母仔猪对精氨酸的营养需要

精氨酸又称蛋白氨基酸,传统上,精氨酸不被认为是母仔猪的必需氨基酸,但是现代品种的猪生长更快,瘦肉率更高,孕育的胎儿更多,因此,对精氨酸有更高的生理需求。大量研究表明,日粮中添加0.5%至1%精氨酸可以改善母仔猪的生产性能和繁殖性能。文章综合论述了母仔猪精氨酸的生理代谢和营养作用。     

精氨酸的营养生理作用

精氨酸作为一种条件性必需氨基酸,不仅是合成蛋白质的重要原料,而且在生理调节方面具有重要的功能一本文就精氨酸在动物体内的转运、对机体的重要营养生理功能以及对动物肠道黏膜的完整性方面的研究作一综述     

精氨酸对仔猪的营养调控作用

精氨酸不仅参与机体内多种营养物质的合成和分解代谢,还作为一种营养调节剂对仔猪生长发育产生影响。本文就精氨酸的理化性质、合成和分解代谢及其对仔猪营养调节的影响进行了综述。     

精氨酸对仔猪的营养调控作用

精氨酸不仅参与机体内多种营养物质的合成和分解代谢,还作为一种营养调节剂对仔猪生长发育产生影响。本文就精氨酸的理化性质、合成和分解代谢及其对仔猪营养调节的影响进行了综述。     

仔猪精氨酸营养的研究进展

精氨酸是仔猪受伤或应激时的必需氨基酸,在动物体内具有重要的营养作用.此文对精氨酸的性质、在仔猪体内的代谢途径以及对仔猪的营养作用等3方面进行了综述.     

猪精氨酸的营养生理研究进展

综述精氨酸的生理、代谢和营养作用.精氨酸(Arg)是幼年动物的必需氨基酸,是动物体内一氧化氮和多胺合成的生物前体,并能刺激生长激素和胰岛素的释放.在动物体内起重要的营养生理作用.     

新生仔猪精氨酸营养研究进展

新生仔猪出生至7日龄,通过母乳和内源合成的精氨酸基本能满足其需要.此后母乳精氨酸含量下降,内源精氨酸合成减少,满足不了新生仔猪最佳生长需要而使仔猪处于亚生长状态.通过给新生仔猪口服N-氨甲酰谷氨酸,可促使肠细胞精氨酸合成增加而改善仔猪生长.     

精氨酸营养生理

精氨酸对母猪而言是一种特殊的营养物质,在机体内不仅发挥一般的营养作用,更重要的是作为一氧化氮合成的前体物质发挥调控作用:调节母猪妊娠期胎盘一胚胎间的血流,保证充足的母体营养输送至胚胎(Wu和Morris,1998).     

猪精氨酸的营养生理研究进展

综述精氨酸的生理、代谢和营养作用,精氨酸是上动物拨需基酸,是动物体现人一氧化氮和多胺合成的生物前,并能刺激生长激素和胰岛素的释放,在动物体仙起重要的营养生理作用。     

仔猪精氨酸营养及调控的研究进展

7～21日龄哺乳仔猪精氨酸不足的主要原因是母猪乳汁精氨酸浓度低及仔猪小肠上皮细胞合成精氨酸/瓜氨酸减少。小肠上皮细胞线粒体N-乙酰谷氨酸水平下降是仔猪内源合成精氨酸减少的潜在机理。N-氨基甲酰谷氨酸和皮质醇可以促进仔猪内源精氨酸/瓜氨酸合成。     

Infusion of glucagon-like peptide 2 with an arginine deficient diet increases endogenous arginine synthesis from proline in parenterally-fed neonatal piglets

Parenteral feeding can be used to induce intestinal atrophy in piglets, and this atrophy is believed to be associated with the inability of parenterally-fed piglets to maintain arginine status via synthesis. Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) has been shown to maintain intestinal structure and blood flow during intravenous feeding. GLP-2 infusion was hypothesized to increase the rate of endogenous arginine synthesis from proline in parenterally-fed piglets receiving an arginine deficient diet. Male piglets (n = 10, 1.5–2.0 kg), fitted with jugular vein catheters for diet and isotope infusion, and femoral vein catheters for blood sampling (d 0), were allocated to a continuous infusion of either GLP-2 (10 nmol/kg/d) or saline into the jugular vein. Piglets received 2 d of a complete diet, followed by 5 d of an arginine deficient (0.60 g/kg/d) diet. A primed, constant infusion of [guanido-¹⁴C]arginine measured arginine flux (d 6), and of [U-¹⁴C]proline (d 7) measured proline conversion to arginine. There were no differences between groups in plasma ammonia, urea and arginine concentrations and arginine flux. Piglets receiving GLP-2 had a greater jejunal mucosal mass (P = 0.003) and a two-fold greater rate of arginine synthesis from proline (P = 0.03). This study indicates that the intestinal metabolism of circulating precursors may be important for arginine synthesis in parenterally-fed neonates.     

