改性玻璃纤维布增强落叶松复合材料的胶合性能

通过界面改性来提高玻璃纤维(GF)/落叶松复合材料的胶合界面性能,从而提高纤维增强木质复合材料的综合性能。比较了等离子体、硅烷、单宁、硅烷/单宁复合4种方法改性玻璃纤维表面对GF/落叶松复合材料胶合性能以及力学性能的影响。结果表明:本试验条件下,单宁处理时间为2 h,硅烷处理质量分数为1%,等离子体处理时间为40 s时,GF/落叶松复合材料的胶合性能最佳,复合材料静曲强度和弹性模量均有所提高;单宁能够部分取代硅烷偶联剂改性玻璃纤维,增强玻璃纤维/间苯二酚胶黏剂之间的结合;比较4种方法处理效果可知,等离子体处理效果最佳,单宁/硅烷复合偶联剂效果次之,然后是硅烷和单宁单独处理。     

碳纤维表面改性及碳纤维增强落叶松集成材的胶合性能

通过碳纤维表面改性来提高碳纤维/间苯二酚胶黏剂之间的黏结界面性能,从而提高碳纤维(CF)增强落叶松集成材(简称为CF/落叶松集成材)的胶合性能和力学性能。分别以低压等离子体和常压等离子体的方法对碳纤维布(CF)进行表面改性,研究了碳纤维表面等离子体处理及处理时间对CF/落叶松集成材胶合界面性能的影响,以及这两种改性方法对碳纤维表面性能和CF/落叶松集成材力学性能的影响。主要研究结果如下:1)确定了本试验条件下等离子处理的最佳工艺,低压等离子体处理时间为1 min,常压等离子体处理时间为10 s时,CF/落叶松集成材胶合性能最佳,静曲强度和弹性模量分别提高。经过处理的碳纤维表面产生刻蚀,表面含氧官能团明显增加。2)通过比较低压和常压等离子体处理碳纤维的效果以及对复合材料性能的影响可知,低压处理效果更好,但是常压处理可以达到改性效果且具有经济性、实际可操作性和可工业化生产等优点。     

纤维增强木塑复合材料研究进展

木塑复合材料属于生物质复合材料的范畴,是一种无毒、可循环利用的环境友好型材料,从20世纪末开始到现在经历了20多年的高速产业化发展。但木塑复合材料力学性能偏低,特别是韧性差,导致应用领域偏窄,是目前制约木塑复合材料发展的主要因素之一。众多研究表明,将纤维添加到木塑复合材料中形成多元结构复合材料,可提高木塑复合材料的力学性能。本文概述了纤维增强木塑复合材料的研究现状,按天然纤维素纤维、合成纤维、非金属纤维、金属纤维4大类归纳了常用作增强复合材料的纤维,综述了采用玻璃纤维、矿物质纤维、碳纤维、芳纶纤维、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯纤维和天然纤维素纤维等增强木塑复合材料的制备方法和增强效果。结果表明,不同种类的纤维对木塑复合材料均有不同程度的增强或增韧作用。短切纤维在添加量上存在"临界值",在"临界值"之前,添加量与增强效果呈正相关,在"临界值"之后呈负相关。连续玻璃纤维的增强效果尤为明显,其中冲击强度可增加20倍。天然纤维素纤维在木塑复合材料中的应用虽然较少,但目前在欧洲已被用于高附加值的汽车零部件领域。本文还介绍了银纹剪切带机制、刚性粒子增强理论、多缝开裂理论和复合力学理论等用于解释纤维增强复合材料的作用机制,这些理论均被用于解释纤维对于木塑复合材料基体的作用效果,其中后2种理论最常用于解释纤维对于复合材料强度提高的作用机制。本文同时指出,目前尚没有哪一种理论能全面揭示由于纤维加入后结构趋于复杂的木塑复合材料的力学行为。总结了纤维的添加对材料力学性能、吸湿性和热性能的影响,发现纤维的添加不仅可以提高木塑复合材料的力学强度,对于降低吸湿性和提高热稳定性也有积极效果,一些纤维的添加还可以提高基体的结晶度。本文最后提出纤维增强木塑复合材料产业化发展前景和需要解决的问题,包括进一步提高生产效率,研制纤维增强木塑复合材料专用装备,开发连续纤维增强木塑复合材料技术和开拓高性能、高附加值木塑复合材料市场。     

