大樱桃传粉昆虫的调查研究

为了探明大樱桃传粉昆虫的种类和数量。在山西省大樱桃主产区以样地调查法与定点网捕方式调查绛县申王坡村、史村的大樱桃花期传粉昆虫。结果表明：（1）采集标本3290头,经鉴定共分为4个目15个科26个种。在传粉昆虫中膜翅目占64.83%~74.81%,膜翅目传粉昆虫中以蜜蜂科为主;（2）β多样性分析显示,平川区和山区2个调查样地传粉昆虫群落相似性系数为0.63,沿着从山区到平川区环境梯度的变化,物种有相对减少趋向;（3）9:00-11:00为昆虫采集活动高峰时段,按一天中采集昆虫数量排序依次为蜜蜂、地蜂、食蚜蝇和条蜂;气温10℃时,开始有昆虫活动,最早出巢活动的昆虫为蜜蜂。大樱桃访花昆虫种类较多,膜翅目昆虫是大樱桃花期的主要传粉昆虫,山区传粉昆虫的物种较平川丰富。     

木豆CGMS杂交种生产中的传粉昆虫

木豆是世界上唯一的木本食用豆类作物,具有较强的抗旱性。木豆杂交制种需昆虫传粉,制种地传粉昆虫的种类及数量是制种产量的决定性因素。而对木豆杂交制种中传粉昆虫与种子产量关系的研究极为少见。国内尚无传粉昆虫种类、数量及木豆杂交种制种产量的任何研究报道。本文调查了云南省元谋县CGMS木豆[Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh]杂交种ICPH2671制种田访花昆虫种类、数量、访花频次及杂交种制种产量等。结果表明在云南元谋,木豆访花昆虫共有5目15科25种,其中主要5种传粉媒介为绒切叶蜂(Megachile velutina)、切叶蜂属一种(Megachile sp5)、圆柄木蜂(Xylocopa tenuiscapa)、蜜蜂亚科一种(Apinaesp)和切叶蜂属一种(Megachile sp2)。木豆盛花期,制种亲本不育系每个分枝昆虫访花频次为每10 min 2.8次,而恢复系植株上的访花频次为每10 min 5.2次,表明昆虫对恢复系花朵有明显偏好;在前述昆虫访花频次下,不育系单株干籽粒产量达383.7 g,恢复系单株产量为357.0 g,二者无显著差异,说明这样的昆虫访问频次已能满足杂交制种中将花粉由恢复系传至不育系的需要。     

赣湘鄂三省荷花授粉现状调查报告

为掌握荷花(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn)授粉现状,2012年7月5—11日在江西、湖南、湖北三省对采收荷花粉蜂农以及当地荷花种植户进行了采访调查,针对蜂农放蜂和蜂群管理方式,蜂农和荷花种植户收益,蜜蜂为荷花授粉的必要性开展调查,同时在三省进行了荷花野生传粉昆虫数量和种类的资源调查。调查表明：三省荷花野生传粉昆虫种类和数量均较匮乏,经鉴定,荷花野生传粉昆虫主要为膜翅目昆虫,包括中华木蜂(Xylocopa sinensis Smith)、紫木蜂(Xylocopa valga Gestaecker)、黄胸木蜂(Xylocopa appendiculata Smith)、铜色隧蜂(Halictus aerarius Smith)、尖肩隧蜂(Halictus subopacus Smith)等,莲籽高产增收必须依靠蜜蜂授粉才能实现,蜜蜂授粉更有利于蜂农和荷花种植户获得更高收益;蜜蜂采集荷花粉的最佳时间为5:00—8:00,温度和风力是影响蜜蜂采集荷花的主要因素;荷花花粉价格波动受自然灾害、销售渠道和供求关系的影响;养蜂蜂农年龄结构呈现老龄化趋势。     

梨园不同蜜蜂的传粉行为比较

为筛选出梨树最佳授粉蜂种,对9 个蜜蜂品种（系）在‘砀山酥梨’园的传粉行为进行了比较。试验从出巢温度、首次携粉回巢温度、梨花粉的采集能力、所采花粉中梨花粉所占比例等方面开展研究。结果发现中华蜜蜂出巢温度8.2℃,显著低于西方蜜蜂,西方蜜蜂在9.2~10℃之间出巢飞行。‘喀阡黑环系’携粉回巢温度为11℃,在所有蜂种中最低;所有蜂种均可在11~13.9℃携粉回巢。‘喀阡黑环系’、卡尼鄂拉2 个蜂种1 h 花粉采集重量分别为7.3、8.1 g,且梨花粉采集重量及比例均高于其他蜂种。‘喀阡黑环 系’、卡尼鄂拉2个蜂种能够适应低温环境采集,且对梨花粉采集能力强,是梨树授粉的优良蜂种。     

