山西省不同生态区小麦叶锈菌毒性研究

利用已知抗叶锈病基因的小麦近等基因系 (或单基因系 )作鉴别寄主 ,监测来自山西省 3个不同小麦生态区 11个县 (市 )的 92份叶锈标样。在发现的 2 7个致病类型 (毒性基因组合 )中 ,TRK ,TRT ,PHT ,THT出现频率分别为 19 6% ,9 8% ,6 5 % ,6 5 % ,为优势致病类型。对叶锈菌群体毒性基因频率分析结果表明 ,毒性基因V19,V2 4 ,V38的出现频率较低 ,分别为5 4 % ,16 5 %和 0 ,其对应的抗性基因可视为山西省小麦叶锈菌的有效抗病基因     

1975——1987年河北省小麦叶锈病菌生理小种动态

为有效地控制小麦叶锈病流行,贯彻预防为主的方针,1975—1987年对河北省小麦叶锈菌生理小种动态进行了研究,为河北省选育和利用抗叶锈品种提出了科学依据.一、河北省小麦叶锈菌生理小种类型和年份变化:自1975—1987年共鉴定来自全省麦区317个品种上的693个叶锈菌标样,共鉴定出41个生理小种和一个对河北省小麦重要亲本洛夫林10号能致病的洛10小种群.常见频率在4%以上的优势小种有60(叶38)、160(叶9)、     

叶锈菌诱导的小麦叶片cDNA文库的构建及其质量评价

由小麦叶锈菌(Puccinia triticina)引起的小麦叶锈病在世界各地产麦区均有发生,利用抗病品种是防治该病害最经济、安全、有效的方法.小麦抗叶锈基因Lr19是一个十分有效的抗叶锈基因,自1966年首次将该基因从长穗偃麦草转到普通小麦中,至今仍是一个应用潜力很大的抗病基因.本研究以小麦抗叶锈病近等基因系TcLr19和叶锈菌04-15-8①(生理小种类型THTS)为材料,构建叶锈病菌诱导的小麦叶片cDNA文库.研究结果表明文库的克隆数为4.1×106,插入片段大小在0.5～3.0kb,平均插入片段大小1.0 kb.因此该文库可用于基因克隆与分析,为研究小麦抗叶锈病相关基因提供条件.     

75份国内外小麦品种抗叶锈性鉴定及基因分析

为了挖掘小麦抗叶锈病基因,为我国小麦抗叶锈病遗传育种基因库提供更多的选择。选取了75份国内外小麦材料以及36份已知抗叶锈基因载体品种,将这些材料在苗期分别接种14个不同毒力的叶锈菌生理小种,分别鉴定这些不同毒力的生理小种在小麦材料上的发病严重程度;同时提取所有材料的新鲜叶片DNA,选取已经确定的抗叶锈病基因相关联的分子标记特异性引物对75份供试材料进行分子标记检测。结合以上2种方法,推测75份小麦材料中含有的抗叶锈病基因。结果显示,75份小麦材料中含有Lr1、Lr2a、Lr2c、Lr10、Lr11、Lr14a、Lr16、Lr18、Lr20、Lr26、Lr34、Lr37、Lr46这13种已知抗叶锈病基因,这些基因以单基因或多基因聚合的方式存在于小麦品种中。其中,Lr1基因和Lr46基因占比较大,分别高达43%,56%。这些基因单独存在于小麦材料中,并不能表现出良好的抗叶锈性;当几个或者多个基因共同存在于小麦材料中,可以表现出远远高于单一基因的抗叶锈性,与前人研究相符。通过分子标记检测到小麦材料大白春小麦S3中含有Lr1、Lr10和Lr46基因,温室苗期鉴定发现该材料对本研究的11种叶锈生...     

