三江平原岗地白浆土水解酶活性和动力学特性对不同连作农作物的响应

作物种植会对农田生态系统产生一定的影响。大田试验条件下,在黑龙江省853农场岗地白浆土上连续6年种植玉米、大豆、小麦、水稻,研究了土壤理化性质以及土壤中与碳、氮、磷、硫元素转化相关的9种水解酶活性和动力学特性的响应;同时研究了不同作物种植对土壤脲酶、磷酸单酯酶、磷酸二酯酶、芳基硫酸酯酶及β-葡糖苷酶动力学特性的影响。结果表明,大豆连作土壤的有效氮、总碳、总氮、总磷和总硫含量都稍高;大豆处理土壤pH值略低,但其它三种作物种植下的土壤均呈微酸性,差异不显著。土壤水解酶动力学参数对种植作物的反应与表观活性的反应不一致。玉米连作土壤蛋白酶和磷酸单酯酶活性高于其它处理;小麦处理的磷酸二酯酶和芳基硫酸酯酶活性最高,水稻连作土壤蛋白酶、磷酸二酯酶和磷酸三酯酶活性最低。连年种植小麦处理的土壤脲酶、磷酸二酯酶以及芳基硫酸酯酶Vmax显著高于其它处理,小麦连作土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶、脲酶、磷酸二酯酶和芳基硫酸酯酶的Vmax/Km值显著高于其它处理,可以看出在此处理下土壤酶具有较强的催化潜势。     

FACE 条件下休闲和秸秆还田对稻麦轮作农田麦季土壤酶活性的影响

利用中国唯一的江都FACE(Free-airCO2 enrichment,开放式空气CO2浓度升高)平台,研究了大气CO2浓度升高下休闲(fallow,不种作物,但翻耕和施肥与其他处理相同)和秸秆还田对土壤脱氢酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、转化酶、芳基硫酸酯酶和荧光素二乙酸酯水解(FDA)的影响。研究结果表明:大气CO2浓度升高对于休闲土壤酶活性没有影响。在没有秸秆还田的情况下,大气CO2浓度升高刺激了土壤中脱氢酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、转化酶、芳基硫酸酯酶的活性和FDA水解,增加幅度分别达到了14.88%、19.41%、11.69%、17.12%和4.47%。除转化酶外,秸秆还田使土壤酶活性增加。随着秸秆还田量的增加,FACE效应先增加后消失。     

双季稻田马铃薯不同覆盖栽培对土壤酶活性的影响

为探讨双季稻区春马铃薯不同覆盖模式下稻田土壤酶活性的变化情况, 在大田条件下, 以露地处理为对照, 设置稻草、无纺布、稻草+无纺布、黑膜、稻草+黑膜5 种覆盖处理。结果表明: 地表覆盖显著影响土壤酶活性。其中, 稻草覆盖显著(P<0.05)提高碱性磷酸酶、芳基硫酸酯酶和脱氢酶酶活性, 分别较对照提高17.55%、24.77%和87.2%; 稻草+无纺布覆盖显著(P<0.05)提高芳基酰胺酶和脱氢酶活性, 分别较对照提高8.03%和71.05%; 黑膜覆盖显著(P<0.05)提高β-葡萄糖苷酶、碱性磷酸酶、芳基硫酸酯酶和脱氢酶活性, 分别较对照提高23.44%、22.70%、37.43%和146.30%; 稻草+黑膜覆盖显著(P<0.05)提高β-葡萄糖苷酶、芳基酰胺酶、碱性磷酸酶、芳基硫酸酯酶和脱氢酶活性, 分别较对照提高34.76%、19.31%、19.03%、51.98%和125.62%。由此得出, 覆盖稻草并加盖黑膜可显著提高与土壤养分循环有关的主要土壤酶活性, 利于提高土壤质量。     

草甸白浆土水解酶活性和动力学特性对保护性耕作方式的响应

在田间试验条件下,以传统耕作(CT)为对照,研究了免耕(NT)和少耕(RT)对黑龙江省八五三农场草甸白浆土土壤与碳、氮、磷、硫元素转化相关的九种水解酶(α—葡糖苷酶、β—葡糖苷酶、α—半乳糖苷酶、β半乳糖苷酶活性脲酶、蛋白酶、磷酸单酯酶、磷酸二酯酶和芳基硫酸醅酶)的影响,同时研究了保护性耕作对土壤脲酶、磷酸单酯酶、磷酸二酯酶、芳基硫酸酯酶及β—葡糖苷酶动力学特性的影响。结果表明,保护性耕作(RT,NT)降低土壤pH值,提高土壤养分(有效氮:42.0%,21.6%;总碳:26.6%,12.2%;总氮:16.6%,15.8%)含量,提高了土壤α—半乳糖苷酶、β—半乳糖苷酶和α—葡糖苷酶、蛋白酶活性活性,但脲酶活性却降低,参与土壤磷素及硫素转化的磷酸单酯酶、磷酸二酯酶和芳基硫酸酯酶活性差异不显著,传统耕作处理(CT)与免耕(NT)处理土壤中芳基硫酸酯酶活性著高于少耕(MT)处理。土壤水解酶动力学参数对耕作方式的反应与表观活性对耕作方式的反应不一致,草甸白浆土短期(三年)保护性耕作已经体现了一定程度的土壤改良效果。     