Ornithine metabolism, but not arginine synthesis, is affected by the addition of ornithine to an arginine-deficient diet in enterally-fed piglets

In a previous study, ornithine addition to an arginine-deficient diet did not improve whole-body arginine status in enterally-fed piglets; however, the metabolic fates of the supplemental ornithine were not studied. This experiment determined the metabolic fates of the supplemental ornithine and whether ornithine metabolism was affected by the addition of -ketoglutarate. Male piglets (n = 20, 1.8 kg), fitted with gastric catheters for diet and isotope infusion, portal vein catheters for isotope infusion and femoral vein catheters for blood sampling (d 0), received 2 d of a complete diet, followed by 5 d of 1 of 4 test diets: the arginine-deficient diet (basal), or the basal diet with either -ketoglutarate [ +  - KG; 4.6 mmol/(kg d)], ornithine [ + Orn; 9.2 mmol/(kg d)] or both [ +  - KG/ + Orn; 4.6 mmol/(kg d)  - ketoglutarate + 9.2 mmol/(kg d) ornithine]. Piglets received primed, constant infusions of [1-¹⁴C]ornithine infused intragastrically (either d 5 and d 7) to determine ornithine kinetics, and [guanido-¹⁴C]arginine intragastrically to measure arginine flux (d 6). Piglets receiving the ornithine-containing diets had a higher intragastric ornithine flux (P < 0.0001) and ornithine oxidation (P < 0.05). Ornithine supplementation did not increase arginine synthesis, although the ornithine supplemented piglets had a greater conversion of ornithine to proline (P < 0.0001). The fates of supplemental ornithine in piglets fed an arginine-deficient diet appear to be oxidation and proline synthesis; this was not affected by the presence of -ketoglutarate.     

Impact of zinc and arginine on antioxidant status of weanling piglets raised under commercial conditions

The effects of dietary zinc and L-arginine supplements on the weight gain, feed efficiency, antioxidant capacity and oxidative status of weanling piglets raised under commercial conditions were examined. A total of 288 piglets aged 21 d were fed for 15 d a diet supplemented or not with 2,500 mg/kg of zinc (provided as zinc oxide) and 1% L-arginine·HCl. The 4 treatments were distributed in a randomized complete block design with 6 initial body weight categories (12 animals per pen). Access to feed and water was ad libitum. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 2 factorial experiment using the SAS MIXED procedure, with zinc and arginine as the main independent variables. Blood collection day (d 8 and 15, samples were collected from the same 2 piglets in each pen before the morning feeding) was included as a third factor. The zinc supplement increased the average daily gain (ADG) from d 0 to 7, d 8 to 15 and d 0 to 15 (0.289 vs. 0.217 kg/d), average daily feed intake (ADFI) from d 8 to 15 and d 0 to 15 (0.338 vs. 0.279 kg/d) and the gain to feed (G:F) ratio from d 0 to 7 and d 0 to 15 (0.86 vs. 0.77) (P < 0.001). Both supplements significantly decreased the malondialdehyde concentration (zinc: 4.37 vs. 3.91 μmol/L, P = 0.005; arginine: 4.38 vs. 3.89 μmol/L, P = 0.002). Total antioxidant capacity and reduced glutathione (GSH) increased from d 8 to 15 (0.953 vs. 1.391 μmol/L, 2.22 vs. 3.37 μmol/L, P < 0.05) regardless of dietary treatment. Total and oxidized GSH concentrations on d 8 were higher in response to the combined supplements (zinc × arginine interaction, P < 0.05). Piglets fed either Zn-supplemented diet had a lower haptoglobin serum concentration (509 vs. 1,417 mg/L; P < 0.001). In conclusion, the zinc supplement improved piglet growth performance (ADG and ADFI) and oxidative status (based on malondialdehyde concentration). The arginine supplement had a limited effect on growth performance and oxidative status under these conditions.     

甘露寡糖在仔猪体内的生理功能及其应用

甘露寡糖可以调控肠道菌群平衡,提高仔猪免疫力,增强机体抗应激能力,能有效地控制仔猪腹泻的发生。作为一种绿色的非营养调控物质,甘露寡糖的作用受多方面因素的影响,同时,它在抗生素替代品的研究与应用领域将有广阔的发展空间。     

仔猪消化功能、免疫功能的发育及营养对策

仔猪从出生到断奶后一个阶段的发育状况 ,会影响其整个生长育肥阶段的生长性能。因此如何减少断奶应激对仔猪生长发育的影响 ,一直是国内外动物营养专家所关注的问题。多年来人们从营养学、免疫学和消化生理学等多方面进行探讨 ,寻求解决这一问题的途径。1　仔猪消化生理功能的发育规律1 1　仔猪消化器官组织形态的发育规律　仔猪的消化系统结构和功能 ,从妊娠一个月到出生后一周 ,胃、肠和胰腺相对于胚胎重的生长率呈正的异速生长 ,然而 1～ 6周龄哺乳仔猪上述器官呈等速或负的异速生长 ,断奶后这些器官的生长速度又明显快于哺乳期仔猪 (…     

