太湖地区水稻土优势反硝化细菌的数量、组成与酶活性

本研究结果表明太湖地区主要水稻土中反硝化细菌常在百万/克干土以上,占细菌总数的50—80%。同一类型土壤中,肥力高者含菌数多于肥力低者。各类土壤中反硝化细菌数与细菌总数呈显著正相关。其优势种中,以巨大芽孢杆菌、荧光假单胞菌和施氏假单胞菌等出现的机率最高,占反硝化细菌的10—50%;地衣芽孢杆菌及坚强芽孢杆菌等出现的机率较少。具有使NO₃^-还原为N₂O的菌株和使N₂O还原为N₂的菌株,分别占供试菌株的67%和56%;使¹⁵NO₃^-异化还原为¹⁵NH₄⁺的菌株占供试菌株的92%,其中以蜡质芽孢杆菌和地衣芽孢杆菌的这种能力特别强。     

中国史前灌溉稻田和古水稻土研究进展

通过连续4 a多的研究,科学地证明了位于江苏昆山绰墩遗址的稻田群是迄今发现的地球上最早的灌溉稻田群(6 280 a BP),提出了一套诊断古水稻田和古水稻土的技术指标;获得了新石器时期\"火耕水溽\"——原始灌溉稻作技术的科学证据。阐明了史前水稻土和现代水稻土表层有机质、全氮和全钾含量接近,而全磷、有效磷则是前者大大高于后者的事实,是先民长期以动物残余物肥田的结果。古、今水稻土有机质含量均高于同时期旱地土,揭示了稻田生态系统和水稻土固持大气二氧化碳的巨大潜力。新石器时期水稻土也含有较高的多环芳烃(PAHs)等有机污染物,是源于田间秸秆的焚烧。微生物学的研究表明,史前水稻土产甲烷潜势很低,硝化功能完全丢失。提出了今后应进一步研究的问题。     

上海地区水稻土氮素矿化模拟

Six paddy soils of Shanghai, China, were studied after 120 days of anaerobic incubation at 25 ℃ and 35 ℃. Four models, the effective accumulated temperature model, the one-component first-order exponential model (the one-pool model), the two-component first-order exponential model (the two-pool model), and the two-component first-order plus zero-order exponential model including a constant term (the special model), were fitted to the data of observed mineral-N during incubation using non-linear regression procedures. The two-pool model and the special model gave the best fits amongst the four models, and parameters in the special model were more reasonable than those in the other three. Results showed that the special model gave a better prediction of nitrogen mineralization under flooded conditions than the other three models.     

秸秆还田对酸性水稻土培肥增产、土壤微生物生物量及酶活性的影响研究

通过田间定位试验,研究了稻草秸秆还田对土壤有机质及其养分含量、土壤微生物生物量、土壤酶活性及水稻产量的影响。试验结果表明:秸秆还田显著提高了土壤有机质及养分含量,与对照相比,秸秆还田的处理土壤有机质含量提高了7.00%,土壤全氮、速效磷、速效钾和缓效钾含量分别提高了3.57%、3.49%、4.11%和3.39%;秸秆还田显著提高了土壤微生物生物量碳、氮,与对照相比,土壤微生物量碳、氮分别提高了37.4%和21.8%;秸秆还田显著提高了土壤酶活性,与对照相比,土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶的活性分别提高了67.4%、12.4%和7.43%;秸秆还田显著提高了水稻产量,与对照相比,秸秆还田的处理和秸秆还田并配施腐熟剂的处理水稻实际产量分别增加了4.85%和5.96%。     

基于区域和亚类水平的中国水稻土氮储量空间分异格局研究

农田氮循环是陆地生态系统氮循环的一个重要环节,因此对中国水稻土氮储量及其空间变异特征的研究有利于了解农田土壤氮循环。本研究基于中国1∶100万土壤数据库和1490个水稻土剖面数据,在水稻土亚类和土壤大区水平上对中国水稻土氮密度和氮储量的空间变异特征进行研究。结果表明:中国水稻土平均氮密度为12.4Mghm-2;中国水稻土氮储量为569Tg。不同亚类水稻土平均氮密度以潜育型水稻土最高(19.7Mghm-2),漂洗型水稻土最低(8.71Mghm-2)。不同土壤分区氮密度最高的是西南区(17.4Mghm-2),最低则是南方区(11.5Mghm-2)。各亚类和区域间水稻土氮密度均有显著差异,但水稻土氮密度在各亚类间的变异大于各区域的差异,这表明水稻土地表水分状况对水稻土氮空间变异的影响程度较气候的影响大。     

有机无机复混肥施用量对热带水稻土微生物群落和酶活性的影响

[目的]研究一次性施用不同量的有机无机复混肥对热带地区水稻产量及土壤微生物群落与酶活性的影响,为该区域水稻高效肥料管理提供科学依据.[方法]水稻田间试验连续进行了3季(2018年早稻-晚稻,2019年早稻).施肥设5个处理:不施肥对照(CK),常规化肥分3次施用(CF),采用一次性基施的等量、减10％和减20％氮磷钾养...     

