Genetic variation and interrelationships of agronomic characters in landraces of bread wheat from southeastern Iran

There is renewed interest in wheat landraces as important sources of genetic variation for agronomic characters. Fifty-three pure lines of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) derived from seven landraces collected from southeastern Iran were used to estimate genetic variation and heritability for 13 developmental and quantitative characters. Path-analysis was used to partition the genetic correlations between grain yield and six grain yield-related traits. Mean values of landraces were also compared with three improved cultivars from California and Iran. Genotypic differences among the landraces and among the pure lines collected from the landraces were highly significant for all characters considered. Compared with the modern cultivars, the landrace genotypes were, on average, later in days to heading and taller than the cultivars but had lower values for number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and harvest index. Some landrace genotypes were similar to the modern cultivars for grain yield. Moderate to high genetic variation was displayed by number of grains per spike, number of spikes per plant, 1000-grain weight, and harvest index. The heritability estimates ranged from 59% for grain yield to 99% for days to anthesis. Expected genetic advance (as % of the mean) was ≈34% for number of spikes per plant, number of grains per spike, and 1000-grain weight. Days to heading and to anthesis correlated positively with number of spikes per plant, shoot biomass, and straw biomass but negatively with number of grains per spike and harvest index. The strong direct effect of number of spikes per plant on grain yield was completely counterbalanced by its indirect negative effects via number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight. Number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight were positively correlated with grain yield, and they had large direct effects. These two characters, however, were negatively correlated and exhibited a substantial counterbalance effect via one another and via number of spikes per plant. The landraces could be improved by intercrossing the promising genotypes identified in this study, with simultaneous selection for earliness, fewer number of spikes per plant, greater number of grains per spike and heavier grains. For further improvement, crossing programs between the landraces and introduced germplasm may be necessary. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Harvest Index and Spike Index in Crosses between Wheat Genotypes with Different Spike Architecture

Crosses between vulgare wheat genotypes with different spike architecture were examined for total biomass per plant, grain mass per plant, and harvest index. The genotypes with branched spikes (turgidum type) and tetrastichon spikes were equal or superior to those with normal spikes in total biomass per plant but inferior in grain mass per plant. Consequently, they had significantly lower harvest indices. In the F₁ and F₂ generation, high heterosis for total biomass per plant occurred in all crosses between the genotypes with branched and normal spikes. There was heterosis for grain mass per spike in most crosses, but it was not as high as for total biomass. This investigation confirmed earlier findings that genetic changes towards the branched or the tetrastichon spike do not increase the potential for grain yield. Since, however, the crosses between the genotypes with branched and normal spikes showed high heterosis for grain mass per plant, lines with highly fertile but normal spikes may be expected in the segregating generations as a result of a genetic change in sink capacity. The genotypes with branched and tetrastichon spikes produced higher biomass per spike but lower spike index than the genotypes with normal spike. This may be an indication that the increase in vegetative area of the spike does not necessarily have a positive effect on grain mass per spike.     

小麦籽粒产量及穗部相关性状的QTL定位

由小麦品种花培3号和豫麦57杂交获得DH群体168个株系,种植于3个环境中,利用305个SSR标记对籽粒产量和穗部相关性状(穗长、穗粒数、总小穗数、可育小穗数、小穗着生密度、千粒重和粒径)进行了QTL定位。利用基于混合线性模型的QTLNetwork 2.0软件,共检测到27个加性效应和13对上位效应位点,其中 8个加性效应位点具有环境互作效应。相关性高的性状间有一些共同的QTL位点,表现出一因多效或紧密连锁效应。5D染色体区段Xwmc215–Xgdm63,检测到控制籽粒产量、穗粒数、总小穗数、可育小穗数和小穗着生密度5个性状的QTL位点,各位点的遗传贡献率较大且遗传效应方向相同,增效等位基因均来源于豫麦57,适用于分子标记辅助育种和聚合育种。控制千粒重与穗粒数的QTL位于染色体不同区段,有利于实现穗粒数与粒重的遗传重组。     