改善木塑复合材料界面相容性的途径

本文介绍了国内外在改善木塑复合材料的界面复合性能方面所采用的最新研究方法和取得的研究成果。几乎所有的研究都表明:在木塑复合过程中木材与热塑性高分子聚合物之间界面的粘合性能和作为填充物的木材在热塑性高分子聚合物基材中的分散性是影响木塑复合材料的物理、力学性能的主要因素。同时对如何改进木塑复合材料界面相容性的研究方法进行了系统的介绍。     

Effect of chemical modification on the properties of wood/polypropylene composites

对以铝酸酯为偶联剂对木粉进行表面改性处理后制备的木粉/聚丙烯复合材料的力学性能和形态学特征进行了研究。结果表明:铝酸酯偶联剂可以增加木塑复合材料的抗冲击强度,但会对复合材料的抗拉强度和抗弯强度造成负面的影响。对木塑复合材料的动态力学性能和微分扫描热量分析研究表明,以铝酸酯作为偶联剂,对木塑复合材料的储存模量和损失模量有少许增加,同时可降低材料的熔点和熔解热。利用扫描电镜观察木塑复合材料的木材与塑料界面发现,经铝酸酯处理过的木材与聚丙烯复合界面之间具有更好的相容性。这些研究结果表明,在木塑复合材料制造过程中利用廉价的铝酸酯作为木材化学改性剂,对改善复合材料的性质同样起作良好的作用。图6 表2 参16。     

低温等离子体改性竹粉/PETG复合材料

采用接触角测量仪、红外光谱等分析仪器,研究低温等离子体处理对竹粉/PETG复合材料改性效果的影响。结果表明:放电功率为300 W的低温等离子体处理试样后,试样的吸水率最高;放电功率为300 W的低温等离子体处理试样2 min后,试样的时效性最优;试样经低温等离子体处理后,试样表面的—C—O—C数量增多,随着处理时间的增加,—C—O—C逐渐被氧化成—C O,试样的表面极性增强。     

木粉加入量对木／塑复合材料性能影响的研究

研究了聚丙烯与木粉以不同比率复合而成的材料的物理力学性能和复合形态特征。结果表明：不同混合比率的聚丙烯与木粉进行复合后所得的复合材料，除冲击强度有所降低外，其它力学性能均比纯聚丙烯的有较大幅度的提高。木粉表面的酯化处理可以改善木塑界面之间的相容性和复合材料的均匀性。在木塑复合过程中木塑之间发生镶嵌现象使木塑之间产生物理结合。     

等离子体处理对BFRP增强结构用集成材胶合性能的影响

通过改变空气等离子体设备的功率、离子焰口距离、传送速度,对玄武岩纤维增强复合材料(BFRP)表面进行等离子体处理,并将处理后的BFRP与樟子松进行胶合。经等离子体处理后板材胶合性能明显改善,达到了标准要求。通过SEM、FTIR等方法对处理后BFRP进行分析,初步解释了等离子体处理能提高胶合性能的原因:等离子体处理BFRP后,材料表面发生化学变化,且对表面起到刻蚀作用,从而使BFRP表面化学与物理性能得到改善。     

改性剂对木塑复合材料力学性能影响的研究

采用木材纤维,分别与PE、PS、ABS、SAN等热塑性高分子聚合物,经热压复合工艺制成木塑复合板材,通过加入不同的改性剂以及改变改性剂的加入量,研究它们对木塑复合材料力学性能的影响。结果表明:改性剂的加入能使木材纤维与各种热塑性高分子聚合物很好地胶接;改性剂不同对木塑复合材料的性能产生不同的影响;改性剂的加入量为木材纤维用量的5%时,该法制作的木塑复合板材力学性能最佳。     

高木材纤维含量聚丙烯基复合材料的制备及其性能

采用模压和热压两种成型方法制备高木材纤维含量的聚丙烯(PP)基木塑复合材料,研究不同工艺方法和木材纤维质量分数(50%~90%)对木塑复合材料吸水性、接触角、表面自由能以及力学性能的影响,并通过扫描电子显微镜对复合材料的层间断面形貌进行观察。结果表明,木材纤维质量分数的提高使复合材料表面润湿性增强,力学性能有所下降,储能模量降低,玻璃化转变温度提高。当木材纤维质量分数达到80%时,复合材料仍可保持较好的弹性模量和冲击韧性;24 h吸水厚度膨胀率小于15%,可在潮湿环境下使用;表面自由能极性分量与中密度纤维板相当。扫描电镜结果表明,木材纤维质量分数增加可使复合材料的界面结合减弱。采用模压工艺制备的复合板材密度较大,抗弯性能较好;热压工艺所制复合板材的润湿性和冲击强度均优于模压工艺,在贴面装饰方面具有潜在优势。     

