饲料中益生菌对凡纳滨对虾生长、肠道菌群及部分免疫指标的影响

以初体质量为(0.11±0.00)g的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)为研究对象,在室外水泥池进行10周饲喂实验,研究饲料中添加单一益生菌和复合益生菌对凡纳滨对虾生长、消化酶、肠道和粪便菌群及部分免疫指标的影响.以基础饲料为对照组,在基础饲料中分别添加地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、虾乐333(复合益生菌)、地衣芽孢杆菌+枯草芽孢杆菌(1:1)、虾乐333+地衣芽孢杆菌+枯草芽孢杆菌(1:1:1)各1 g/kg,配制5种实验饲料.实验结果显示,复合益生菌饲喂组对虾的特定生长率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而单一益生菌饲喂组与对照组差异不显著(P<0.05).饲料中添加益生菌能使凡纳滨对虾肠道蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力升高,其中复合益生菌饲喂组淀粉酶活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05).与对照组比,饲料中添加益生菌显著降低了肠道及粪便弧菌数(P<0.05),不同程度提高了凡纳滨对虾血清蛋白浓度、酚氧化酶活力、溶菌酶活力和总抗氧化力,其中添加复合益生菌能使血清蛋白浓度及溶菌酶活力较对照组显著提高(P<0.05).上述结果表明,与饲喂单一益生菌相比,复合益生菌对凡纳滨对虾的生长、免疫力具有更好的促进作用.     

饲料中添加月桂酸单甘酯对尖吻鲈脂质代谢与肝脏功能的影响

为探讨月桂酸单甘酯(glycerol monolaurate, GML)对尖吻鲈(Lates calcarifer)脂质代谢、消化能力及肝脏组织形态、抗氧化能力和血清生化指标等的影响,实验分别在饲料中添加0 g·kg^-1(G0组、对照组)、1 g·kg^-1(G1组)、2 g·kg^-1(G2组)和4 g·kg^-1(G4组)的GML饲喂尖吻鲈[体质量(442.727±54.423)g,体长(28.438±1.493)cm],实验进行8周。结果显示,饲料中添加2 g·kg^-1 GML显著提高了尖吻鲈脏器系数、脂质代谢酶活性和血清脂质代谢指标的含量,同时改善了肝细胞空泡化现象,减少了脂质在肝细胞中的沉积。添加GML还可以提高肝脏抗氧化酶和血清谷丙转移酶的活性,促进机体的免疫作用。此外,饲料中添加GML显著提高了肠道内消化酶的活性,有利于机体从饲料中吸收营养和能量。结果表明,饲料中拌喂GML可有效促进尖吻鲈脂质代谢和消化能力,改善肝脏组织形态和生理功能,增强免疫水平,调节机体健康。在该实...     

地衣芽孢杆菌对大泷六线鱼生长、肠道消化酶、血清非特异性免疫及抗病力的影响

本研究探讨饲料中添加地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)对大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)生长、肠道消化酶、血清非特异性免疫及抗病力的影响。选取平均体重为(22.0±2.0) g的大泷六线鱼270尾,随机分成3组(对照组和2个不同菌剂水平的实验组),每组3个平行,每个平行 30尾鱼。对照组投喂仅有蛋白液包裹的基础饲料,实验组投喂含活菌量达5×107 CFU/g(0.5%)和1×108 CFU/g(1.0%)地衣芽孢杆菌的实验饲料。投喂50 d后进行致病菌杀鲑气单胞菌(Aeromonas salraonicida)攻毒感染,测定14 d内累积死亡率。结果显示,实验组饲料中地衣芽孢杆菌可显著提高大泷六线鱼的特定生长率(SGR) (P<0.05)。与对照组比较,0.5%和1.0%地衣芽孢杆菌均可提高大泷六线鱼血清中SOD、CAT及T-AOC活性(P<0.05),降低MDA含量(P<0.05);GSH-Px活性在1.0%实验组较对照组下降,而0.5%实验组较对照组提高。地衣芽孢杆菌实验组鱼血清GS、MDH和HK活性均得到提高(P<0.05),0.5%和1.0%不同剂量组的提高程度不同。地衣芽孢杆菌实验组鱼血清中AST和ALT活性较对照组均降低(P<0.05),CHE和ADA活性较对照组有提高(P<0.05)。实验组鱼肠道胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性均有不同程度的提高,且1.0%实验组活性最强(P<0.05)。攻毒实验结果显示,1.0%地衣芽孢杆菌组大泷六线鱼14 d内累积死亡率仅有35.55% (P<0.05)。由此可见,饲料中添加地衣芽孢杆菌可促进大泷六线鱼生长,提高其肠道消化酶活性及非特异性免疫酶活性,增强其对杀鲑气单胞菌的抵抗能力。     

