影响防风带近距离防风效果的结构因子的研究

以山西北部半干旱风沙区为研究区,调查现有防风林带的距离防风效果,用回归分析法分析了冠层疏通度、冠下疏通度、林带宽度、栽植密度、林带与风向夹角、林带高和平均枝下高占林带高的百分比与距离带缘5倍树高处的风速降低百分数之间的关系。结果表明：影响防风林带近距离防风效果的主导因子为冠下疏透度、林带与风向的夹角和枝下高占林带高的百分比。     

林带的防风效能及数字模拟

林带的防风效能既与林带本身的结构因子如:林带结构类型、疏透度或透风系数、截面形状、高度、宽度等有关,也受天气和地面状况等因子的影响。因此,通过野外观测研究,弄清单因子对不同透风系数、幅宽对林带的防风效能的影响很困难,采用风洞模型模拟试验,可以取得满意的结果。本试验于1989年6月在日本北海道大学环境研究科风洞试验室进行。风洞风速与实     

防火林带迎风面风速分布规律的风洞试验

采用风洞模拟方法,对通风结构、疏透结构和紧密结构3种防火林带迎风面的风速进行测定,绘制了3种结构防火林带迎风面的相对风速等值线图;根据风速的分布特征,采用多模型选优的方法,确定了山脊防火林带迎风面的相对风速预测模型。结果表明:紧密结构与疏透结构的防火林带迎风面的阻风性能比较好,最小相对风速达到70%以下,而通风结构的阻风性能最小,迎风面的最小相对风速在80%左右。如考虑其综合防火效能则以疏透结构的防火林带阻火性能最佳。     

林带防风效应的实验

本实验采用野外模式林带的观测与风洞模拟实验相结合的方法,探讨了三种结构林带的防风性能和机制:林带垂直和水平影响范围分别达到4H和50H左右(测试仪器NLF2型四道电子风速仪,精度±0.5m/sec),透风系数为0.35的疏透结构林带减低风速20％的有效防护距离(L_(20))为18.5H;林带影响下的风速与湍流度的大小呈密切的负相关(r=-0.94)。同时提出了一个评价林带防风效应的新指标——隙高比(X_i),并阐明了如何应用隙高比值与林带的行距、行数的关系,来规划设计防风林带以及判断现有林带的防风性能。文中按有效防护距离(L_(20))给出了1—8行通风结构林带各行的最佳隙高比值。     

农田防护林主带间距离的确定——基于林带结构与风速降低的关系(英文)

本文通过对9条分布均匀、相对较窄的不同疏透度(透光疏透度,下同)(0.13～0.33)的树木林带和不同疏透度(0.00～0.80)风障组合的野外风速观测,确定了树木林带和风障的最适疏透度分别为0.25和0.13。基于林带结构(疏透度)与风速降低的关系,确定了林带主带间距离的主要参数,即,林带结构系数(δ)和以主害风为代表的小气候参数(Lrp)。另外,通过对林带树木的野外调查,应用树木解析技术确定林带成林高(H0)。因此,树木林带的主带间距可以通过林带结构系数、希望降低风速的比例和树木生长模型来确定。本文以杨树林带为例,具体确定了杨树林带的主带间距。该研究结果不仅适于树木林带的设计,同时适于其它生物材料或人工风障的设计。图4表5参40。     

影响农田防护林防风效益的主导因子探讨

通过对半干旱风沙区单林带、林网、林农间作、片林等不同类型农田防护林结构和防风效益的调查研究,提出了疏透度、林带间距、树高与林带宽度的比值、单位面积树冠体积分别是影响各类防护林防风效益的主导因子,确定了单林带最佳结构时的疏透度为０．３,有效防风距离为树高的１３．８倍。     

3种配置防护林防风效能的风洞模拟实验

通过风洞模拟试验,测定了3种配置仿真防护林带的水平与垂直方向风速变化,分析其防风效能。结果表明:2种非均匀配置防护林带风速降低的观测点分别为84.61%和82.00%,而均匀结构防护林风速降低的测点只有74.61%。在水平方向,非均匀结构防护林的前高后低型配置的林带风速降低最大区域出现在林带后树高的2～4倍和林带前1.5～2倍树高范围,有2个风速明显降低区;前低后高型仿真防护林则在树高的1～2倍,而均匀结构林带的风速降低区在林带后树高的4～5倍范围。在垂直方向,前高后低型林带的风速降低最大区域为树高0.5～1倍树高范围,前低后高型林带的风速降低最大区域在0.5～0.75倍树高范围,均匀型林带的风速降低率较大区域高度为0.75～1倍树高范围。防护林组成前高(3行)后低(3行)非均匀配置防护林的防风效能相对均匀结构较大,是一种相对较优的防护林配置模式。     

