卤鹅微波杀菌工艺条件的优化

以杀菌温度(87,90,94℃)和杀菌时间(7,9,11 min)为变量进行二因素三水平的正交试验,通过考察卤鹅在3个月贮藏过程中菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮和过氧化值的变化,确定卤鹅微波杀菌的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,杀菌温度94℃,杀菌时间9 min处理组的抑菌效果最好,在贮藏3个月后菌落总数只有110 CFU/g,而且挥发性盐基氮和过氧化值仍符合使用标准。综合考虑,卤鹅微波杀菌的最佳工艺条件为杀菌温度94℃,杀菌时间9 min。     

软包装笋热杀菌工艺研究

对软包装笋热杀菌工艺进行了研究。以菌落总数作为评价指标,选择料液比(m笋∶V臭氧水)、臭氧水浓度、处理时间进行单因素试验和正交试验。结果表明,当料液比为1∶8,臭氧水质量分数为4 mg/kg,处理时间为5 min时,减菌化效果最佳;以菌落总数作为评价指标,选择杀菌温度、升温时间、恒温时间进行单因素试验和正交试验。结果表明,当杀菌温度为110℃,升温时间为4 min,恒温时间为15 min时,常压热水喷淋杀菌效果最佳。通过比较该工艺与传统工艺在杀菌后产品的色泽、组织形态和风味,表明采用该工艺灭菌的软包装笋在品质方面均优于传统工艺。     

两种杀菌方式处理后橙汁理化性质的比较及贮藏特性的研究

研究了超高压处理和巴氏杀菌处理对橙汁理化性质和贮藏特性的影响。对比巴氏杀菌处理、超高压处理后橙汁中菌落总数在贮藏期间基本无变化,说明2种杀菌方式均能有效杀灭橙汁中的微生物,并在试验贮藏期内保持良好的微生物指标。对比巴氏杀菌处理,超高压处理能较好地保留橙汁中的维C,2种杀菌方式处理后在4℃条件贮藏4周时,超高压处理的维C保存率为85.94%,而巴氏杀菌处理的橙汁中维C仅保留49.50%;在25℃条件下贮藏4周后,超高压处理的维C含量保存率为50.31%,而巴氏杀菌的仅保存2.80%;2种杀菌方式对在4,25℃条件下贮藏后橙汁的可溶性固形物几乎没有影响,故2种杀菌处理方式对橙汁中的可溶性固形物及在贮藏过程中的影响都不大;经超高压处理和巴氏杀菌处理后的橙汁,在贮藏过程中,色泽指数(OJ)均有不同程度下降,超高压处理后的橙汁在4,25℃条件下贮藏过程中分别下降0.06和0.11,下降幅度明显小于巴氏杀菌处理的0.11和0.23。通过贮藏试验发现,2种杀菌方式处理后的橙汁均不适宜在25℃条件下贮藏,在4℃条件下能获得较好的贮藏效果。因此,超高压技术结合冷藏能得到更好的贮藏效果。     

青麦仁预制菜肴加工工艺的研究

以青麦仁为主要原料,对青麦仁预制菜肴的配方和加工工艺进行研究。结果表明,原料包最佳工艺为:熟制时间2 min,熟制温度95℃,炒制时间2 min,炒制油量4%,炒制温度165℃;以400 g青麦仁为基准,酱包的最佳配方为:蔗糖14 g,食盐1.5 g,酱油10 g,色拉油15 g,淀粉1 g,黄原胶0.05 g,单硬脂酸甘油酯0.24 g;原料包和酱包的储藏试验结果表明:经过灭菌后的酱包和原料包在储藏第30天时的菌落总数分别为1.9 lg(CFU/g)和3.0 lg(CFU/g),符合食品标准规定。     

超高压处理时间对鲜榨番茄汁品质的影响

以热处理(100℃,处理时间5 min)作为对照,评价超高压处理在压力400 MPa,温度25℃条件下处理时间10,20和30 min对鲜榨番茄汁品质的影响。结果显示,超高压处理(在25℃和400 MPa压力下,处理时间20 min以上)可以使鲜榨番茄汁菌落总数小于100 CFU/mL,达到商业无菌;超高压处理降低鲜榨番茄汁的颜色变化,其风味比热处理更加接近于番茄的原有香气;超高压处理保留鲜榨番茄汁中总酚和VC含量,其总酚保留率比热处理组提高约35%;超高压处理可以钝化多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性,其中在400 MPa和25℃条件下处理时间20 min或更长时间,钝化多酚氧化酶活性效果更佳明显。因此,在25℃和400 MPa条件下,处理时间20 min以上有利于维持鲜榨番茄汁的品质。     