太湖地区水稻土中的β-葡糖苷酶活性

The electrical conductivity （EC） of 1：5 soil-water extract （EC1：5） was studied utilizing path coefficient analysis. The study focused on revealing the main chemical factors contributing to EC of soil extracts and their relative importance. Results showed that the most important factors influencing the EC1：5 of coastal salt-affected soils were the concentration of salt in 1：5 soil-water extract （So）, Cl^-, and the sodium adsorption ratio （SAR）, while effects of pH, CO3^2-, HCO3^, soluble sodium percentage （SSP）, and sodium dianion ratio （SDR） were very weak. Though the direct path coefficients between EC1：5 and SO4^2- , Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋, K^＋, or Na^＋ were not high, influence of other chemical factors caused the coefficients to increase, making the summation of their direct and indirect path coefficients relatively high. Evidences showed that multiple regression relations between EC1：5 and most of the primary factors （So, Cl^-, and SAR） had sound reliability and very good accuracy.     

赤泥施用量对Cd污染稻田水稻产量和土壤生物性状的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,以不施赤泥为对照,分析不同赤泥施用量对Cd污染稻田水稻产量和土壤生物性状的影响.结果表明,施适宜用量赤泥能提高水稻有效穗和促进水稻生长,实现水稻增产,与不施赤泥处理相比,RM-2处理(0.5%赤泥)的水稻株高、有效穗、结实率和水稻产量分别提高了3.40%,4.20%,3.87%和6.86%.从分蘖期到成熟期,施用赤泥处理各生育期的水稻土微生物量碳、氮明显高于对照RM-0处理的.其中,RM-2处理(0.5%赤泥)各时期水稻土微生物量C(SMBC)、微生物量N(SMBN)都明显高于RM-0处理的(P<0.01).施用赤泥处理的稻田土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量多数情况下高于对照RM-0处理的.RM-2处理土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌菌群数量多数情况下高于其他处理的.RM-2处理土壤脲酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性和过氧化氯酶活性均为最高,分别比RM-0处理的提高了10.5%,32.4%和15.9%,且两处理间差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05).与RM-0处理相比,施用赤泥各处理pH和阳离子交换量均有不同程度增加,但有机质的变化不明显.0.5%(W/W)的赤泥施用量较其他施用量有利于改善Cd污染水稻土生物性状,提高土壤肥力,增加水稻产量.     

管理措施对水稻土中电子传输体系活性的影响

Electron transport system(ETS)/dehydrogenase activity in a paddy field soil was measured under a variety of incubation conditions using the reduction of 2-(p-iodophenyl-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride(INT) to iodonitrotetrazolium formazan(INTF).The results exhibited a high positive correlation between the ETS activity and the incubation temperature and soil moisture,Dehydrogenase/ETS activity displayed a negative correlation with insecticide concentrations,and the activity affected adversely as the concentration of the insecticide increased.The hiher doses,5 and 10 field rates(1 field rate=1500mL ha^-1),of insecticide significantly inhibited ETS activity,while lower rates failed to produce any significant reducing effect,Inorganic N( as urea) of concentrations from 0 to 100ug N g^-1 soil showed a positive response to ETS activity,However,at concentrations of 200 and 400ug N g^-1,the activity was reduced significantly.     

冬季作物对水稻生育期土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响

选取我国南方4种冬季作物黑麦草、紫云英、油菜、马铃薯,以冬闲田作对照,对水稻生育期土壤微生物量碳（SMBC）和土壤微生物量氮（SMBN）的短期内动态变化进行了研究。结果表明,早稻田翻耕前,冬季作物处理土壤SMBC和SMBN与冬闲田存在显著差异(P0.05),黑麦草处理SMBC为398.5 mg/kg,显著高于其他作物;紫云英处理SMBN最高,为97.8 mg/kg。在早稻整个生育期,黑麦草处理SMBC显著高于其他处理,晚稻生长过程中各处理无显著差异。冬季作物对稻田土壤微生物商(MQ)的影响,随着水稻生长发育进程有不同程度的变化,黑麦草处理在早稻整个生育期高于冬闲田。     

