不同萃取头对鸭梨花挥发性成分的影响

为了解鸭梨花香的生理生态功能,采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)与气质联用(GC-MS)相结合的方法对鸭梨花朵香气成分进行分析,比较了65μm PDMS/DVB和50/30μm DVB/CAR/PDMS 2种不同涂层纤维的萃取头对鸭梨花朵香气成分的萃取效果和特点。结果表明,65μm PDMS/DVB和50/30μm DVB/CAR/PDMS 2种萃取头检测出的挥发物数量和种类分别为20种和41种、5类和10类物质,其中65μm PDMS/DVB萃取头检测出的挥发性成分以烷烃类的种类和含量最高(烷烃类7种,38.63%),而50/30μm DVB/CAR/PDMS萃取头检测出的挥发物以烯类(烯类7种,41.16%)和醇类(醇类7种,24.11%)为主要成分。根据萃取化合物的数量、种类和含量,50/30μm DVB/CAR/PDMS萃取头更适于提取分析鸭梨花朵的香气成分。     

老枞水仙品质特征分析

为揭示决定老枞水仙茶“枞味”的关键香气成分和关键性生化成分物质,应用气相-离子迁移谱技术(GC-IMS)、高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对不同香型老枞水仙的挥发性物质、主要理化成分进行特征分析。试验共鉴定出38种挥发性物质。木质味老枞水仙特征性香气成分是戊醛、己醛;青苔味老枞水仙特征性香气成分是3-己烯-1-醇单聚体和二聚体、芳樟醇单聚体;粽叶味老枞水仙特征性香气物质是2-戊基呋喃、苯甲醛。另外,生化成分中水浸出物、咖啡碱的增加对老枞水仙茶“枞味度”品质的提升有显著的积极作用,酯型儿茶素含量的增加将造成老枞水仙茶滋味品质的下降。特别值得注意的是,儿茶素品质指数的降低,对老枞水仙茶“枞味”的进一步提升有积极作用。本研究可实现老枞水仙的快速判别,为制定老枞水仙企业标准提供科学依据。     

香荚兰籽中挥发性成分分析

采用固相微萃取-气质色谱-质谱联用技术,以萃取挥发性成分种类数和萃取量Y值大小作为衡量萃取效果指标优化萃取条件,测定分析香荚兰籽中挥发性成分的组成,通过峰面积归一化法计算各挥发性成分的相对含量,并结合测定相关物质的保留指数(Retention index,RI)值进行定性分析。结果表明,利用75μm碳分子筛/聚二甲基硅氧烷萃取纤维头,样品量1.0 g,萃取温度80℃,萃取时间20 min,解析时间8 min时,萃取效果最佳,香荚兰籽中含有48种挥发性成分,相对含量为90.44%。其主要挥发性成分为香草醛、邻甲氧基苯酚、苯酚和呋喃甲醛,相对含量分别为80.22%、1.61%、1.23%和1.00%。     

白肋烟烟碱转化对烟叶中性和碱性香气成分含量的影响

采用GC/MS对白肋烟不同烟碱转化程度烟叶的中性和碱性挥发性成分进行了定性和定量分析。结果表明,烟碱转化导致烟叶中性和碱性挥发性成分组成比例发生变化,一些重要香气成分如巨豆三烯酮和β-大马酮含量降低,而一些糖和氨基酸类降解产物糠醛、糠醇含量增加,胺类的吲哚含量增加显著。烟碱转化还导致碱性成分中的麦斯明含量大幅度增加。不同烟碱转化率样品的新植二烯、茄酮等香气成分含量差异较小。     

HS-SPME-GC-MS法分析西州蜜25号甜瓜贮藏中的香气成分

以海南产网纹甜瓜西州蜜25号为试材,采用顶空固相微萃取气质联用技术(HS-SPME-GCMS)分析甜瓜在5℃低温贮藏过程中的香气成分及变化规律。结果表明,西州蜜25号甜瓜样品最佳前处理条件为:萃取头为二乙烯基苯/碳分子筛/聚二甲基硅氧烷(50/30μm DVB/CAR/PDMS),最佳富集香气的样品量6 g,萃取温度40℃,萃取时间30 min;西州蜜25号甜瓜香气中共检测到54种化合物,其中酯类38种、醇类10种、醛类4种、酮类1种和烷烃类1种;在贮藏过程中,香气成分的相对含量及种类在不断变化,酯类化合物和醇类化合物的相对含量总体升高,醛类和酮类化合物的相对含量总体降低;一直持有的香气成分有23种,贮藏0、11、31 d时,23种香气的相对含量之和占总香气成分相对含量分别是87.18%、81.41%和82.63%,初步认为23种香气成分对果实的香气贡献最大。     

基于感官差异的会泽旱烟和师宗旱烟香气成分的HS-SPME-GC/MS对比分析研究

传统卷烟感官质量评价结果显示,添加会泽旱烟的卷烟味道要比师宗旱烟更柔和一些,评分也略高。为分析会泽旱烟和师宗旱烟烟叶中挥发性香气成分的差异,通过对萃取头材料、样品量、萃取时间、萃取温度等条件的筛选,选取最优条件,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法(HS-SPME-GC/MS)分析会泽旱烟和师宗旱烟的烟叶样品,结果表明：（1）通过筛选,最优条件为称取0.2 g烟叶样品,使用PDMS/DVB涂层材料的粉色萃取头,在80℃的温度下萃取20 min,然后进行HS-SPME-GC/MS分析。（2）曲靖旱烟所含挥发性成分为66种,师宗旱烟所含挥发性成分为62种。（3）会泽旱烟和师宗旱烟烟叶样品中,挥发性成分最高的均为烟碱与新植二烯,除这2种物质外,挥发性香气成分中含量较高的为碱类和酮类物质。（4）会泽旱烟中的醇类、酸类挥发性成分含量高于师宗旱烟,香气成分比师宗旱烟更均衡一些。固相微萃取的结果与旱烟感官评价的结论基本一致,可为深入研究旱烟品质及风格特征提供理论依据。     