70份国外小麦品种(系)的苗期和成株期抗叶锈病鉴定

小麦叶锈病是小麦生产中的重要病害之一,培育持久抗病品种是最经济、有效和环保的方法。本研究用19个不同毒力的叶锈菌小种苗期接种70份国外引进小麦品种(系)及36个已知抗叶锈病基因的载体品种进行抗性鉴定,同时在2016—2017年度分别于河北保定和河南周口对70份国外引进品种进行田间抗叶锈性鉴定。为进一步检测材料中所携带的苗期和成株抗叶锈病基因,利用12个与已知基因紧密连锁的分子标记进行检测,综合基因推导、系谱分析和分子标记检测的结果,在33份材料中鉴定出15个抗叶锈病基因,包括Lr1、Lr2a、Lr26、Lr3ka、Lr11、Lr17、Lr30、Lr10、Lr14a、Lr2b、Lr13、Lr15、Lr21、Lr44和Lr45,田间鉴定筛选出39份品种表现慢锈性。苗期和田间表现表明,国外品种中含有丰富的对我国叶锈菌小种有效的苗期和成株期抗叶锈病基因,可作为小麦抗叶锈病抗源在抗病育种中加以利用。     

河北省又取得一批农药植保类科研成果

<正>(接上期)8.小麦抗叶锈病相关基因的克隆单位名称:河北农业大学评价单位名称:河北省教育厅叶锈病是小麦高产、稳产的主要限制因素,选育和利用抗病品种是控制小麦叶锈病最为经济有效的措施。但由于病菌新毒性基因的不断产生以及致病性分化加快,新的具有更强致病能力的优势生理小种不断出现,致使已有的一些抗叶锈基因逐渐丧失抗性。该项目以含有小麦抗叶锈基因Lr41的小麦品种KS90WGRC10为材料,根据从抑制差减杂交文库中     

河北省又取得一批农药植保类科研成果

<正>9.小麦抗叶锈病基因的分子标记研究单位名称:河北农业大学评价单位名称:河北省科技成果转化服务中心利用基因推导、抗病性遗传分析以及SSR分子标记技术对具有良好的综合农艺性状,但其所携带的抗叶锈基因尚不清楚的小麦品种毕麦16和Muu中的抗叶锈基因进行遗传特性研究;同时利用SRAP、c DNA-AFLP技术对小麦抗叶锈病基因Lr19和Lr41进行分子标记研究,结果如下:(1)毕麦16对叶锈菌生理小种FHTT的抗性由1对     

山西省小麦主栽品种抗叶锈病研究

选用14个具有不同毒性基因组合的叶锈菌系，推导分析了来自山西省6个育种单位和种子部门的24个重要小麦品种所携带的抗叶锈病基因状况。在供试的44个已知抗叶锈病基因(或基因组合)中，推导出了Lr1，Lr3，Lr13，Lr23，Lr26，Lr30等6个抗叶锈病基因，以单基因或基因组合形式分别分布在19个小麦品种中，其中Lr1，Lr3，Lr26是供试材料的主要已知抗叶锈病基因。成株期抗病性鉴定结果表明，在24个供试品种中，仅有晋麦62号和鲁麦14号两个品种表现出对叶锈病良好的抗性，晋麦31号、晋麦56号和晋麦61号3个品种表现为中抗至中感(杂合类型)，晋春9号、晋春13号、晋偃746—9等12个品种具有慢叶锈病特征。     

CIMMYT小麦材料的苗期和成株抗叶锈病鉴定

选择来自CIMMYT的103个小麦品种(系)及35个含有已知抗叶锈基因的对照品种,苗期接种17个中国小麦叶锈菌小种以鉴定这些品种中可能含有的抗叶锈病基因, 并于2008-2009和2009-2010连续2年对这些材料进行成株抗叶锈病鉴定。通过苗期鉴定结合系谱分析和分子检测,在46个品种中共鉴定出Lr26、Lr34、Lr42和Lr47等4个抗叶锈病基因,其中9个品种携带Lr26基因,28个品种含有成株抗叶锈病基因Lr34基因,Lr42可能存在于11个品种中,还有2个材料可能含有Lr47,其他57个品种(系)对供试的15个小种多数表现为高抗,没有鉴定出已知的抗叶锈病基因。通过两年的田间抗叶锈病鉴定共筛选出46个表现慢锈的品种。苗期和田间结果表明,CIMMYT材料中含有丰富的对我国叶锈菌小种有效的苗期和成株抗叶锈基因,这些材料均可应用于我国小麦的抗叶锈病育种。     