枯草芽孢杆菌与低聚木糖组合对中华鳖生长、消化酶及血液生化指标的影响

选用初始质量为(10.29±0.70) g的中华鳖稚鳖30只,随机分成5组,在基础饲料中添加枯草芽孢杆菌(g/kg)和低聚木糖分别为:对照组(0,0)、I组(1,100)、Ⅱ组(1,200)、Ⅲ组(2,100)和Ⅳ组(2,200).每组2个重复,每个重复3只,投喂30 d.结果显示,各试验组的质量增加率和特定生长率均高于对照组,饲料系数均低于对照组,其中Ⅱ组的质量增加率和特定生长率最高,饲料系数最低;各试验组肠道消化酶活性均高于对照组,其中Ⅱ组蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性最高,显著高于对照组(P<0.05);各试验组血清谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶和胆固醇含量均低于对照组,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组的胆固醇含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05).各试验组总蛋白、白蛋白和球蛋白含量低于对照组;除饲料Ⅳ组外,其余试验组血清葡萄糖浓度均高于对照组.各试验组的甘油三酯含量均高于对照组,其中饲料I组、Ⅱ组和Ⅳ组显著高于对照组(P<0.05).枯草芽孢杆菌在中华鳖稚鳖饲料中推荐添加量为 1 g/kg,低聚木糖为200 mg/kg.     

复合酶制剂对黄颡鱼生长性能、血清生化和免疫指标的影响

选取360尾初始体质量约为2.48 g的黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)幼鱼,随机分为4组,分别投喂添加0(对照)、100 mg·kg-1、200 mg·kg-1和400 mg·kg-1复合酶制剂的试验饲料,养殖8周。结果表明,黄颡鱼的增重率、特定生长率和摄食量随复合酶制剂添加量的增加而升高,其中400 mg·kg-1组的增重率、特定生长率和摄食量分别比对照组高出15.4%、7.5%和20.3%(P<0.05)。各组黄颡鱼的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、水分和灰分质量分数差异不显著(P>0.05)。随着复合酶制剂水平的增加,血清尿素浓度逐渐降低,血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活力和总蛋白质量浓度升高,血清溶菌酶活力则先升高后降低,在100~200 mg·kg-1时有最高值(P<0.05);血清超氧化物歧化酶活力和丙二醛质量摩尔浓度均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。饲料中添加400 mg·kg-1复合酶制剂能显著提高黄颡鱼的生长性能和血清谷丙转氨酶活力,降低血清尿素水平;200 mg·kg-1能显著提高血清总蛋白质量浓度、谷草转氨酶和溶菌酶活力。     

葡萄籽与青蒿提取物对黄鳝肠道消化酶活性及血液生化指标的影响

选择尾均体质量为25g的健康黄鳝（Monopterusalbus）2400尾,分为5组,1个对照组投喂基础饲料,4个试验组分别在基础饲料中添加10g·kg-1、20g·kg-1、30g·kg。和40g·kg-1葡萄（Vitisamurensis）籽与青蒿（Arte—misiaannua）提取物（质量比为4：1）的混合物,测定了在2l～28℃水温下饲养100d后鱼体肠道消化酶活性及血液生化指标。结果显示,基础饲料中添加植物提取物能提高鱼体肠道消化酶、血液谷草转氨酶（GOT）与谷丙转氨酶（GPT）的活性以及血清总蛋白（TP）的含量,降低血液葡萄糖（GLU）和甘油三酯（TG）的水平。与对照组相比,添加量为20g·kg-1和30g·kg-1时上述指标均有显著差异（P〈0．05）;添加量为10g·kg-1和40g·kg-1时差异不显著（P〉0．05）。20g·kg-1与30g·kg-1组间各项指标无显著差异（P〉0．05）。试验表明,葡萄籽和青蒿提取物作为饲料添加剂添加量为20～30g·kg-1时能显著提高黄鳝肠道消化酶的活性、调节鱼体血液生化指标,具有促进消化和三大营养物质代谢活动、加快鱼体生长的作用。     

饲料中添加硫酸锌对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼生长和机体抗氧化功能的影响

试验以硫酸锌为锌源,评价不同锌水平对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼(Oreochrvmis aureus ♂×Oreochromis niloticus♂)生长和抗氧化能力的影响.体质量为(4.13±0.32)g罗非鱼随机分配在18个水族箱中,每箱20尾,每3个箱为1个处理组,分别以添加锌为0、20、40、80、160和320 mg·kg-1的6种饲料投喂,日投喂率为鱼体重5%～9%.8周的试验结果表明:20 mg·kg-1锌饲料组的增重率和鱼体蛋白含量显著高于其它各组(P<0.05),蛋白质效率、饲料转化率也明显高于其它各组;全鱼脂肪含量随着饲料锌水平的升高而升高,但320 mg·kg-1锌饲料组降低;20 mg·kg-1锌饲料组,脊椎骨中锌离子浓度达到最大值且显著高于0 mg·kg-1锌饲料组(P<0.05);20 mg·kg-1与40 mg·kg-1锌饲料组的血液中红细胞数量显著高于其它各添加组(P<0.05),20 mg·kg-1锌饲料组的血液中血比容显著高于0 mg·kg-1组(P<0.05),与其它各组没有显著差异;肌肉中,硫代巴比妥酸反应产物(TBARS)(Thiobarbituricacid-reactivesubstances)的量,锌为0mg·kg-1饲料组显著高于其它各组(P<0.05).综上所述,饲料中锌添加量为20 mg·kg-1饲料促进了罗非鱼生长,使鱼体抗氧化功能增强.     