Microbial Activity in Paddy Soil and Water-Use Efficiency of Rice as Affected by Irrigation Method and Nitrogen Level

The thin-shallow-wet-dry irrigation (TIR) method is one of water-saving irrigation methods of rice cultivation. The effects of TIR method on water-use efficiency (WUE) of rice and soil microbial activities were investigated under three rates of nitrogen (N) compared to conventional flood irrigation. The TIR method decreased total water consumption (21.7–23.5%) and increased rice WUE (17.8–27.2%). At high N level, the TIR method significantly increased the number of nitrifying bacteria; the activities of catalase, invertase, and urease in soil at the jointing, booting, and milky stages; and the number of denitrifying bacteria at the milky stage. Increased N rate increased grain yield and water consumption simultaneously, and middle N level increased microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and N, the number of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria, and the activities of catalase, urease, and invertase. Thus the TIR method at the middle N level can effectively improve rice WUE and soil MBC and enzyme activity.     

脲酶抑制剂与硝化抑制剂对稻田土壤硝化、反硝化功能菌的影响

[目的]在农业生产中,脲酶抑制剂(urease inhibitor,UI)与硝化抑制剂(nitrification inhibitor,NI)常作为氮肥增效剂来提高肥料利用率。本文研究了在我国南方红壤稻田施用脲酶抑制剂与硝化抑制剂后,土壤中氨氧化细菌(ammonia oxidizing bacteria,AOB)、氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)以及反硝化细菌的丰度以及群落结构的变化特征,旨在揭示抑制剂的作用机理及其对土壤环境的影响。[方法]试验在我国南方红壤稻田进行,共设5个处理:1)不施氮肥(CK);2)尿素(U);3)尿素+脲酶抑制剂(U+UI);4)尿素+硝化抑制剂(U+NI);5)尿素+脲酶抑制剂+硝化抑制剂(U+UI+NI),3次重复。脲酶抑制剂与硝化抑制剂分别为NBPT[N-(n-butyl)thiophosphrictriamide,N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺]和DMPP(3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate,3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐)。通过荧光定量PCR(Real-time PCR)研究水稻分蘖期与孕穗期抑制剂对三类微生物标记基因拷贝数的影响,并分析土壤铵态氮、硝态氮与三种菌群丰度的相关性;利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DenaturingGradient Gel Electrophoresis,DGGE)分析抑制剂对土壤AOB、AOA以及反硝化细菌群落结构的影响,并对优势菌群进行系统发育分析。[结果]1)荧光定量PCR结果表明,施用氮肥对两个时期土壤中AOB的amoA基因与反硝化细菌nirK基因的拷贝数均有显著提高,而对AOA的amoA基因始终没有明显影响;AOB与nirK反硝化细菌的丰度与两个时期的铵态氮含量、分蘖期的硝态氮含量呈极显著正相关,与孕穗期的硝态氮含量相关性不显著;DMPP仅在分蘖期显著减少了AOB的amoA基因拷贝数,表明DMPP主要通过限制AOB的生长来抑制稻田土壤硝化过程;NBPT对三类微生物的丰度无明显影响;2)DGGE图谱表明,在分蘖期与孕穗期,施用氮肥均明显增加了图谱中AOB的条带数,而对AOA却没有明显影响;氮肥明显增加了孕穗期反硝化细菌的条带数;与氮肥的影响相比,抑制剂NBPT与DMPP对AOA、AOB以及反硝化菌的群落结构影响甚微;系统发育分析结果表明,与土壤中AOB的优势菌群序列较为接近的有亚硝化单胞菌和亚硝化螺菌。[结论]在南方红壤稻田中,施入氮肥可显著提高AOB与反硝化细菌的丰度,明显影响两种菌群的群落结构,而AOA较为稳定;NBPT对三类微生物的群落结构丰度无明显影响;硝化抑制剂DMPP可抑制AOB的生长但仅表现在分蘖期,这可能是其缓解硝化反应的主要途径;这也说明二者对土壤生态环境均安全可靠。     

土壤-水稻系统中铅的生态效应

采用盆栽试验研究了土壤—水稻系统中不同铅浓度下(CK,100,300,500,700,900 mg/kg)2种水稻土壤的酶活性、微生物量碳、水稻生理指标及生物量的变化。结果表明:低浓度的铅处理时,土壤酶活性、微生物量碳及水稻生物量有一定的激活效应,而当铅浓度超过500 mg/kg时,多数指标转为抑制作用,其影响程度受土壤性质(如颗粒组成,有机质含量等)制约。水稻叶绿素含量在黄松田水稻土中开始随铅处理浓度的增大而增加,到铅浓度达700 mg/kg时出现峰值,然后随铅浓度的增加而降低;而在黄红壤水稻土中变化差异不明显。铅处理诱导了水稻中脯氨酸含量和过氧化物酶活性的缓慢上升。种植水稻比未种水稻具有较高的土壤微生物量碳,揭示了水稻生长具有一定的解毒作用。在土壤—铅—水稻相互作用的系统中,土壤酶活性、土壤微生物量和水稻生理指标是较好地反映铅污染的敏感指标,并且相互间存在一定的相关性,其大小因土壤类型而异。     