SEBS-g-MAH和原位接枝MAH对木粉/废旧塑料混合物复合材料力学性能的影响研究

由聚丙烯（PP）、高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）和聚苯乙烯（PS）组成的混合废旧塑料与木粉经高速混合机混合后,采用双螺杆/单螺杆串联挤出机组制备了木粉/混合废旧塑料复合材料。探讨了马来酸酐接枝苯乙烯-乙烯/丁烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物（SEBS-g-MAH）和原位接枝马来酸酐（MAH）对木粉/混合废旧塑料复合材料力学性能的影响。结果表明,与使用MAH和DCP的原位反应共混相比,SEBS-g-MAH显著提高了复合材料的抗冲击性能,但对拉伸和弯曲性能的改善不如原位反应共混显著。总的来说,混合废旧塑料制备的复合材料的力学性能要低于纯塑料混合物制备的复合材料,尤其是拉伸断裂伸长率。微观形态研究表明,添加SEBS-g-MAH和原位接枝MAH均可提高木粉与塑料混合物之间的界面相容性,但与添加SEBS-g-MAH相比,原位接枝MAH能更好的改善PP、HDPE、PS与木粉之间的界面结合。原位接枝MAH可被看作是一种改善木粉与塑料混合物间界面相容性的有效途径。此外,采用动态力学分析（DMA）进一步表征了复合材料的储能模量和阻尼因子。     

Mechanical and interfacial properties of plastic composite panels made from esterified bamboo particles

In this study, different extents of acetylated and butyrylated bamboo particle/plastic composites (BPPC) were produced by the flat-platen pressing process. The effect of esterification on mechanical and interfacial properties of BPPC was evaluated by a universal testing machine, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), ¹³C CP/MAS nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the internal bond (IB) and wood screw-holding strength of BPPC were significantly increased after acetylation, even though the weight gain of acetylated bamboo particles was only 2%. In addition, SEM micrographs revealed that acetylated bamboo particles were effectively trapped by the polymeric matrix on the IB-fractured surface of BPPC. These results indicate that the interfacial interaction between the bamboo particle and the polymeric matrix can be enhanced through acetylation.     

Improved interaction between wood and synthetic polymers in wood/polymer composites

Summary This article describes the properties of wood polymer composites consisting of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and wood flour (WF). In an attempt to improve the interfacial adhesion between the matrix and the filler, different compatibilizers were used. The interaction between polymer and wood were studied by comparing LLDPE/WF composites with composites when compatibilizer was added. The experimental measurements were conducted by impact and tensile strength testing and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The mechanical properties of the composites were improved with SEBS triblock copolymer modified with maleic anhydride and with the ionomer polymer, Surlyn, as compatibilizers. SEM fractography confirmed better adhesion between wood particles and LLDPE matrix when SEBS was present.This study was financed by the Swedish National Board for Industrial and Technical Development (NUTEK) which is gratefully acknowledged     

Photodegradation of wood flour/polypropylene composites incorporated with carbon materials with different morphologies

ABSTRACT

In this study, wood flour/polypropylene (WF/PP) composites were prepared by incorporating 2?wt% carbon materials with different morphologies, including carbon black (CB), graphite (G), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). WF/PP composite without any additives was included as a reference. All composites were placed in the accelerated UV weathering tester for a total of 960 h. The physical and mechanical properties of composites were compared. The changes in surface morphology and surface chemistry were characterized by SEM AFM, and ATR-FTIR. The results showed that: (1) the addition of CNTs improved both flexural and impact properties of composites; (2) composites containing CNTs exhibited better color stability and less severe surface cracking during weathering; and (3) ATR-FTIR results revealed that all the additives alleviated surface photo-oxidation of composites due to their UV-screening effect. Overall, due to the improved interfacial bonding between WF and PP, CNTs were more effective in protecting wood–plastic composites from photodegradation.     

木纤维PP/PE共混物复合材料的流变和力学性能(英文)

For evaluation of the rheological and mechanical properties of highly filled wood plastic composites （WPCs）, polypropylene/polyethylene （PP/PE） blends were grafted with maleic anhydride （MAH） to enhance the interfacial adhesion between wood fiber and matrix. WPCs were prepared from wood fiber up to 60 wt.% and modified PP/PE was blended by extrusion. The rheological properties were studied by using dynamic measurement. According to the strain sweep test, the linear viscoelastic region of composites in the melt was determined. The result showed that the storage modulus was independent of the strain at low strain region （〈0.1%）. The frequency sweep resuits indicated that all composites exhibited shear thinning behavior, and both the storage modulus and complex viscosity of MAH modified composites were decreased comparing to those unmodified. Flexural properties and impact strength of the prepared WPCs were measured according to the relevant standard specifications. The flexural and impact strength of the manufactured composites significantly increased and reached a maximum when MAH dosage was 1.0 wt%, whereas the flexural modulus after an initial decreased, also increased with MAH dosage. The increase in mechanical properties indicated that the presence of anhydride groups enhanced the interracial adhesion between wood fiber and PP/PE blends.     