山西北部农田防护林的防风功能及结构研究

山西北部地区处于毛乌素沙漠前沿,是暖温带落叶阔叶林向温带干旱草原的过渡带。20世纪50-60年代当地营造了大面积的小叶杨(Populus simonii)人工林,形成了以林网为主体的农田防护林体系,对防治农田土壤风蚀起到了重要的作用。近年来,在旧林带更新改造中,对林带结构、树种配置缺乏技术,表现出在营造林带中有较大盲目性。为了对防护林今后的发展提供科学依据和方法,1996-2001年作者在山西北部的朔州、大同等地设置了定位调查观测点,使用轻便式风速风向仪、通风干湿球温度计、地温计、玻璃皿对小叶杨不同结构林带的防风功能进行了调查研究。提出了农田防护林的设计应以树木展叶期的防风能力为指标,以疏透结构为最佳配置,初植株行距为2 m3 m,4-6行配置,5年后可形成疏透结构林带。表4参13。     

干旱区人工绿洲不同农田防护林模式防护效应及相关性

对乌兰布和人工绿洲11条不同配置结构农田防护林带的防护效应进行了研究,结果表明:(1)在同等条件下,窄冠型杨树林带的疏透度均比宽冠型杨树的小,新疆杨较加拿大杨低0.23,箭杆杨较二白杨低0.30;但新疆杨的防风效能较加拿大杨高34.43%,箭杆杨较二白杨高26.46%.宽林带(32 m)的防护作用强于窄林带(4 m),其农田防护率可提高16.55%～54.41%,胁地指数降低0.03～0.22,农作物减产率下降27.5%.(2)小网格灌木防护林的农田防护率、胁地指数和农作物减产率均好于乔木,农田防护率较乔木提高8.00%～13.93%,胁地指数降低0.04～0.05,减产率下降0.8%～49.4%;防风效能提高1.08%～6.3%.(3)乔木混交林的防护效应好于乔木纯林,其中,农田防护率较纯林提高43.8%,胁地指数降低0.27,农作物减产率降低57.5%.(4)新疆杨栽植9 a后即可进入最佳有效防护成熟期,有效防护成熟期在10～27 a.(5)林带配置方式即株行距、行数、林带宽度与林带疏透度显著正相关(R＝0.661*、0.707*、0.688*).(6)林带防护距离随林龄增加而增加,林龄与林带间距呈显著正相关,即林带的工艺成熟龄和防护期是确定林带间距的重要依据.     

林带冬季相结构参数及透风系数的算法推导

从林带结构参数——疏透度β、立木表面积疏透度S’、立木体积疏透度V’、地上生物表面积密度C、地上生物体积密度W的定义和运算关系出发,推演出冬季相林带结构参数之间、以及它们与林带透风系数α、林带宽度D、枝条平均直径d的相互关系,其表达式为:W=V’/D=1/4dC=dS’/4D=-πdlnβ/4D=-0.1πdlnα/D该式是对几个主要结构参数之间具有同质性的证明,说明不同结构参数概念具有本质上的继承性和一致性,不存在严格意义上的排他性,在一定条件下是可以换算的,为林带防风效应评价运算提供了方便。导出一组适合我国北方干旱风沙区农田防护林带防风效应评价的运算公式。     

Wind Velocity Reduction of Coastal Shelterbelt System in Shanghai,East China

Wind velocity reduction of coastal shelterbelt system was monitored for 1 month in 3 weather stations in Nanhui,Shanghai,and the benefits of shelterbelt system and trunk shelterbelt forest were compared in this paper.The results showed the wind velocity at the first weather station(W1),which located in front of trunk shelterbelt forest by the seaside,was the biggest,with the average of 9.36 m/s;the wind velocity at the second weather station(W2) was lower than that at W1,with the range of 0 to 18.2 m/s and ...     

Effects of stand structure on wind speed reduction in a Metasequoia glyptostroboides shelterbelt

In a Metasequoia glyptostroboides coastal forest shelterbelt near Shanghai, China, we studied relationships between stand structure and wind shelter effect. We located 16 plots at intervals of 500 m along the shelterbelt and characterized both horizontal and vertical structure of each plot. Wind speed was measured within each plot and at different distances windward and leeward. We found that wind shelter effects were closely related to stand structure of the studied M. glyptostroboides shelterbelt. Stands with high basal area but intermediate crown index and intermediate proportion of large trees (LT) produced the best shelter effects, with significantly longer shelter distance (d70, shelter distance which the wind speed U does not exceed 70 % of U ₀) and slightly lower minimum relative wind speed (U _m /U ₀). Simple structural indices that can be easily measured in the field were good predictors of the shelter effect. LT was the best predictor of d70, while basal area at ground level was the best predictor of U _m/U ₀. The relationships between stand structure and shelter effect provides a practical guideline to the design, construction and management of forest shelterbelts. In order to provide the best shelter effects, high basal area of >50 m² ha^?1 at ground level or >33 m² ha^?1 at breast height coupled with an intermediate LT value of about 60 % should be maintained for the studied M. glyptostroboides shelterbelt.     