超高压生鲜莲藕汁加工技术研究

以新鲜莲藕、莲花、莲叶、莲梗为原料,研究了成熟度、脱涩、调配、杀菌方式对莲藕汁感官品质的影响,评价了口感、香气、色泽、组织状态,测定了维C、菌落总数、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸等指标。结果表明,家庭榨莲藕汁宜选用嫩藕,甜度高、涩味轻;生产上添加0.1%的明胶,可明显降低涩味;莲藕汁最佳调配方案为复配0.5%莲叶汁和0.5%莲花汁;巴氏杀菌生产熟藕汁,呈淡黄色,维C下降37.1%,超高压杀菌生产生藕汁,呈淡绿色,维C下降仅0.8%;超高压杀菌效果达到99.1%,杀菌菌落总数43 CFU/m L,符合国家安全标准,在4℃下货架期可达12 d。超高压技术为填补生藕汁这一市场空白提供了可能。     

哈密瓜汁中大肠杆菌超高压杀灭效果研究

以鲜榨哈密瓜汁为原料,研究超高压(压力100~500 MPa,时间10~20 min,温度35~55℃)对哈密瓜汁中的大肠杆菌的杀菌效果。并采用透射电镜、平板计数等方法,考察大肠杆菌的结构特征变化和哈密瓜汁中的微生物总数,建立超高压处理哈密瓜汁中的大肠杆菌的杀菌动力学。结果表明,温度越高、压力越大,大肠杆菌死亡速率越大,降低一个对数级所需要的时间越短,500 MPa,45℃条件下保温保压20 min,大肠杆菌的死亡数量可达到5.95个对数级;说明超高压对哈密瓜汁大肠杆菌有良好的杀菌效果,同时发现超高压处理破坏了大肠杆菌的细胞结构,内含物结构紊乱、泄漏、出现大片透电子区,哈密瓜汁中微生物总数由1.30×105CFU/mL降低至8 CFU/mL,符合GB 19297—2003果、蔬汁饮料卫生标准的标准要求,说明超高压杀菌对哈密瓜汁中的大肠杆菌有良好的杀菌效果。     

哈密瓜汁中大肠杆菌超高压杀灭效果研究

以鲜榨哈密瓜汁为原料,研究超高压（压力100~500 MPa,时间10~20 min,温度35~55℃）对哈密瓜汁中的大肠杆菌的杀菌效果。并采用透射电镜、平板计数等方法,考察大肠杆菌的结构特征变化和哈密瓜汁中的微生物总数,建立超高压处理哈密瓜汁中的大肠杆菌的杀菌动力学。结果表明,温度越高、压力越大,大肠杆菌死亡速率越大,降低一个对数级所需要的时间越短,500 MPa,45℃条件下保温保压20 min,大肠杆菌的死亡数量可达到5.95个对数级;说明超高压对哈密瓜汁大肠杆菌有良好的杀菌效果,同时发现超高压处理破坏了大肠杆菌的细胞结构,内含物结构紊乱、泄漏、出现大片透电子区,哈密瓜汁中微生物总数由1.30×105 CFU/mL降低至8 CFU/mL,符合GB 19297-2003果、蔬汁饮料卫生标准的标准要求,说明超高压杀菌对哈密瓜汁中的大肠杆菌有良好的杀菌效果。     

制作工艺对酵子基本指标的影响

为了探讨生产条件对酵子基本指标的影响,以酵子的淀粉酶活力、还原糖含量、酵母菌菌落总数、乳酸菌菌落总数为考察指标,通过改变米粉粒度、米酒添加量、发酵温度、发酵时间来确定制作酵子的单因素最佳工艺条件。结果表明,制作酵子的单因素最佳工艺条件为:米粉粒度80~100目,发酵温度25~35℃,米酒添加量为第一次米粉添加量的30%~40%,发酵时间10~12 h。     

微波杀菌技术在双华李和佛手加工中的应用

以双华李和佛手为原料,采用微波杀菌技术研究这两种农产品的最优微波杀菌工艺条件。结果表明,双华李和佛手的最佳微波杀菌工艺参数均为微波功率595 W,微波杀菌时间50 s,样品堆放密度22.28%。在此杀菌条件下,双华李果胚中菌落总数为24 CFU/g,而佛手果胚中菌落总数为16 CFU/g。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.