抗稻瘟病杂交稻‘广优明118’的生物学特性及产量结构分析

为了明确抗稻瘟病杂交稻‘广优明118’的产量、抗性鉴定、稻米品质、农艺性状等生物学特性表现,以及产量结构特征。根据‘广优明118’参加福建省、安徽省区域试验和其他试验示范结果,分析其生物学特性,进行产量及产量构成因素间相关分析, 构成因素对产量的通径分析。表明,‘广优明118’高产、中抗稻瘟病,中抗稻曲病,感纹枯病,高感白叶枯病,适应性较广。产量结构分析表明,每公顷穗数对产量的贡献率为43.05%,每穗粒数为30.59%,千粒重为12.50%,结实率为10.57%。每公顷穗数和每穗粒数对每公顷总粒数的贡献率分别为34.10%和64.09%。每公顷总粒数对库容量的贡献率为86.47%,千粒重的贡献率为13.31%。库容量对稻谷产量的贡献率86.94%,结实率的贡献率为10.23%。‘广优明118’高产的关键应培育足穗大穗,增加单位面积的总粒数,扩大库容量,并注重提高结实率和千粒重。     

矮秆超大穗小麦亲本与多抗丰产小麦主要农艺性状的配合力评价及遗传分析

为了进一步挖掘矮秆超大穗小麦亲本在遗传育种中的应用潜力,为小麦高产、超高产育种选择优良亲本和最优杂交组合提供理论依据,选用5个矮秆超大穗小麦品种（系）作为父本,8个多抗丰产小麦品种（系）作为母本,按NCII遗传交配设计,采用8×5不完全双列杂交法,配制了40个杂交组合,对小麦亲本及杂种F1的株高、主穗长、单株穗数、结实小穗数、主穗粒数、主穗产量、单株产量、千粒重8个性状进行了考察,并在基因型方差分析显著的基础上进行了配合力评价及遗传力分析。结果表明：父本中A1、A3、A4是综合性状优良的亲本,其多数性状的一般配合力均较高,特别是穗长、主穗粒数、结实小穗数、主穗产量、单株产量的一般配合力高,而株高的一般配合力效应值较低,是很理想的矮秆超大穗多粒亲本材料。母本中B5、B6单株穗数一般配合力较高,株高的一般配合力效应值较低,可作小麦高产杂交育种的矮秆多穗型亲本使用。结合特殊配合力效应分析：组合B5×A3单株穗数、主穗产量、单株产量、千粒重特殊配合力效应最高,株高特殊配合力效应较低,可作为的矮秆、多穗、粒重高且高产的重点杂交组合。B2×A4主穗长、单株产量、单株穗数特殊配合力效应都较高,而株高特殊配合力效应低,可作为矮秆大穗高产的重点杂交组合。遗传力分析表明：单株产量、千粒重、主穗长、主穗产量皆在70%以上,表明这4个性状的广义遗传力较大,受环境影响较小,而狭义遗传力的分析除主穗长、主穗粒数、主穗产量、株高大于50%,其余4个性状均低于50%,说明受环境影响大,不宜早期选择,应该适当推迟选择的代数。     

改良S1选择法对12个玉米群体改良效果的比较分析

为了对玉米群体进行合理有效的改良利用,通过改良S1选择法对12个玉米群体改良一轮后进行效果比较分析。结果表明,穗行数、行粒数和百粒重是构成产量的三因素,遗传增益最大的群体为蒙群2,其他依次为蒙群4、蒙群1等7个群体,蒙群3及3个国外引进群体遗传增益为负值;玉米群体在穗部、植株性状以及遗传变异中均存在一定的变化。试验研究得出,蒙群2、蒙群4、中综7号、蒙C群、蒙A群产量遗传增益均较大,并在其他农艺性状中改良效果显著,可直接选择优株自交进行选系,而其余7个群体遗传增益小,改良利用潜力不大。     