不同传粉方式对子莲授粉效果的影响

[目的]子莲是一种基础产量比较低的植物,需要依赖传粉者的活动才能完成胚珠受精,授粉优劣是直接影响子莲产量与质量的重要因素。[方法]中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂都是理想的授粉昆虫,各有其独特的生物学特性,在抗逆性、采集积极性和采集偏好性等生物学特性方面均存在不同差异。应用意蜂和中蜂为大田子莲授粉,对其采集活动方式与授粉效果进行了对比研究。[结果]1、活动方式结果表明：它们的采集行为相似,但活动方式不同,在夏季高温天气,意蜂较中蜂的采集工作时间要长,因此具有更高的授粉效益。2、授粉效果结果表明：与产量相关的子莲单粒重、接籽率;与商品性相关的莲子纵、横径4项指标,意蜂授粉组与中蜂授粉组之间差异不显著,但与自然授粉组和无虫媒授粉组之间差异显著。其中,意蜂授粉组的平均接籽率最高为87.82%,较自然授粉组和无虫媒授粉组接籽率分别提高33.27%和79.10%;自然授粉组莲子平均单粒重最大达3.68g,显著高于其他授粉类型;无虫媒授粉组较其他授粉组莲子果型最小。同时,与产量相关的子莲蓬粒总重,意蜂授粉组与其他授粉组之间,均差异显著,较中蜂授粉组、自然授粉组和无虫媒授粉组蓬粒总重分别提高25.88%、37.67%和665.50%。[结论]据此得出意蜂与中蜂具有类似的授粉效果,都能够完成授粉任务,意蜂较中蜂授粉能够获得较高的子莲产量,并显著优越于自然授粉与无虫媒授粉方式, 从而产生更高的授粉效益。     

梨花和油菜花挥发性气味物质的鉴定及差异分析

为了解花朵中挥发性气味物质对吸引传粉昆虫采集所起到的作用,采用固相微萃取(SPME)和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术,检测梨花和油菜花全花、花药、花蜜中挥发性气味物质成分,并进行主成分及与昆虫采集相关性分析。鉴定梨花中挥发性气味物质成分有9种,氧烷类为主要挥发性气味物质,占44.44%,通过主成分分析,气味贡献物主要来自于二甲基硫醚、十四甲基环七硅氧烷、苯丙腈、苯甲醛等化合物。油菜花中挥发性气味物质成分有23种,酯类和氧烷类为主要气味挥发性物质,分别占8.7%和16.09%,气味贡献物主要来自于反-2-己烯醛、异硫氰酸-2-苯乙酯、4-异硫氰酸根合-1-丁烯、二甲基三硫醚、二甲基二硫醚等化合物;花药的挥发性气味物质种类比花蜜中更丰富。传粉昆虫调查发现,试验地共有传粉昆虫4目10科11种,梨和油菜传粉昆虫数量上有显著差异(P<0.05),但各成分与采集昆虫数量均没有显著相关性(P>0.05)。研究发现梨花和油菜花挥发性气味物质成分有显著差异,将为研究气味物质主要贡献物在吸引传粉昆虫中发挥的作用提供参考。     

授粉品种对砀山酥梨坐果及果实萼片宿存的影响

为明确砀山酥梨较高的坐果花朵序位和脱萼率高的授粉品种,以12个不同梨品种为授粉品种,通过田间试验,研究了不同品种授粉对砀山酥梨不同花朵序位坐果率、花萼宿存的影响,为砀山酥梨优质高效生产提供技术依据。试验结果表明：不同序位花朵以第3序位坐果率最高;不同方位花朵坐果率无显著差异。不同授粉品种试验结果,红酥脆授粉坐果率最高,达70.30%;紫酥授粉坐果率最低,为25.24%,不同品种授粉坐果率差异达显著水平。不同品种授粉,果实脱萼率以新世纪为最高,黄冠次之,茌梨最低。     

抗逆性北京野生花卉筛选初探

经过调查北京山区和平原的野生花卉资源,共记录北京野生植物170种,分别隶属于48科131属。其中有观赏利用价值的90种,包括木本植物29种,草本植物71种。 经过筛选、试种实验,筛选出景天三七、蛇莓、紫花地丁、苦菜、罗布麻等野生花卉,它们耐旱、耐瘠薄,其建植、栽培、养护的成本很低,适于在北京园林绿化中广泛应用。     

中国东方蜜蜂亚种学名订正及生物地理学研究

为明确已认可的中国东方蜜蜂亚种和地理种群,确定一个地方良种提供依据。从中国蜂业生产发展的需要出发,利用东方蜜蜂形态测量和分子数据分析研究。结果表明：自1944年以来,中国东方蜜蜂(Apis cerana F.)已确立有13个亚种,按国际动物命名法规,1970年以后东方蜜蜂的三名法（亚种名）不再具有法律效力,亚种的拉丁学名均系异名,不能再用;东方蜜蜂形态测量研究表明,中国东部地理种群是中华亚种,云南南部地理种群是印度亚种,云南南部地理种群和阿坝种群可以区分,但不能区分云南南部、海南和西藏的东方蜜蜂地理种群;分子数据分析研究表明,中国的东方蜜蜂线粒体DNA单倍型（基因型）和印度、日本、朝鲜一样,都同属亚洲大陆组并无分化。并证实甘肃南部和四川北部阿坝的单倍型（基因型）最为丰富,东方蜜蜂的阿坝地理种群应有存在。     