12个主产区历史小麦品种抗叶锈病基因分析

近年来,小麦叶锈病发生有加重趋势,培育抗病品种是减轻小麦叶锈病危害的环保有效途径。用12个小麦品种及35个含已知抗叶锈病基因的载体品系在苗期接种19个不同毒性的叶锈菌生理小种,通过基因推导和系谱分析发掘待测品种中的抗叶锈病基因,并通过分子标记检测进一步验证;在田间接种强毒性混合生理小种,进行成株期病情严重度与普遍率调查,筛选慢锈性品种。结果表明,在石新828、百农3217、济南2号、泰山1号、石特14、晋麦2148、烟农15、小偃6号、温麦6号共9个品种中检测到Lr1、Lr26、Lr34、Lr37和Lr46共5个抗叶锈病基因,其中部分品种中发现多个抗性基因。成株期筛选出百农3217、平阳27、济南2号、泰山1号、石特14、晋麦2148、碧蚂4号、烟农15、小偃6号、温麦6号共10个慢叶锈性品种,其中碧蚂4号和小偃6号等品种是我国小麦育种的骨干亲本,探究这些品种中的抗病基因对培育小麦抗叶锈病品种具有重要意义。     

我国稻瘟病菌毒力基因的组成及其地理分布

用我国育成的6个近等基因系和IRRI-日本合作育成的24个单基因系,对来自我国吉林、辽宁、河北、江苏、浙江、四川、湖南、福建、广东和云南10个省的322个稻瘟病单孢菌株的毒力基因组成及其地理分布进行了测定和分析.结果表明,我国稻瘟病菌株含有与所有测试抗病基因相应的毒力基因,其中Av-kh+、Av-z+、Av-z5+和Av-9(t)+的出现频     

Resistance spectra of wheat genotypes and virulence patterns of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mycosphaerella graminicola</Emphasis> isolates in Iran

Co-evolution of wheat and its devastating pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola (anamorph Septoria tritici), the causal agent of septoria tritici blotch, a foliar disease of wheat, is suggested to occur in Fertile Crescent as their center of origin and, thus, interaction between pathogen virulence and host resistance is important subject to be addressed. We have investigated resistance spectra of 54 wheat genotypes including a set of differentials carrying known resistance genes and virulence patterns of 14 M. graminicola isolates at seedling stage under controlled environmental conditions. The isolates were collected in Iran from five provinces. Diversity in virulence and aggressiveness was observed among the isolates from four provinces. Isolates collected from Golestan province were virulent to all wheat genotypes from germplasm of Iran, while specific resistances were identified to the isolates from other provinces. Among wheat genotypes, cvs. Chamran, Morvarid and Hirmand had the greatest number of specific resistances as well as partial resistance. Wheat genotypes of the differential set also differed in their reactions to the isolates. Arina, Flame and TE 9111 were specifically resistant to the greatest number of isolates from different provinces. Most isolates were virulent to the other differentials such as cvs. Shafir, Estanzuela federal and Courtot indicating that extensive adaption of virulence to most of the known resistance genes (Stb) has occurred in these regions. The new sources of resistance to highly virulent isolates from Iran may also be utilized in wheat breeding programs to develop resistant cultivars against pathogen populations in other countries.     