籼糯稻产量性状及育种分析

为了提高常规籼糯稻育种和栽培水平及效率,通过相关和通径分析,研究40个早籼糯以及61个晚籼糯新品系和品种的产量性状对产量的效应及其相互关系,并结合育种实践探讨籼糯稻高产育种的主攻方向。结果表明：早籼糯各产量性状除生育期、结实率外均与产量呈极显著或显著正相关,株高、穗长与每穗粒数之间的相关分别达极显著、显著水平,有效穗数对产量贡献最大(46.41%),其次为每穗粒数(34.16%);晚籼糯的每穗粒数、有效穗数与产量的正相关分别达极显著、显著水平,株高与每穗粒数、穗长之间的相关也达显著水平,每穗粒数对产量贡献最大(38.80%),其次为有效穗数(33.80%)。并根据试验结果和育种实践,提出早籼糯稻的育种主攻方向是在一定千粒重基础上重点提高有效穗数,并通过适当提高株高、穗长来增加每穗粒数;晚籼糯稻育种主攻方向是在一定有效穗数的基础上着重提高每穗粒数,并通过增加植株高度来提高穗长和每穗粒数。     

长江中下游地区小麦产量育种的方向及其策略探讨

摘要：长江中下游地区近期育成的和大面积应用的小麦品种,在目前中高产水平下（400-450kg/666.7m2）,总体以千粒重对产量的作用较大,666.7平方米穗数对产量的作用也较大,但其与环境相关值较高,每穗粒数对产量的作用似较小,但其表型相关值较大;千粒重和666.7平方米穗数对产量的影响主要由本身的直接作用所至,而每穗粒数对产量的影响似主要被通过666.7平方米穗数和通过千粒重的间接作用所分解;不同产量水平下试验品种的三因素表现为,在相对产量由低中产到较高产量时,666.7 平方米穗数增加较多,每穗粒数变化较小,千粒重提高较多,而在高产组次中,666.7平方米穗数基本稳定（或略有下降）,每穗粒数增幅较大,千粒重急剧提高。至此,作者初步认为,本地区未来高产小麦育种,虽选育穗粒重齐头并进类型,或以大穗大粒为主类型,或穗粒并重类型似均有可行性,但根据本地区小麦生态条件的特点,在策略上宜稳定穗数,增加粒数,主攻（提高）粒重。同时,还探讨了相适宜的产量构成因素。     

20对大麦株高近等基因系农艺与产量性状差异及相关性分析

为培育高产优质啤酒大麦提供理论依据,以20对二棱啤酒大麦株高近等基因系为试材,通过测定其农艺性状和产量性状,探讨近等基因系中半矮秆基因uzu对株高、穗长、地上部干质量、单穗粒数、单株粒重和千粒质量等的影响,并进行20个高秆基因系之间、20个矮秆基因系之间的性状差异比较及相关分析。结果表明:除地上部干质量和单穗粒数性状外,高秆基因系(无半矮秆基因uzu)其他性状均显著或极显著高于矮秆基因系(含半矮秆基因uzu),即半矮秆基因对较多的农艺性状和产量性状能够产生降低作用。相关分析表明:20个高秆基因系中,千粒质量之间的差异最为显著,说明千粒质量对于产量的提升潜力较大;株高与穗下节间长度、穗长呈极显著正相关,与产量性状均呈负相关,但无显著相关性。在20个矮秆基因系中,千粒质量同样差异最为显著;株高与其他性状均无显著相关性,但与千粒质量、单穗粒数呈负相关,与单株粒重呈正相关。     

Yield determination in triticale as affected by radiation in different development phases

The critical period for grain yield determination has not been determined for triticale. We aimed to identify it, determining the relative importance of both the major yield components and the dry matter acquisition by the spikes at anthesis. A field experiment was carried out with two triticales, differing in tillering capacity, subjected to shading treatments at five different timings from early tillering to maturity. Results showed that reductions in grain yield were more significant when shading was imposed during 3 weeks before and 1 week after anthesis. Reductions in grain yield by shading treatments were associated with lower number of grains per m² more than with changes in the average grain weight. Reductions in grains per m² were due to reductions in the number of fertile florets per spike, affecting grains per spike. The assimilate acquisition by the spikes during the critical period was a key determinant of floret survival. Grain number per m² was related with photothermal quotient during 30 days before anthesis and spike dry weight at anthesis, though the goodness of the prediction compared with wheat, was lowered by poorer grain setting percentage.     