红壤旱地中土壤酶对长期施肥的响应

土壤酶是土壤生物学活性的重要组成部分,它催化有机物的矿化释放无机养分,参与土壤腐殖物质的分解形成,反映了土壤各种生物化学过程的动向和强度;其活性与土壤的理化性质和其他生物学特征紧密相关,且有易于测定的优点,是近年来土壤质量评估工作中必不可少的内容[1]。土壤酶一直受到红壤研究者们的重视[2,3],但这些研究涉及的酶的种类较少,近年来国外相关文献中的一些常见的酶,如葡糖苷酶、荧光素水解酶、芳基硫酸酯酶等[4~6]鲜见报道;也没有回答在长期不同施肥管理条件下,红壤中酶活性的综合水平特点和土壤酶动力学特征的差异等问题。本文的…     

土壤化学特性、酶活性和产量对农业措施的敏感性研究

  【目的】  研究不同农业管理措施(耕作强度、施肥、轮作)对土壤化学特性、酶活性及产量的影响,为选择适合的、对农业管理措施敏感的土壤质量评价指标提供依据。  【方法】  2019年5月在霍伊特维尔(OHHO,始于1963年),伍斯特(OHWO,始于1962年),亚当斯(ORAD,始于1992年) 3个农业长期试验站分别采集了0—15 cm耕层土壤。在OHHO和 OHWO试验站,分别在免耕(NT)、深耕(CT)、浅耕(MT)条件下设轮作(玉米–燕麦–苜蓿)、单作(玉米)处理;在ORAD试验站,分别在为NT、CT条件下,设不施肥、施肥 (有、无覆盖物)处理。同年测定了土壤的pH、全氮、全碳、粘粒、砂粒、粉粒含量和β-葡萄糖苷酶、芳基硫酸酯酶、荧光素二乙酸酯活性。  【结果】  OHWO试验点不同处理间pH无显著差异。OHHO试验点玉米–燕麦–苜蓿轮作处理(COH)或玉米单作处理(CCC)与MT配合pH显著高于其他处理;ORAD试验点豆麦轮作、有覆盖物、施肥(PWY2),豆麦轮作、有覆盖物、不施肥(PWY)与NT配合 (PWY2-NT、PWY-NT),及小麦–休闲的WFa-NT与WFa-CT处理pH显著高于其他处理。耕作强度、作物轮作影响土壤pH,但pH没有一致的变化趋势,除PWY2-NT处理外施氮肥降低土壤pH。COH-NT、PWY2-NT、WFa2-NT 处理全氮、全碳含量显著高于其他处理,说明轮作、免耕配合施肥显著提高土壤全氮、全碳含量;OHHO、OHWO试验点各处理间产量差异不显著,ORAD试验点产量的变化表明除了农业管理措施,产量还受病虫害或当季突发自然灾害的影响。3个试验点轮作配合免耕β-葡萄糖苷酶、芳基硫酸酯酶、荧光素二乙酸酯活性最高。在OHHO试验点β-葡萄糖苷酶可以区分轮作配合浅耕或深耕(COH-MT、COH-CT),单作配合免耕、浅耕、深耕(CCC-NT、CCC-MT、CCC-CT)处理间的差异;在ORAD试验点可以区分豆麦轮作+覆盖物+施肥或不施肥分别配合免耕2个处理;区分麦–休闲+施肥或不施肥分别配合深耕2个处理间的差异,而全碳不能区分这些处理间的差异 。β-葡萄糖苷酶与全氮、全碳、芳基硫酸酯酶相关性达 5% 或 1% 水平。  【结论】  对外来扰动的敏感性表现为β-葡萄糖苷酶活性>全碳>产量,以β-葡萄糖苷酶活性判断,免耕配合轮作是较为理想的提高土壤质量的农业管理措施。     