饲料中添加枯草芽孢杆菌和酵母培养物对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼生长、血清生化指标及抗氧化能力的影响

为探究饲料中添加枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)和酵母培养物对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×E. lanceolatus♂)幼鱼生长、血清生化指标、抗氧化能力和抗病力的影响,采用2×3双因子实验设计,在基础饲料中添加0 (B0)、0.5%(B1)和1.0%(B2)的枯草芽孢杆菌制剂,同时在每个枯草芽孢杆菌水平添加0 (Y0)、0.5%(Y1)和1.0%(Y2)的酵母培养物,制作9组等氮、等脂的实验饲料,饲喂初始体重为(23.41±0.47) g珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼56 d。结果显示,1)枯草芽孢杆菌和酵母培养物的交互作用对幼鱼存活率(SR)和增重率(WGR)均无显著影响(P0.05),幼鱼WGR在Y1B1和Y2B2组处于较高水平,显著高于对照组和Y2B2组(P0.05)。2)枯草芽孢杆菌和酵母培养物的交互作用对血清谷草转氨酶(AST)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)影响显著(P0.05),血清ALT和AKP活力在Y1B1和Y1B2组处于较低水平,且显著低于对照组和Y2B2组(P0.05)。3)枯草芽孢杆菌和酵母培养物的交互作用对肠道超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力和丙二醛(MDA)含量影响显著(P0.05)。肠道SOD、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)在Y1B1和Y1B2组处于较高水平,显著高于对照组和Y2B2组(P0.05),而MDA含量同SOD活力呈相反的变化趋势(P0.05)。4)枯草芽孢杆菌和酵母培养物的交互作用对鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)攻毒后幼鱼累积存活率无显著影响(P0.05)。鳗弧菌攻毒后幼鱼累积存活率在Y1B1组最高,显著高于对照组(P0.05)。     

凝结芽孢杆菌对奥尼罗非鱼消化酶活性、消化率及生长性能的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加不同剂量的凝结芽孢杆菌(Ⅰ:1.0×1011cfu/kg饲料,Ⅱ:3.0×1011cfu/kg饲料,Ⅲ:6.0×1011cfu/kg),室外水族箱中饲养奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus)(34.50±0.25 g),用基础饲料投喂作为对照,每饲料组设三个重复,每水族箱随机放养16尾鱼,投喂率为3%。采用静水饲养以避免各箱之间水的交换。56 d后测定鱼体的生长和消化酶活性。结果显示:不同添加量的凝结芽孢杆菌均能显著提高奥尼罗非鱼胃、肝胰脏和肠道蛋白酶活性(P<0.05),但酶的活性随添加量的提高呈下降趋势。凝结芽孢杆菌的添加对胃、肝胰脏和肠道淀粉酶及脂肪酶活性没有显著影响(P>0.05)。Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组的干物质表观消化率、蛋白质消化率、相对增重率、饵料系数和蛋白质效率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而Ⅲ组和对照组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果提示,饲料中添加1.0×1011cfu/kg饲料的凝结芽孢杆菌就能显著促进奥尼罗非鱼的生长和饲料营养物质的利用,满足最佳生长。     

饲喂甘草后低盐胁迫对尖吻鲈相关酶活性的影响

为探究饲喂甘草后低盐胁迫对尖吻鲈相关酶活性的影响，在盐度32.1下，将体质量(13.89±2.50) g的尖吻鲈饲养在500 L玻璃纤维桶中，投喂添加0、10、30 g/kg和50 g/kg甘草粉的饲料饲养56 d,之后转入100 L盛有自来水的塑料桶中进行24 h胁迫试验，对相关酶活性进行检测和分析。试验结果表明：胁迫后，对照组尖吻鲈幼鱼血清过氧化氢酶活性和总抗氧化能力有不同程度升高；胁迫后溶菌酶活性随甘草添加量的增加而升高，而丙二醛含量则相反；与胁迫前相比，胁迫后谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性和丙二醛含量显著降低(P<0.05);胁迫后肝脏总超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性和总抗氧化能力随甘草添加量的增加逐渐降低(P<0.05);胁迫后各组过氧化物酶活性、丙二醛含量和总抗氧化能力均显著高于胁迫前相应各组，而谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性恰好相反；胁迫后除10 g/kg添加组差异不显著外，其他各组鳃Na⁺/K⁺-ATP酶活性均显著低于胁迫前相应各组(P<0.05)。研究结果表明，饲料中添加甘草可以增强尖吻鲈机体活力以及抗应激和环境胁迫的能力...     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.