抗稻瘟病杂交稻‘谷优168’的选育及产量结构分析

为了选育抗稻瘟病杂交稻品种,揭示其高产结构特征,以福建省农业科学院水稻研究所选育的抗稻瘟病三系不育系‘谷丰A’为母本,以自选恢复系‘六恢168’为父本,配组育成高产、抗稻瘟病的杂交稻新品种‘谷优168’。根据‘谷优168’参加国家武陵山区区试结果,分析其生物学特性,进行产量及产量构成因素间的相关分析和通径分析。结果表明‘谷优168’高产、抗稻瘟病,感纹枯病,中感稻曲病,耐冷性强。产量结构分析,每公顷穗数对产量的贡献率为34.2%,每穗粒数为27.3%,千粒重为18.4%,结实率为17.5%。每公顷穗数和每穗粒数对每公顷总粒数的贡献率分别为30.6%和69.2%。每公顷总粒数对库容量的贡献率为92.9%,千粒重的贡献率为6.9%。库容量对稻谷产量的贡献率为79.5%,结实率的贡献率为17.5%。‘谷优168’高产的关键是在足穗的基础上培育大穗,增加单位面积的总粒数,扩大库容量,并以提高结实率为保证。     

2005—2014年河南省推广的国审半冬性小麦品种产量构成分析

为了解近10年来河南省推广的黄淮南片麦区新育成小麦品种的情况,揭示小麦产量构成因素对产量影响的相对重要性,对2005—2014年适宜河南省推广的63个国审小麦品种的产量及主要性状指标进行相关和通径分析。结果表明：近年来河南省推广的国审小麦新品种产量整体呈上升趋势,平均每年增长7.6533 kg/hm2。主要性状的变异系数大小顺序为公顷穗数>穗粒数>株高>千粒重。主要性状与产量的相关程度为：千粒重>穗粒数>株高>穗数。产量三因素对产量的直接通径系数都为正值：千粒重>穗粒数>穗数。根据分析结果结合河南省生态条件及当前的栽培习性,小麦育种和高产栽培应注重公顷穗数与穗粒数的协调,将大穗和大群体有效结合,稳定千粒重,同时注意三因素的协调发展,从而达到高产目标。     

小麦三雌蕊近等基因系的主要农艺性状分析

为充分利用小麦三雌蕊品系的优良性状,全面分析小麦三雌蕊基因pis1对其农艺性状的遗传效应,本研究对小麦三雌蕊近等基因系CSTP,CM28TP,MY29TP和NM9TP及其相应的轮回亲本的主要农艺性状进行了分析。结果表明,各近等基因系与其轮回亲本在株高、茎粗、旗叶长、旗叶宽、有效穗数、穗长以及小穗数等7个农艺性状上差异不显著,除CSTP外,其它3个近等基因系的穗粒数明显高于其轮回亲本。但千粒重和小区产量均低于轮回亲本。相关性分析表明,小区产量与千粒重呈极显著正相关。而小区产量和千粒重都与穗粒数呈不显著的正相关,即仅提高穗粒数不能有效的提高产量。因而要利用小麦TP品系进行育种研究,其首要目标是提高千粒重。聚类分析表明,近等基因系与相应的轮回亲本聚在一起,这说明构建的近等基因系是成功的。     

黄淮麦区4省小麦种质农艺性状的比较分析

为明确小麦种质资源的遗传差异和特点,提高其利用效率,以株高、穗长、小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重5个主要农艺性状为指标,对来自黄淮麦区4省（河北、山东、河南和山西）的263个小麦品种（系）进行统计分析。显著性分析结果表明,除穗粒数外,4个省的小麦种质在其余各农艺性状上差异极显著。变异性分析结果表明,供试材料的5个农艺性状中穗粒数变异系数最大,小穗数变异系数最小;4省中,河北小麦株高、千粒重的变异系数最小,穗粒数变异系数最大;河南小麦穗长、小穗数和穗粒数的变异系数最小,千粒重变异系数最大;山东小麦穗长的变异系数最大;山西小麦株高、小穗数的变异系数最大。相关分析结果表明,株高与穗长呈极显著正相关,与小穗数呈极显著负相关;穗长与小穗数、穗粒数呈极显著正相关;小穗数与穗粒数呈极显著正相关;千粒重与穗粒数呈极显著负相关。因此,在育种实践中,可根据4省小麦种质农艺性状的变异特点筛选符合目标性状的亲本材料,同时加强种质基因库的更新。     

Analysis of Wheat Cultivar Differences in Grain Yield, Grain Nitrogen Yield and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency.