Protection efficiency assessment and quality of coastal shelterbelt for Dongshan Island at the coastal section scale

The coastal shelter forest in China is under threat of destruction and degradation because of the impact of human activities. Protection efficiency assessment of the coastal shelterbelt is an important component of shelter-forest remediation planning and sustainable management. In this study, a protection efficiency index (PEI) model was established using the projection pursuit method to assess the protective quality of the coastal shelter forest at the coastal section scale of Dongshan Island, China. Three criteria were used, including forest stand structure, forest belt structure, and windbreak effect; each criterion further comprised multiple factors. Based on survey data of 31 plots in the coastal shelter forest of Dongshan Island, we calculated PEI values using a projection of a pursuit model. The result showed 64.5 % of the PEIs fell at or below the middle level, which can indicate the status of the coastal shelterbelt is unsatisfactory. To further explore whether the different bays and land use types create significant differences in PEIs and evaluation indices, we used an ANOVA to test the influence of various bays and forms of land use on coastal shelterbelts. The results showed that PEI and most of the indices differed significantly by bay; mean tree height, mean DBH, mean crown width, stand density, vegetation coverage, and wind velocity reduction differed significantly by land use. Therefore, relevant measures for different locations, bays and surrounding land use can be proposed to improve the existing conditions of the coastal shelterbelt. The results of this study provide a theoretical and technical framework for future changes and sustainable management of coastal shelterbelt on Dongshan Island.     

农田防护林经营技术研究

以吉林省梨树县农田防护林为对象,进行经营技术研究,结果表明:及时进行幼林抚育,可使造林成活率和保存率分别提高11.8个百分点和14.8个百分点;树高和胸径生长量分别提高20%和24%。修枝强度不同效果差异显著,以1/3修枝强度效果最佳,可降低风速26.2%,防护距离为树高的26倍。间伐强度控制在25%～30%时效果最好,间伐后林木分布均匀,树高和胸径生长有所提高,林带内卫生状况有较大的改善。     

秦皇岛海滨森林公园森林景观改造

秦皇岛海滨森林公园是秦皇岛沿海防护林的重要组成部分,也是秦皇岛重要的城市森林公园之一,文章针对秦皇岛海滨森林公园阔叶树多、针叶树少、树种单一、林龄老化、景观单调的现状,探讨了森林公园景观改造的原则、措施和技术。       

A case study of shelterbelt effect on potato (Solanum tuberosum) yield on the Atherton Tablelands in tropical north Australia

An experimental study was conducted on the Atherton Tablelands of tropical north Australia to quantify the shelterbelt benefit to the production of potato (Solanum tuberosum). Wind speed, wind direction and potato yield were measured at various distances from the leeward side of the shelterbelt. Non-linear modelling was used to describe the relationship between potato yield and distance from the shelterbelt. With the developed model, definite integral was used to calculate the net increase percentage of potato yield.Wind speed was greatly reduced by the shelterbelt. Potato yield was increased by 6.7% due to the shelterbelt.It appears that fitting non-linear models is a useful method to determine an accurate net increase of crops from shelterbelts, providing an accurate assessment of the average crop yield on the open areas is achieved.     

海岸带木麻黄林窗套种巨尾桉生长与降风效果分析

以福建惠安县崇武半岛海岸木麻黄林带为研究对象,探讨木麻黄林内的林窗套种巨尾桉的林分生长效果,开展了复层林结构的林带防风效能观测。结果表明,块状套种巨尾桉后生长较快,4年树高平均可达8.75 m,胸径9.95 cm,并形成异龄复层林。该林分平均可降低风速81.35%,这对改善林带结构,提高林分防护效能十分有利。     

东北平原农田防护林规格的研究

东北平原农田防护林已经形成了比较完整的林网体系。本研究分析了农田防护林网全方位的防风作用、防霜作用以及林网内的综合气候效益场。在林网内,全方位防风效能大于10%的区域为防护效益区。作物产量和质量分析表明,林网的防护范围为25倍树高。根据高生长分析确定了构成农田防护林主要杨树品种的成林高度。根据综合分析确定适宜农田防护林网的规格为400m×400m。图7表3参11。     

台湾地区台中市筏子溪农田林网景观设计研究

筏子溪位于我国台湾地区台中市区城市与乡镇结合的位置,有大面积的农田,常年多风害,农业生产环境不稳定。通过对农田林网的研究梳理及案例研究,归纳出林网的布局、林带的构成、树种的选择和作物的种植方式4个构建农田林网的要素。对筏子溪流域的农地从树种选择、林网构建、时序设计3个方面进行设计实践,完善农田林网景观的设计体系。最后,讨论了农田林网的生态效应、经济效益、文化服务3种景观服务功能。农田林网景观设计是农业生产应对全球气候变化和可持续发展的有效途径。