此可见,植物生长复配剂可以提高玉米茎秆强度以及籽粒产量。本研究结果为黑龙江玉米化控高效栽培提供了理论依据。     

控释尿素对春玉米产量、氮效率及氮素平衡的影响

为明确控释尿素在春玉米上的应用效果及土壤氮素平衡状况,在黑龙江省双城、宾县、哈尔滨、肇源地区通过2011—2012年两年四点次田间小区试验,研究普通尿素与控释尿素(控释期90 d的树脂包膜尿素)混合施用对春玉米产量、氮肥效率(NUE)及土壤氮素盈亏的影响。结果表明,春玉米产量、植株吸氮量均随着施氮量的增加而增加。与普通尿素一次性基施相比,控释尿素能够提高玉米产量、植株吸氮量、氮肥表观利用率、氮农学效率(ANUE)及氮肥贡献率(FCR)。在相同氮素施用水平下(100%、75%、50%氮肥用量),100%基施控释尿素比100%基施普通尿素各处理玉米产量分别平均增加391、427、291 kg·hm-2;氮肥表观利用率提高5.9%、4.9%和5.1%;氮肥农学效率提高2.0、2.6 kg·kg~(-1)和2.6 kg·kg~(-1);氮肥贡献率增加2.7%、3.1%和2.4%。处理4(普通尿素40%基肥,60%追施)和处理5(40%普通尿素与60%控释尿素混合一次性基施)玉米产量、植株吸氮量、氮肥表观利用率、氮农学效率差异不显著。氮素表观亏缺量随着氮肥用量的增加而降低。与100%普通尿素作基肥一次性施入相比,100%控释尿素一次性基施降低氮素表观损失量15.0 kg·hm-2;40%普通尿素与60%控释尿素混合一次性基施降低氮素表观损失率23.9 kg·hm-2。可见,普通尿素与控释尿素分别以40%和60%的比例混合施用在黑龙江省玉米生产上是可以推广和借鉴的氮素管理方式。     

Effects of Waxy Maize Relay Intercropping and Residue Retention on Rhizosphere Microbial Communities and Vegetable Yield in a Continuous Cropping System

Intercropping and residue retention contribute to high yield and quality of crops. However, their coupled effects on rhizospheric microbial communities under a continuous vegetable cropping system have not been adequately addressed. The objective of the present study was to assess the effects on soil microbial community and yields of waxy maize(Zea mays L.) intercropped with or without residue retention in a continuous broccoli(Brassica oleracea L.) cropping system, i.e., relay intercropping of broccoli and waxy maize(B/M-B), relay intercropping of broccoli and waxy maize with residue retention(B/MR-B), and broccoli monoculture(B-B). The biomass yields of spring and autumn vegetables in B/MR-B were 16.3%–32.5% and 30.1%–46.1% higher than those of B-B,respectively. Autumn vegetable economic yields of B/MR-B were 28.2%–40.3% higher than B-B. The average well color development followed the order: B/MR-B B/M-B B-B. The Shannon index, Simpson index, and Mc Intosh index were higher in B/MR-B than under monoculture. A principal component analysis showed that microbial communities of B/MR-B soils differed from those of B/M-B and B-B soils. Carbon(C) sources utilized by the rhizosphere microorganisms were mainly carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, amino acids, and polymers; however, the C sources for the soil microbial community differed between intercropping and monoculture. The communities from B/MR-B preferred amino acids and polymers. Available nitrogen(N), potassium(K), and phosphorus(P) had an obvious impact on soil microbial community. Additionally, the C source utilization by microorganisms was significantly affected by p H and available K and P. Cropping system diversification through relay intercropping and residue retention effectively improved the functional diversity of the soil microbial communities and increased the yields of vegetables.     