自然植物群落对铜尾矿废弃地土壤酶活性的影响

在铜陵铜矿区堆存着大量的不同时期弃置的尾矿废弃物,形成大面积铜尾矿废弃地。为了解自然植物群落对铜尾矿废弃地酶活性的影响,对铜陵铜矿区6处不同时期弃置的铜尾矿废弃地进行了调查。结果表明,自然定居在尾矿废弃地上的植物群落类型能够显著影响表层尾矿中(0~5 cm)的脲酶、芳基硫酸酯酶、碱性磷酸酶和脱氢酶的活性。位于木贼-中华结缕草群落和白茅群落下尾矿中的几种土壤酶的活性高于位于狗牙根群落和中华结缕草群落下的尾矿中酶的活性。在所测定的4种土壤酶中,碱性磷酸酶和脱氢酶的活性高于脲酶和芳基硫酸酯酶的活性。相关分析表明,4种土壤酶的活性与表层尾矿中的腐殖质、总氮、有效磷、速效钾含量以及电导率表现出显著正相关,而芳基硫酸酯酶和脱氢酶与pH之间存在着显著负相关。强烈氧化的表层尾矿不仅具有极端贫瘠的养分条件,同时也具有极低的土壤酶活性。     

湖北四种典型土壤硫肥效应

选择黄棕壤、红壤、灰潮土和水稻土等湖北省四种主要土壤类型,对油菜和水稻分别进行盆栽和田间硫肥试验。试验结果表明:黄棕壤、红壤和灰潮土三种土壤盆栽油菜施用硫肥后,均能促进油菜的生长发育并增加油菜的干物重,但总体上施石膏的效应比施硫磺要好。水稻土田间水稻硫肥试验后,明显提高了水稻产量,但施硫磺粉的效果要比施石膏好,前者的增产率达到27.44%,后者是14.88%。试验前后土壤有效硫的变化进一步说明施用硫肥可以维持土壤硫素平衡,满足作物营养需求。使用澳大利亚KC l—40方法测定土壤有效硫含量,能反映土壤供硫水平与作物产量的相关性,这对于指导我国农业生产具有重要的意义。     

棉花连作对北疆土壤酶活性、致病菌及拮抗菌多样性的影响

本文通过测定土壤酶活性与微生物PCR-DGGE指纹图谱研究了北疆棉区5年棉花连作(CtN5)、10年棉花连作(CtN10)及15年棉花连作(CtN15)对土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、芳基硫酸酯酶、脱氢酶和蛋白酶酶活性的影响,分析了土壤细菌、真菌、镰刀菌和枯草芽孢杆菌群落结构多样性对北疆棉田长期连作的响应。结果表明:过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脱氢酶活性随棉花连作年限延长而下降。CtN15处理的过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和脱氢酶活性分别比CtN10处理下降15.0%、6.4%和12.0%,比CtN5处理下降16.8%、58.6%和49.5%(P0.05);芳基硫酸酯酶与蛋白酶活性随连作年限的增加呈先下降后升高的特点。土壤细菌、真菌多样性指数随连作年限的增加明显下降。CtN15的细菌条带数比CtN10下降7.41%,Ct N10比CtN5降低1.72%。CtN15真菌条带数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别为78和3.22,比CtN5处理低17.02%和5.29%。土壤镰刀菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的条带数、多样性指数均表现为先下降后升高。CtN15枯草芽孢杆菌Shannon-Wiener和Simpson指数分别比CtN10处理高54.8%和14.5%。北疆长期连作棉田的土壤酶活性和土壤微生物群落多样性总体呈下降趋势,长期连作对棉田土壤生物性状有明显负面影响。     

施用有机肥对土壤生物性状影响的研究进展

施肥是农业生态系统中的重要一环,因土壤生物特性如土壤酶活力、微生物量、呼吸以及生物多样性等对外来扰动的灵敏性优于理化特性而在近几年受到了广泛关注。长期配施有机肥能显著调节土壤营养环境,提高微生物碳氮含量,降低代谢呼吸商值并提高多种土壤酶的活力和土壤生物多样性,为作物稳产高产创造良好的土壤生态环境,而化肥施用的效果恰相反。土壤生物特性的变动关系到土壤质量、农业生产的产量以及生态系统的稳定,本文综述了近几年国内外关于施用有机肥对土壤生物性质影响的研究结果。     

土壤质量的酶学指标研究

土壤质量日益衰退,寻找能够准确标示其变化的敏感指标非常重要。土壤酶几乎参与了土壤中全部的生物化学反应,与土壤中多种生态过程密切相关。土壤酶的敏感性、专一性和综合性等特点使其可以作为一个反映土壤质量的生物学指标。本文在概述了土壤酶作为土壤质量指标可行性的基础上,综述了土壤肥力质量、环境质量等的土壤酶活性和酶动力学指标的研究,并对今后相关研究提出了几点建议。     