First report of leaf rust pathotypes virulent to highly effective Lr-genes transferred from Agropyron species to bread wheat

The gene pool of effective sources of leaf rust resistance used in the breeding of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) includes several species of the genus Agropyron. The genes deriving therefrom (Lr 19, 19d, 29, Agⁱ1, Agⁱ2, 38) are highly effective to pathotypes of Puccinia recondita Rob. ex Desm. In the Saratov and Orenbhurg districts of Russia, however, pathotypes virulent to these genes have been discovered. These pathotypes are virulent to Saratov-bred cultivars carrying Lr 19, to ‘Indis’ (Lr 19d) and RL 6097 (Lr 38). The distribution of virulence on the ‘Thatcher’ near-isogenic lines with different Lr genes shows that most of the Lr genes tested are susceptible to these new pathotypes of P. recondita, but the Lr genes Lr 9, 23, 24, 26 were exceptions. The inoculation of Mexican bread wheat cultivars, which carry widespread Lr gene combinations, by these pathotypes disclosed different infection types. Out of 10 Lr-gene combinations, four were highly effective; namely the combinations Lr 13 + 26, Lr 26 +?, Lr 23+26 and Lr 23+26+34.     

Evolution of virulence patterns in yellow rust races and its implications for Ereeding for resistance in wheat in Kenya

Summary Virulence patterns of yellow rust isolates collected in Kenya between 1986–1989 were compared with earlier results. The number of virulence factors per race and the range in virulence factors both increased considerably. Before 1976 races carried on average 4.5 to 5.0 virulence factors, whereas the races after 1986 had a mean of 6.5 virulence factors. The range in the number of virulence factors increased from some seven to eight in the first period to 12 in the second out of the 17 evaluated. In the period 1986–1989 another three virulence factors (2, 9 and A) were assessed. All three occurred at a high frequency.Virulence neutralizing the resistance genes Yr2, Yr2+, Yr6, Yr6+, Yr7, Yr7+, Yr8, Yr9, Yr9+ and those in the cultivars Anza (A), Strubes Dickkopf (SD) and Suwon92/Omar (SU) occurred at a high frequency, while virulence for Yr3V, Yr4+, Yr5, CV and SP (resistance in Carstens V and Spaldings Prolific resp.) were not found. The remaining three virulence factors for Yr1, 10 and 3N were rare.In the past ten years the resistance of most released cultivars became ineffective in less than six years. They were shown to carry race-specific major resistance genes such as Yr7+, Yr9+, SD and A. However, in the field, the resistance of the cultivars was not completely neutralized. A residual resistance, ranging from moderate to fairly high, was observed in all cultivars in which the major gene resistances were neutralized by corresponding virulence genes.Other wheat cultivars such as Africa Mayo, Kenya Kudu, Enkoy, Kenya Leopard, Bounty, Frontatch, Bonny and Kenya Plume appeared to keep their resistance over a condiserable period of time. They are considered to be durably resistant to the Kenyan yellow rust populations. This form of resistance, together with the residual resistance, can be recommended for use in breeding programmes.     

小麦品种(系)与小麦白粉菌的相互作用——Ⅰ.小麦白粉菌毒力频率和毒性基因的研究

1985—1987年在温室条件下,采自河南省不同地区的小麦白粉菌群体,对本省当前推广的小麦品种的毒为频率均大于76.55%;区试品种(系)中的花培28和周80—48的毒力频率分别为6.25%和8.75%,抗性较好.利用联合致病性分析,确定了花培28与百泉792、郑州7920和周80—48是今后适于推广的品种组合.研究初步证明豫东、西、南部的小麦白粉菌群体结构基本相似.毒性基因V_1、V_(3b)、V_(3c)、V_5和V_9的平均频率较高(66.67—82.76%),V_2、V_(2x)、V_4、V_(4(+))和V_8的平均频率低(7.06—13.38%).并讨论了小麦品种的合理布局和抗源利用等问题.     