The effect of hyperbranched polymer lubricant as a compatibilizer on the structure and properties of lignin/polypropylene composites

Abstract

In this work, the lignin/polypropylene (PP) composites were prepared by lignin and PP using hyperbranched polymer lubricant (HBPL) as a compatibilizer, which was synthesized by oleic acid and amino-terminated hyperbranch (HBP-NH₂) polymer in toluene solvent. The impact and flexural strength of the resulting composites were investigated. Experimental results indicated that the impact strength and flexural strength of lignin/PP composites modified with HBPL are 52.3% and 63.6% higher than that of untreated systems, respectively. HBPL treatment could also significantly improve the melt flow rate (MFR) of the lignin/PP composites. Meanwhile, the storage modulus (E′) of adding the HBPL was slightly higher than that of the uncompatibilized system. In addition, scanning electron microscope images showed that the dispersion of the lignin added with HBPL in the polymer matrix was improved. It can be inferred that the lignin and PP matrix interfacial bonding was strengthened.     

Reinforcing effects of modified Kevlar® fiber on the mechanical properties of wood-flour/polypropylene composites

Kevlar fiber (KF) is a synthesized product with strong mechanical properties. We used KF as a reinforcement to improve the mechanical properties of wood-flour/polypropylene (WF/PP) composites. KF was pretreated with NaOH to improve its compatibility with the thermoplastic matrix. Maleated polypropylene (MAPP) was used as a coupling agent to improve the interfacial adhesion between KF, WF, and PP. Incorporation of KF improved the mechanical properties of WF/PP composites. Treatment of KF with NaOH resulted in further improvement in mechanical strength. Addition of 3% MAPP and 2% hydrolyzed KF (HKF) led to an increment of 93.8% in unnotched impact strength, 17.7% in notched impact strength, 86.8% in flexure strength, 50.8% in flexure modulus, and 94.1% in tensile strength compared to traditional WF/PP composites. Scanning electron microscopy of the cryoractured section of WF/PP showed that the HKF surface was rougher than the virgin KF, and the KF was randomly distributed in the composites, which might cause a mechanical interlocking between KF and polypropylene molecules in the composites.     

纳米CaCO3对木纤维增强生物可降解复合材料力学性能的影响

为探索纳米CaCO₃对增强生物可降解复合材料力学性能的影响,采用混炼、注射成型工艺制备纳米CaCO₃改性木纤维/聚乳酸复合材料,研究了纳米粒子添加量（1wt%,2wt%,3wt%,4wt%）及粒子预处理（偶联剂,硬脂酸,偶联剂-硬脂酸）对材料拉伸性能与冲击性能的影响。随着CaCO₃添加量增加,复合材料力学强度先增大后减小,质量分数2%时材料拉伸强度和冲击强度分别提高8%与20%,粒子的增韧效果明显。预处理不仅能增强木纤维与聚乳酸的结合,也提高了纳米粒子分散性,增强材料整体力学性能。纳米粒子在聚合物基体中的分散性及其与聚合物界面结合是影响材料性能的关键。     

Preparation of acetylated wood meal and polypropylene composites II: mechanical properties and dimensional stability of the composites

Acetylated wood meals of Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D.Don) wood were prepared by mechanochemical processing using a high-speed vibration rod mill. Weight percent gain (WPG) of the acetylated wood meals ranged from 7.0 to 35.5 %. Wood–plastic composites (WPCs) containing 50 % acetylated woods were produced by an injection molding technique. The polymer matrix used was polypropylene homopolymer. Maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP) was also used as a compatibilizing agent. The mechanical properties of WPCs in bending and tensile tests were independent of WPG of acetylated wood meals, and the test values for WPCs containing acetylated wood meals were lower than that of unmodified wood meal. The use of MAPP increased bending and tensile strength, but no effect on bending modulus was found. An increase in WPG significantly decreased water absorbability and thickness swelling of WPCs as measured by dimensional stability tests. These results demonstrated that mechanochemical processing is a promising technique for preparing WPC material with improved dimensional stability. The future challenge is to inhibit the decreases in mechanical properties of WPCs containing acetylated wood meals.