Adaptation of soil quality indices and application to three tillage systems in southern Illinois

Sustainability of agricultural management systems has become an issue of wide public concern and international debate. One result is that soil quality assessment has been suggested as a tool for evaluating sustainability of soil and crop management practices. Our objective was to adapt a soil quality index to assess the effects of three long-term tillage systems on sloping Grantsburg silt loam soil. Soil quality was evaluated using a framework that included three soil functions: (1) resist erosion (water relations), (2) provide plant nutrients (nutrient relations), and (3) provide a favorable root environment (rooting relations). A score for each of these functions was computed using measurements (indicators) that were normalized with one of the three (more is better, optimum, or worse) scoring functions. Six different indices were developed from a basic framework. Modifications included changing the weighting factors, threshold limits, or type of scoring function applied to indicators, and the addition of air-filled and water storage porosity to the nutrient and rooting relations functions. Changing threshold limits and the type of scoring function used for surface residue improved the correlation between water relations and soil loss. The addition of porosity indicators increased the sensitivity of nutrient and rooting relations functions to yield and cone index, respectively, and resulted in a better correlation between porosity indicators and plant population. Computing soil quality indices helped to combine different soil properties and processes into a simple tool that explained changes in complex soil properties in response to different tillage practices. This supports previous studies suggesting that computing soil quality indices and functions could be useful for selecting management practices to maintain or improve soil quality. Our results demonstrated that adjusting threshold limits for local conditions can make the function ratings more or less sensitive to the management practices being evaluated.     

土壤微生物影响土壤健康的作用机制研究进展

土壤健康是农业可持续发展的中心主题。土壤微生物参与土壤生态功能、环境功能和免疫功能协同驱动土壤生命系统运转，是维持土壤健康的核心与关键。了解不同微生物介导的土壤健康调控机制对有效利用这些核心微生物维持和改善土壤健康至关重要。本文围绕微生物参与调节土壤碳循环、养分循环，改变土壤结构、抑制植物病虫害、污染控制等主要生物过程系统梳理了微生物在调控土壤健康中的重要作用，以及微生物作为土壤健康的敏感指标对土壤健康的指示与预警作用。强调未来应加强驱动土壤健康特定功能以及多个生物过程的核心微生物组信息数据库挖掘、构建与生产应用研究，为定向利用微生物改善农业土壤生态系统功能、维持土壤健康以及保障土壤可持续发展提供科学依据。     

The cost of soil lost from fields due to removal on harvested sugarbeet: a case study in Turkey

Abstract. Soil removed on sugarbeet ( Beta vulgaris L .) at harvest may be an important factor in soil degradation causing significant decline in soil productivity. This study evaluated soil losses on sugarbeet and estimated the cost of plant nutrients lost by this process. The losses were calculated using data from the agricultural reports published by the General Directorate of the Turkish Sugar Industry. Organic matter and plant available nutrient contents of soils removed from sugarbeet fields were determined. It was estimated that approximately 30 000 t of soil is lost annually in Erzurum, and 1.2 million t in the whole of Turkey. The cost of N, P and K losses is approximately 60 000 US$ annually for the study area.     

盐碱地土壤酶活性研究进展和展望

盐碱地是农业生产重要的后备土地资源,同时土壤盐渍化是灌溉农业生产过程中首要考虑的问题之一。近年来,越来越多的研究开始关注盐碱地改良利用过程中包括土壤生物学性质在内的土壤整体环境质量的改善。其中,土壤酶是土壤生物活动的产物,其活性水平是土壤环境质量的良好生物学指标,可以用来评价土壤退化程度及管理措施的效果和可持续性。本文总结说明了盐渍化土壤酶活性状况及盐碱胁迫机理,并对盐碱地改良利用过程中土壤酶活性的研究现状进行了综述。最后从存在问题和关注热点出发,提出了下一步的研究重点。     

Soil amendment with seed meals: Short term effects on soil respiration and biochemical properties

In the last decades, worldwide biofuel production increased up to 105 billion liters in 2010; in this year, the world's first biodiesel producer was the European Union. Biodiesel is produced from a variety of oils, mainly soybean, Brassicaceae and sunflower. One of the most important biodiesel production byproducts are seed meals. The most common use of seed meals is for animal nutrition, but another potential use is agricultural soil organic amendments. Soil biological and biochemical properties have been widely used as soil quality indicators, due to their quick response to changes in soil management. Although there are many studies on the effects of regular amendments on respiration and enzymatic activities of the soil, very few papers refer to the effect of seed meals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the short-term effect of seed meal amendment on soil respiration and enzymatic activities (alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase, fluorescein diacetate hydrolase, arylsulphatase and β-glucosidase). The two seed meals used were obtained from Brassica carinata (A.) Braun (Ethiopian mustard) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The study was carried out, from June 2007 to October 2007, at an experimental farm of CRA-ORT, Battipaglia, in the Sele River (Plain Salerno, Campania Region, Italy). The results of this study support an alternative use of seed meals as organic amendments. Generally, a significant positive response of enzymatic activities, evaluated in this study, to the addition of seed meals, indicates a beneficial effect on soil quality as regards microbial activity.     