不同缓控释氮肥对连作春玉米产量及氮肥去向的影响

在山西省连作春玉米区连续4年设置大田定位试验,设置不施氮肥(CK)、一次性基施尿素(CU1)、追施尿素(CU2)、树脂包膜尿素(PCU)、硫包衣尿素(SCU)、多酶金缓释尿素(MEU)6个施肥处理,研究施用缓控释氮肥对春玉米产量、氮肥去向及氮素平衡的影响,为春玉米氮素养分的科学管理技术提供参考。结果表明:(1)缓控释氮肥处理能够明显提高春玉米产量,促进氮素吸收。与CU1处理相比,SCU、MEU、PCU和CU2处理可分别提高春玉米产量17.51%,9.88%,9.62%,9.48%,同时氮肥农学利用效率分别提高7.5,4.2,4.1,4.1 kg/kg。(2)不同缓控释氮肥处理的作物吸收肥料氮以及肥料氮在0-100 cm土层残留量之间存在显著差异。SCU、MEU、PCU、CU2和CU1的氮肥表观利用率分别为36.1%,32.5%,26.5%,26.7%,19.5%,肥料氮在0-100 cm土层残留量分别占施氮量的28.5%,31.6%,35.7%,35.5%,39.1%。此外,与一次性基施尿素相比,缓控释氮肥能够显著降低肥料氮的损失,SCU、MEU、PCU和CU2分别降低了22.65%,18.81%,8.99%,8.47%。(3)综合分析不同氮肥处理的农田氮素平衡,SCU处理的春玉米吸氮量最高,为261.5 kg/hm^2,其次是MEU,为253.5 kg/hm^2。SCU的0-100 cm土层残留量在缓控释氮肥中最低,为124.1 kg/hm^2,MEU和PCU分别为131.04,140.09 kg/hm^2。SCU处理的氮表观损失量最低,为106.3 kg/hm^2,MEU和PCU分别为111.6,125.1 kg/hm^2。在山西省春玉米主产区土壤上,缓控释氮肥能够显著促进春玉米对氮素的吸收,减少氮素损失。硫包衣尿素和多酶金缓释尿素的效果相对较好。     

Rheological and Thermal Properties of Aged Starch Pastes from Three Waxy Maize Genotypes

The rheological and thermal properties of aged starch gels (15:85 starch-water) from three waxy maize genotypes (wx, wx sh1, and du wx) during storage (4°C for up to 25 days) were studied. After storage, changes of storage modulus (G′) and phase angle (δ) of the gels as a function of temperature were measured using oscillatory rheometry. For the du wx samples, G′ at 25°C increased rapidly during the first four days of storage at 4°C, compared to the gradual increases over the 25-day storage period for the wx and wx sh1 samples. A peak in G′ at 45°C was observed during heating for the du wx samples after 10 days of storage and for the wx sample stored for 25 days. The G′ peak may have been due to syneresis in the gels. Retrogradation of amylopectin of the aged starch samples was examined using differential scanning calorimetry. The du wx starch had greater retrogradation enthalpies than the other two samples (which showed similar retrogradation behavior) throughout the storage. The retrogradation enthalpy of the du wx samples increased rapidly during the first seven days, followed by a slower increase through the rest of storage. For the wx and wx sh1 samples, no endotherm was observed during the first four days of storage, after which the enthalpy increased steadily as a function of storage time. Addition of sucrose delayed the formation of gel networks for all three starches. The greater tendency for gelling and retrogradation of the du wx starch might be attributed to the greater proportion of DP20–30 chains of the amylopectin.     

控释尿素对土壤供氮能力及旱作玉米产量的影响

通过田间试验,探明控释尿素输入对土壤无机氮变化及春玉米氮素吸收利用特性的影响,为宁夏南部山区氮肥高效利用及玉米高产提供理论依据和技术支撑。以先玉698为供试材料,在等氮量(225 kg/hm~2)条件下,以不施氮为对照(CK),设置UR(100%普通尿素,2/3基施,1/3小喇叭口期追施)、CRU1(1/3控释尿素+1/3普通尿素基施,1/3普通尿素小喇叭口期追施)、CRU2(2/3控释尿素+1/3普通尿素一次基施)、CRU3(100%控释尿素基施)4种施氮模式,探明控释尿素输入对土壤无机氮分布、玉米氮素吸收运转、氮素利用效率以及产量的影响。结果表明,相对于UR处理,控释尿素输入显著提升了春玉米生育中后期土壤硝态氮和铵态氮的含量,其中以CRU2处理效果最明显。CRU输入能提高春玉米产量及氮肥利用率,与UR相比,2年内平均增产0.67 t/hm~2,氮肥偏生产力提高2.92 kg/kg,氮肥利用率提高6.02%。CRU处理间尤其以CRU2效果最佳,与CRU1、CRU3相比,2年内分别平均增产0.10,0.53 t/hm~2,氮肥偏生产力分别提高0.30,2.23 kg/kg,氮肥利用率分别提高2.49%,9.44%。由此可见,控释/普通尿素配施有利于提高土壤养分供应与春玉米氮素吸收的吻合度,初步建议采用控释尿素基施150 kg/hm~2+普通尿素基施75 kg/hm~2的施肥模式,以提高宁夏旱区春玉米产量和氮肥利用率。