贵州四种名优茶叶的电子鼻鉴别与香气成分分析

为实现贵州4种名优茶叶（湄潭翠芽茶、石阡苔茶、凤冈锌硒茶、都匀毛尖）的鉴别,本文通过线性判别分析（LDA）和载荷分析（Loadings）,研究电子鼻技术对贵州4种名优茶叶的鉴别能力,并采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术对香气成分进行分析。结果表明：电子鼻中LDA方法能够将4种名优茶叶有效鉴别,而Loadings分析表明2号（氮氧化合物）和7号（萜烯类、硫化物）传感器在整体气味鉴别中起到主要作用。对4种名优茶叶的具体香气成分分析表明,4种茶叶中共检出香气成分77种,共有成分14种。其中,醇类和烷烃类在4种茶叶香气成分中的相对含量均较高,4种茶叶均未检测出独立的醛类化合物。芳樟醇、2-丁基-1-辛醇、5-庚基苯-1,3-二醇、癸烷分别是湄潭翠芽、石阡苔茶、凤冈锌硒茶和都匀毛尖茶中检测出独有的且相对含量最高的香气成分,说明不同种类的茶叶均有独自的香气成分。因此,不同种类的茶叶由于挥发性成分种类及相对含量有差异导致其香气不同,并且电子鼻技术可以对贵州这4种茶叶进行有效鉴别。     

陈年普洱茶香气成分及清除DPPH自由基活性研究

为研究陈年普洱茶的特征风味成分及生物活性,采用顶空-固相微萃取-气质联用法测定了3种陈年普洱茶中挥发性物质,结合质谱和保留指数共鉴定出57种化合物,其中甲氧基酚类、醇类及酮类化合物为主要香气成分。同时采用比色法测得3种普洱茶的沸水提取物的茶多酚含量分别为(41.91±1.98)、(43.84±2.56)及(41.28±2.57) mg GAE/(g·DW),并对3种普洱茶的1,1-二苯基苦基苯肼(DPPH·)自由基清除效果进行研究。结果表明3种普洱茶均具有较好的清除DPPH自由基能力,且呈剂量依赖性,测得3种普洱茶提取物清除DPPH·自由基的IC₅₀分别为(129.03±0.25)、(139.47±1.58)及 (152.57±3.34) mg GAE/L。     

紫薯糯米酒酿制工艺优化及其品质分析

以糯米和紫薯为原料,经糖化、发酵工艺进行紫薯糯米酒的酿制,对发酵工艺条件进行优化,并对其品质进行分析。分别从酒曲种类及其添加量、酵母种类及其添加量、米薯比例、发酵温度和发酵时间等方面进行单因素试验,并进行响应面优化分析,得到紫薯糯米酒酿制的最佳工艺条件为将糖化后的紫薯和糯米(1.30%的苏州蜂蜜牌甜酒曲)以2∶1比例混合,添加0.04%安琪果酒专用酵母,于25℃下发酵7 d,所得成品酒酒精度为11.44%Vol,花色苷含量30.26μg/m L,还原糖含量3.7 g/L,总酸含量6.0 g/L,色谱分析结果表明其中主要存在16种香气成分,所得紫薯糯米酒酒体柔和、颜色鲜亮,具有紫薯特有香味。     

调制方式对四川茄衣和茄芯烟叶化学成分及香气品质的影响

为探究不同调制方式对茄芯和茄衣烟叶化学成分及香气品质的影响,以传统茄芯品种什烟1号及当地主栽茄衣品种德雪3号为材料,设置晾制、晒制及烤制3种调制方式,对调制后样品的常规化学成分、中性香气成分、感官质量及TSNAs含量进行测定。结果表明,2种雪茄烟叶的总糖、还原糖、总氮和蛋白质含量均在烤制条件下较高,晾制和晒制导致这些物质含量显著降低。茄芯经晒制后中性香气成分含量最高,为877.87μg/g,而茄衣则在晾制后含量最高,为1020.40μg/g,2种雪茄烟叶均在烤制后中性香气成分含量最低。茄芯和茄衣烟叶均以晾制后的TSNAs（烟草特有亚硝胺）含量最高,分别为2058.29和2044.75ng/g,烤制可显著降低2种类型雪茄烟叶的TSNAs含量。茄芯和茄衣烟叶的生物碱含量经晒制后显著降低,且以晾制后最低,烤制后生物碱降低幅度较小。2种雪茄烟叶的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量均在烤制后最低。感官评吸结果表明,茄芯烟叶以晒制方式调制的烟叶质量最好,茄衣烟叶则以晾制效果最佳。因此,茄芯烟叶在晒制条件下烟叶化学成分协调,香气成分优良,抽吸品质较好,有利于实现优质低害。茄衣品种德雪3号则在晾制条件下香气浓郁,评...     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.