Is bigger better? Apidae (Xylocopinae), megachilidae and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) pollination

Cowpea is an important grain legume crop in Africa. Cowpea flowers are capable of self-fertilization, which might be the most frequent type of reproduction. Nevertheless, the rate of cross-pollination could vary between 1% and 10%, depending on the populations of bumblebees or domestic bees that are present, the climate and the cultivar. The aim of this study was to identify and assess the efficiency rate of the pollinators of the wild cowpea, Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata var. spontanea, the progenitor of the domesticated cowpea Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata. Pollination study was conducted by observing patches of flowers (average 10–20/m²) from dawn to midday, approximately 05:00–12:30 hr for three years. All insects visiting the flowers were noted and identified to species level, where possible, and their foraging behaviour was monitored. Pollen grain deposit and pod set were estimated using single bee visits on plants with strictly outcrossing flowers. Major flower visitors were large bees of the family Megachilidae and the genus Xylocopa (Apidae, Xylocopinae). Xylocopa caffra (Linnaeus) was the most abundant bee species, accounting for 59% of total bees observed and 58% of total flower visited. Pod set was higher in visits by megachilid bees compared to Xylocopa bees. Within Xylocopa, there is a good correlation between size and efficiency (r = .95, p = .0477), the larger insects being more efficient. Honeybees, small bees (Ceratina and Nomia species) and Lepidopterans also visited flowers but without any effect on pollination. Cowpea pollination system is specialized, and pollinators are restricted to Megachilidae and Xylocopa species. Variation in pollen load deposit and pod set reveals that pollination success depends on the insect species involved and their size. Megachilids are the most efficient pollinators, especially since they are able to promote outcrossing more efficiently than Xylocopa species.     

Cultivar placement affects pollination efficiency and fruit production in European pear (Pyrus communis) orchards

European pear (Pyrus communis) requires insect pollination among compatible cultivars for fruit production. However, most commercial orchards have a limited number of cultivars arranged in monotypic blocks or rows. This can result in insufficient inter-cultivar pollination. We hypothesise that limitations in pollen transfer among cultivars could be explained by both insect behaviour and orchard design. We compared insect activity and pollination efficiency in two European pear cultivars, in orchards with different designs: (i) cultivars alternated in the same row or (ii) cultivars in separate rows. To assess limitations in pollen transfer, we also compared hand pollination with compatible pollen versus open pollination by insects. Insect visitors mainly foraged on neighbouring trees within a row, with few movements across rows (1%). Honey bees (Apis mellifera) and bumble bees (Bombus terrestris) visited significantly more flowers per tree (8.5 vs. 3) and more trees (2.1 vs. 1.3) than solitary bees (Andrena spp.) and hoverflies. Insect visitors deposited large amounts of pollen (∼500 pollen grains) on flower stigmas regardless of the insect type. Cultivar placement affected inter-cultivar pollination; less incompatibility signs were observed when cultivars alternated in the same row (5%) than when cultivars were in separate rows (38%). We observed limitations in pollen transfer as open pollination resulted in significant reduced fruit set, compared with hand pollination, in ‘Conférence’ (21% vs. 30.7%) and ‘Doyenné du Comice’ (7.2% vs. 16.8%). The foraging behaviour of the insects limited thus inter-cultivar pollen transfer in the orchards with cultivars in separate rows. Cultivars used for pollination (pollinizers) should be planted in the same rows as the main cultivar to increase inter-cultivar pollination.     

Do floral resources influence pollination rates and subsequent fruit set in pear (Pyrus communis L.) and apple (Malus x domestica Borkh) cultivars?

Pear and apple are among the main fruit crops worldwide. These species can be planted in mixed orchards, and they both depend on insect pollination for fruit set. As pollinating insects are attracted by the floral resources, we investigated nectar and pollen production and chemical composition in four pear (‘Concorde’, ‘Conférence’, ‘Doyenné du Comice’, ‘Triomphe de Vienne’) and five apple (‘Braeburn’, ‘Golden Reinders’, ‘Jonagored’, ‘Pinova’, ‘Wellant’) cultivars commonly grown in Belgium. We also investigated whether insect flower visitation rate and pollination efficiency are linked to floral resource quantity and quality. The pear cultivars flowered one week before the apple cultivars in early spring, and their flowers were about six times less visited by insects. The visitors foraged more on the pollen of the pear trees and the nectar of the apple trees. Pear flowers produced higher volumes of nectar than apple flowers (1.3–3.2 μl vs. 0.4-0.6 μl), but with lower sugar concentration (9.6%-10.8% vs. 28.3%-36.4%). Pear flowers also produced fewer pollen grains per anther than apple flowers (2425–4937 vs. 3284–7919), but these had higher polypeptide (346–362 μg/mg vs. 216–303 μg/mg), amino-acid (40–77 μg/mg vs. 12–18 μg/mg) and phytosterol (21–47 μg/mg vs. 15–43 μg/mg) concentrations. The foraging behavior of the insects is thus better explained by nectar and pollen quality rather than quantity. Despite the differences in flower visitation rates, pollination of both species resulted in valuable fruit production.