More detailed information on the causes of yield variability among wheat cultivars is needed to further increase wheat yield. Field studies were conducted in Northern Greece over the two cropping seasons of 1985—1986 and 1986—1987 to assess the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and application timing of the various component traits that determine grain yield, grain nitrogen yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of two bread ( Triticum aestivum L.) and two durum ( Triticum durum Desf.) wheat cultivars, using yield and yield component analysis. Nitrogen at a rate of 150 kg ha^-1 was applied before planting or 100 N kg ha^-1 before planting and then 50 N kg ha^-1 top dressed at early boot stage. Nitrogen and cultivars affected all traits examined, while split nitrogen application affected only some of the traits. Grain yields in the most cases were correlated with number of grains per unit area and grain weight and grain nitrogen yields in all cases with grain number per unit area. The contribution of the number of grains per spike to total variation in grain yield among cultivars was almost consistent (37 to 55 %), while the contribution of grain weight was more significant (up to 55 %) in high yields (>6.500kg ha^-1) and number of spikes per unit area (>500). The number of grains per spike contributed from 60 to 83 % to the total variation in grain nitrogen per spike. Increased grain nitrogen concentration resulted in a reduction of its contribution in grain nitrogen yield variation. Nitrogen utilization efficiency was higher during grain filling than during vegetative biomass accumulation. The contribution of nitrogen harvest index to the variation of utilization efficiency for grain yield was higher in plants receiving nitrogen application.     

黄淮麦区小麦品种(系)产量性状与分子标记的关联分析

为了获得与小麦产量性状关联的分子标记,筛选相关标记的等位变异,以128份黄淮麦区小麦品种(系)为材料,在4个环境下鉴定产量性状,并选用在小麦全基因组21条染色体上的64个SSR标记、27个EST-SSR标记和47个功能标记检测所有材料的基因型。91个SSR和EST-SSR标记共检测到315个等位变异,单个引物检测到2~7个等位变异,平均3.5个;47个功能标记共检测到107个等位变异,单个引物检测到2~5个等位变异,平均2.3个。关联分析表明,49个位点与4个环境的产量性状及其均值显著关联(P≤0.005),其中38个位点在2个或以上环境或均值下被重复验证,16个位点与2个或以上性状相关联。对相对稳定的等位变异作进一步分析,发掘了一批与产量性状相关的优异等位变异,如降低株高的等位变异Ax2*-null和UMN19*-A362,增加穗长的等位变异barc21-A220,增加可育小穗数的等位变异gpw2111-A156,增加总小穗数的等位变异swes65-A120,增加穗数的等位变异VRN-A1*-A1068,增加穗粒数的等位变异cfd5-A215和增加千粒重的等位变异wmc626-A170。研究结果对利用分子标记辅助选择进行小麦产量性状的遗传改良具有一定的指导意义。     

Experimental precision of grain yield components and selection of superior common bean lines

Genetically superior common bean lines will be efficiently selected with the use of more precise experimental statistics. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the experimental precision of grain yield and primary grain yield components in experiments to register common bean cultivars and identify more appropriate statistics for the selection of genetically superior common bean lines. For this purpose, 21 experiments were performed in a randomized block design in southern Brazil. A total of 156 common bean genotypes of the Mesoamerican and Andean gene pool were assessed between 1998 and 2015. Experimental precisions of grain yield and primary grain yield components were evaluated using 11 statistics. Grain yield, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, and mass of 100 grains were evaluated with greater experimental precision by the F-test value for genotype, heritability, coefficient of relative variation, and selective accuracy. Mass of 100 grains presented the highest experimental precision among the traits evaluated in this study. The F-test value for genotype, heritability, coefficient of relative variation, and selective accuracy allow the selection of common bean lines with genetic superiority for grain yield and primary grain yield components. Selective accuracy is the most appropriate statistic to select common bean lines with genetic superiority for grain yield and is recommended for breeding programs.     