Serum biochemical parameters and amino acids metabolism are altered in piglets by early-weaning and proline and putrescine supplementations

The study was to investigate the effect of early-weaning stress and proline (Pro) and putrescine (Put) supplementations on serum biochemical parameters and amino acids (AA) metabolism in suckling and post-weaning pigs. Blood and small intestinal mucosa were harvested from suckling piglets at 1, 7, 14, and 21 d of age and piglets on d 1, 3, 5, and 7 after weaning at 14 d of age, as well as from piglets received oral administration of Pro and Put from 1 to 14 d old. In suckling piglets, the serum glucose, albumin and total cholesterol levels were increased (P < 0.05) with increasing age, whereas the serum globulin, urea nitrogen (BUN), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were lowered (P < 0.05). The concentrations of most serum AA and the AA transporters related gene expressions were highest in 7-d-old piglets (P < 0.05), whereas the phosphorylation status of the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in the small intestine increased in piglets from 1 to 21 d old (P < 0.05). Weaning at 14 d old increased (P < 0.05) the BUN and triglycerides levels in serum, as well as jejunal solute carrier family 7 member 6 (SLC7A6), ileal SLC36A1 and SLC1A1 mRNA abundances at d 1 or 3 post-weaning. Weaning also inhibited (P < 0.05) the phosphorylation levels of mTOR and its downstream ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) and 4E-binding protein-1 (4EBP1) in the small intestine of weanling pigs. Oral administration of Put and Pro decreased (P < 0.05) serum ALP levels and increased (P < 0.05) intestinal SLC36A1 and SLC1A1 mRNA abundances and mTOR pathway phosphorylation levels in post-weaning pigs. Pro but not Put treatment enhanced (P < 0.05) serum Pro, arginine (Arg) and glutamine (Gln) concentrations of weaning-pigs. These findings indicated that early-weaning dramatically altered the biochemical blood metabolites, AA profile and intestinal mTOR pathway activity, and Pro and Put supplementations improved the AA metabolism and transportation as well as activated the intestinal mTOR pathway in weanling-pigs. Our study has an important implication for the broad application of Pro and Put in the weaning transition of piglets.     

支链氨基酸对母猪的营养作用

近年来,蛋白原料价格不断上涨．给饲料成本带来不少的压力。目前,饲料工业正逐步朝着绿色、健康、安全方向发展,为了降低饲料成本,节约蛋白质原料．降低动物应激．减少排泄物对环境的污染．人们利用理想蛋白质模式．通过添加合成氨基酸来配制低蛋白质日粮。但合成氨基酸的应用．会导致日粮中支链氨基酸特别是异亮氨酸和缬氨酸的缺乏。Sohwedel等（2006年）研究表明．在泌乳期平均日失重1．20kg的高产母猪玉米-豆粕型日粮中．缬氨酸为第3限制性氨基酸。因此．支链氨基酸的合理配比对于猪的正常生长发育、泌乳、免疫功能等都起着非常重要的作用。     

Effects of dietary arginine supplementation during gestation and lactation on the performance of lactating primiparous sows and nursing piglets

A 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments in a randomized block design was used to determine the effects of dietary Arg supplementation during gestation and lactation on the lactation performance of 38 first-parity sows. At 30 d of gestation, pregnant gilts were allotted based on BW to 1 of 2 diets supplemented with 1% L-Arg.HCl or 1.7% L-Ala (isonitrogenous control). After farrowing, sows were further allotted based on BW within previous gestation treatment groups to 1 of 2 lactation diets supplemented with 1% L-Arg.HCl or 1.7% L-Ala (isonitrogenous control). All gestation diets contained 3.1 Mcal/kg and 12.2% CP (as is) and were fed 2 kg/d in 2 equally sized meals, whereas all lactation diets contained 3.2 Mcal/kg and 18.6% CP (as is) and were fed ad libitum. Litter size was standardized to 10 piglets by cross-fostering within 24 h postfarrowing. On a weekly basis, BW and backfat (BF) thickness of sows, as well as piglet BW were measured, and blood and milk samples were obtained from the sows. Number of days from weaning to estrus and ADFI were also recorded. There were no differences in BW, BF thickness, ADFI, or days until return to estrus among treatment groups. There was no effect of the gestation diet or a gestation x lactation diet interaction on any parameter measured. On d 7 of lactation, plasma concentrations of Arg and insulin in sows, as well as concentrations of most AA in milk, were greater (P < 0.05) in response to Arg supplementation during lactation compared with the control. Weight gain of piglets from sows fed the Arg-supplemented diet during lactation was greater between d 0 and 7 (P < 0.01) and between d 0 and 21 (P < 0.05) of lactation compared with piglets from sows fed the control diet. Collectively, results from this study indicate the potential beneficial effects of dietary Arg supplementation in improving the lactation performance of first-parity sows.