山东省和河北省小麦白粉菌毒性与遗传多样性分析

由Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici引起的白粉病是危害我国小麦安全生产的重要病害之一。分析菌株毒性结构和抗病基因有效性对于利用寄主控制白粉病具有重要意义。本研究对2011年从山东和河北两省分离的41个菌株进行了毒性分析,并采用SSR标记对其遗传多样性进行了分析。测试菌株的毒性频率在0.35 (Bg40-2,山东烟台)至0.74 (Bg46-1,山东平度)之间。山东省菌株的平均毒性频率与河北省菌株没有显著差异。除别菌株外(例如Pm17),山东省和河北省的菌株对大多数抗病基因的毒性差异不大。全部测试菌株对来自地方品种齿牙糙的Pm24基因都没有毒性。极少数菌株对Pm1c、Pm16、Pm20、PmH和Mlxbd的毒性频率低于0.1,在河北省邯郸市和黄骅市发现对Pm21基因具有毒性的菌株,但在山东省没有检测到对Pm21具有毒性的菌株。对Pm5e、 Pm6、 Pm12、 Pm13、 Pm17、 Pm40、 Pm2+6和Pm5+6的毒性频率在0.18~0.48之间,对Pm1a、 Pm3a、 Pm3c、P m3g、 Pm4a、 Pm4b、 Pm5a、 Pm7、 Pm8、 Pm19、 Pm33、 Pm43、 PmY39、 PmPS5A和Pm1+2+9的毒性频率超过0.6。遗传多样性分析可见,小麦白粉菌群体的遗传变异主要发生在群体内部,菌株间具有一定程度的基因交流。同一地点采集的不同单孢分离菌株有些可聚为一类,但有些不能聚为一类,说明其遗传基础可能存在差异。供试菌株对不同抗病基因的毒性多态性与DNA多态性之间不存在一一对应的关系。     

The host background of rice influences the resistance expression of a three genes pyramid (xa5 + xa13 + Xa21) to bacterial blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) pathotypes of Indian mainland and Bay islands

Bacterial blight (BB) is a major disease of rice for which host resistance is the only effective solution. The three genes pyramid xa5 + xa13 + Xa21 is recently the most utilized combination for developing resistant varieties through marker‐assisted breeding. Our study was carried out to elicit the detailed response of twenty lines possessing these three genes in five genetic backgrounds to twelve diverse BB pathotypes in India. The lines developed from ADT 47 variety showed incomplete resistance to most of the pathotypes, whereas susceptibility varied from 8.3% to 16.6% in ADT 43 and IR24, respectively. However, in IMP ASD16/60 and Improved Samba Mahsuri, complete resistance against all pathotypes was observed. The overall results confirmed that genetic background plays crucial role for the effective expression of xa5 + xa13 + Xa21 combination. Molecular studies did not reveal correlation between origin of pathotypes and their virulence potential. It is suggested to deploy Improved Samba Mahsuri, IMP ASD 16/60 and AD1306 varieties in the bacterial blight prone areas or use them as donors for realizing wider and durable resistance.     

78份四川小麦育成品种(系)条锈病抗性鉴定与抗条锈病基因分子检测

四川省是小麦条锈菌新小种产生的重要地区之一,了解2016年以来四川小麦育成品种(系)对当前流行的条锈菌生理小种和致病类型的抗性水平以及明确其抗条锈病基因的分布状况,可为四川育种防控小麦抗条锈病和品种布局提供理论依据。本研究选择2个小种CYR32和CYR34对78份四川小麦育成品种(系)进行苗期鉴定,利用当前小麦条锈菌优势小种CYR32、CYR33、CYR34,以及贵22-14、贵农致病类群等混合菌进行成株期人工接种鉴定,并利用19个抗条锈病QTL和基因QYr.nwafu-4BL、Yr5、Yr10、Yr15、Yr17、Yr18、Yr26、Yr28、Yr29、Yr30、Yr36、Yr39、Yr41、Yr48、Yr65、Yr67、Yr78、Yr80和Yr81的分子标记对供试材料进行抗条锈病基因检测。结果表明,在78份供试材料的苗期鉴定中,对CYR32表现出抗性的有60份,占76.92%;对CYR34表现出抗性的有40份,占51.28%;同时对CYR32和CYR34表现抗性的有36份,占46.15%。78份小麦品种(系)在成株期均表现抗条锈病,其中绵麦835、蜀麦1743、蜀麦1829和蜀麦1...