利用选择导入系QTL聚合设计方法改良水稻产量相关性状

培育和种植高产水稻品种是解决粮食短缺危机最有效的方法之一。利用轮回亲本明恢86和供体亲本ZDZ057、辐恢838和特青构建了3个BC2F4高产选择导入系群体,从中选择5个稳定的高产导入系培育了4个聚合群体WD135/WD190、WD190/WD250、WD208/WD258、WD135/WD258。通过对4个F4聚合群体进行大田表型鉴定,考察产量及其相关性状。选取55个SSR多态性标记对聚合群体进行基因型鉴定,并利用性状-标记间的单项方差分析进行产量及相关性状的QTL检测和根据遗传搭车理论对增产的聚合系基因型的分析结果进行卡方检测。方差分析结果表明,穗长和单株产量在所有4个聚合群体中都存在显著或者极显著基因型差异,抽穗期没有差异,其余性状在不同群体中表现不尽一致。在4个聚合群体中,一共有57个聚合系产量高于轮回亲本,增产幅度从0.36%～72.7%,其中有40个聚合系高于其各自的聚合亲本。与轮回亲本和导入系亲本相比,高产聚合系的单株有效穗数、每穗实粒数和每穗颖花数有了一定程度的提高。高产聚合系增产的主要原因是由于单株有效穗数、每穗实粒数和每穗颖花数得到了改良。利用卡方检验和单项方差分析分别检测到22和20个与产量及相关性状有关的QTLs,其中10个QTL与前人定位的结果一致。聚合亲本携带的QTL在聚合群体的效应与导入系群体估算的不完全一致。说明利用选择回交导入系进行复杂性状聚合改良虽然可以部分消除QTL与遗传背景的互作,但是QTL之间的上位性互作可能仍然起着一定的作用。本研究采取的产量聚合系定位方法可靠性较好,为复杂性状的聚合系定位提供了一个新途径。     

Response of Yield Attributes of Isogenic Tall, Semidwarf, and Doubledwarf Winter Wheats to Nitrogen Fertilizer and Seeding Rates

Relationships between grain yield attributes and response to agronomic practices of dwarf and tall genotypes in the major U.S. wheat region were investigated. Isogenic tall, semidwarf, and doubledwarf (Norin 10/5/Pawnee) 'Pawnee' winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) lines were planted in a split-split-plot design with nitrogen fertilizer rates of 0, 50, and 100 kg ha⁻¹ as main plots and seeding rates of 30, 60, and 90 kg ha⁻¹ as subplots in four replications at Hutchinson and Manhattan, Kansas, during 1980–1981. There was no evidence that dwarf lines responded better than the tall line to nitrogen fertilizer; however, percentage fertile spikelets, spike length, harvest index, and kernel number per spike of the semidwarf line were favored by high nitrogen rates. Grain yield was more responsive to seeding rate in the doubledwarf line than in the other lines, and test weight and spike number per unit area were more responsive to seeding rate in one or both dwarf lines than in the tall line. Grain yield of each genotype depended highly on the predominant yield attributes — usually spike number per unit area and/or kernel weight — at one or both locations.     

冬小麦种质材料主要农艺性状研究

小麦种质资源是小麦育种的重要基础,小麦遗传多样性评价不仅有助于种质资源的搜集、管理和利用,也有利于核心种质的研究。为了合理利用小麦种质资源,降低组配小麦杂交组合的盲目性,选取73份国内外种质材料,在旱地条件种植,以株高、穗粒数、千粒重、有效穗数和产量为指标对其进行了聚类分析。结果表明,在雨养条件下各性状的变异系数大小为：产量>有效穗数>穗粒数>千粒重>株高;产量构成因素与产量的相关程度为：有效穗数>穗粒数>千粒重;供试材料可以分为六类,并对各类种质材料的特点及在育种中的应用作了评述。试验中综合表现较好的4个亲本材料为第Ⅵ组的18th FAWWON-IR-023、18th FAWWON-IR-111、18th FAWWON-IR-027和18th FAWWON-IR-169,可为选育抗旱优质丰产小麦新品种提供优异基因。