热带地区农场尺度土壤质量现状的系统评价

以我国热带地区海南儋州的农场为典型样区 ,按网格方法系统调查和采集了不同利用条件下的土壤剖面和表层样品。提出了一个系统的评价方法 ,将土壤质量划分为水分有效性、养分有效性和根系适应性这三个功能 ,确定了十项符合热带地区特点的土壤质量指标 ,建立各项功能和各项指标的权重。综合参考国内外研究结果 ,结合热带地区实际状况 ,建立标准评分方程 (SSF)对各项指标进行标准化。研究根据海南儋州样区土壤质量分析数据 ,在GIS支持下 ,采用系统评价模型对样区的土壤质量进行综合评价 ,并对农场尺度土壤质量的变异进行了分析。结果表明 ,系统评价模型可以在对土壤功能进行评价的基础上综合评价土壤质量 ,在GIS支持下可以方便有效的直观反映土壤质量的状况。研究区域土壤具有较好的水分供应性能 ,能够提供根系生长的适宜环境 ,存在的主要问题在于养分供应和保持能力较弱 ,但是在合理的管理措施下 ,土壤养分能够较快增加 ,土壤质量可以改善     

Biochemical characterization of urban soil profiles from Stuttgart, Germany

The knowledge of biochemical properties of urban soils can help to understand nutrient cycling in urban areas and provide a database for urban soil management. Soil samples were taken from 10 soil profiles in the city of Stuttgart, Germany, differing in land use—from an essentially undisturbed garden area to highly disturbed high-density and railway areas. A variety of soil biotic (microbial biomass, enzyme activities) and abiotic properties (total organic C, elemental C, total N) were measured up to 1.9 m depth. Soil organic matter was frequently enriched in the subsoil. Microbial biomass in the top horizons ranged from 0.17 to 1.64 g C kg⁻¹, and from 0.01 to 0.30 g N kg⁻¹, respectively. The deepest soil horizon at 170-190 cm, however, contained 0.12 g C kg⁻¹ and 0.05 kg N kg⁻¹ in the microbial biomass. In general, arylsulphatase and urease activity decreased with depth but in three profiles potentially mineralizable N in the deepest horizons was higher than in soil layers directly overlying. In deeply modified urban soils, subsoil beside topsoil properties have to be included in the evaluation of soil quality. This knowledge is essential because consumption of natural soils for housing and traffic has to be reduced by promoting inner city densification.     

Soil microbial metabolism and nutrient status in a Mediterranean area as affected by plant cover

The Mediterranean area of Southern Italy is characterized by different natural plant covers that mainly reflect different successional stages (i.e. low maquis, high maquis, Quercus ilex wood) and managed areas with introduced plant species (such as Pinus species). Soil properties could be affected by plant cover types as well as by plant species. Our objective was to determine the relationships of plant cover types and plant species with the chemical and biological characteristics of the soil. In four neighbouring areas with different plant cover types (low maquis, pure high maquis, high maquis with pines and pinewood, with pines planted by foresters in both cases), soil samples were collected under different plant species in order to evaluate the effect of plant cover types and plant species on soil properties. Soil samples were analyzed for nutrient content, microbial biomass, soil potential respiration and enzymatic activity (phosphatase, arylsulphatase, β-glucosidase and hydrolase activities) as well as for pH, water holding capacity (WHC) and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Application of cluster analysis and principal component analysis to the data revealed that the plant cover type was the key factor influencing soil properties more than plant species. In fact, the largest differences were observed between pure high maquis soils and all other soils, with pure high maquis soils generally showing the highest values of WHC, CEC, nutrient content, organic and microbial C, soil respiration, phosphatase, arylsulphatase and β-glucosidase activities. The significantly lower values of these variables in the low maquis relative to the pure high maquis probably reflect the effect of ecological succession on soil. The high maquis with pine, differing from the pure high maquis only for the presence or absence of pine, showed values of soil physical, chemical and biological characteristics similar to those found in the low maquis, thus suggesting that the presence of pine retards soil development.