人工湿地高效好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定及反硝化特性研究

从增氧型复合垂直流人工湿地中采集样品,利用间歇曝气法富集好氧反硝化菌,并进行分离纯化,共得到10株好氧反硝化菌。其中编号为B13的菌株在初始硝态氮含量为277.23mg·L-1、碳氮比为5的条件下,24h的硝态氮去除率达92.80%,亚硝态氮积累只有12.57mg·L-1,脱氮速率达到20.58mg·L-·1h-1。16S rDNA序列分析表明,该菌与Pseudomonas stutzeri同源性达100%。选用四因素三水平L（934）正交试验表设计实验,通过测定对硝态氮去除能力和亚硝态氮的积累量,研究碳源、碳氮比（C/N）、pH以及溶解氧含量（DO）4种不同因素对B13号菌株好氧反硝化性能的影响。结果表明,该菌株对硝态氮的去除率最大可达99.88%,几乎没有亚硝态氮积累。对硝态氮去除率影响最大的因素为碳氮比,其次为pH,溶解氧含量和碳源。对应的最优条件是碳源为葡萄糖,碳氮比为10,pH为9,溶解氧含量为1.84～3.57mg·L-1。     

绰墩埋藏古水稻土中木质素特征研究

利用CuO氧化方法分析了苏州绰墩山埋藏古水稻土中木质素分解酚酸产物及特征,以此了解长期利用条件下水稻土中木质素的来源、保存及变化。通过比较相邻埋藏土壤剖面植稻和非植稻层次中木质素源的酚酸化合物特征,探讨水稻种植对土壤木质素结构特征的影响。结果表明,在埋藏古水稻土中木质素源的总酚酸含量在0.004～0.035 mg kg-1之间,显著低于现代水稻土(0.27～0.34 mg kg-1),而在埋藏土壤中,植稻与非植稻土壤层次中木质素无显著差异。埋藏古土壤中木质素源酚酸的组成(香草基类/紫丁香基类(S/V)及肉桂类/紫丁香基类(C/V)比分别为0.40～1.55、0.15～0.89),可证实此古土壤曾种植非木本被子植物;而S/V和C/V在植稻与非植稻土壤中没有显著差异,表明利用木质素特征难以区分同类(不同草本)有机质的具体来源。在埋藏古土壤中木质素碳占总有机碳比例很小,说明木质素在土壤中并非如通常所预期的容易被保存。     

淹水厌氧培养对水稻土中酶活性的影响

An incubation experiment with soil water content treatments of 0.15 （W1）, 0.20 （W2）, and 0.40 （W3） g g^-1 soil was carried out for two months to investigate the activities of important enzymes involved in C, N, P, and S cycling in a paddy soil from the Taihu Lake region, China, under waterlogged and aerobic conditions. Compared with air-dried soil, waterlogging resulted in a significant decrease （P ≤ 0.05） of fluorescein diacetate （FDA） and /3-D-glucosidase activities, and this effect was enhanced with increasing waterlogging time. Waterlogging also significantly inhibited （P ≤ 0.05） arylsulfatase as well as alkaline and acid phosphatase activities, but did not decrease the activities with the increase in waterlogging time. Short-term waterlogging did not affect urease activity, but prolonged waterlogging decreased it markedly. In contrast, the aerobic incubation （W1 and W2 treatments） significantly increased （P ≤ 0.05） FDA, alkaline phosphatase, and /3-D-glucosidase activities. With aerobic treatments the activities of FDA and alkaline phosphatase increased with incubation time, whereas /3-D-glucosidase activity decreased. A significant difference （P ≤ 0.05） was usually observed between the W1 and W2 treatments for the activities of FDA as well as alkaline and acid phosphatase; however,/3-D-glucosidase and urease were usually not significant （P ≤ 0.05）. No activity differences were observed between waterlogging and aerobic incubation for arylsulfatase and urease.     

断陷盆地不同石漠化生态修复类型下土壤碳氮磷化学计量及酶活性特征

[目的]揭示断陷盆地石漠化生态修复区土壤养分、酶活性特征,筛选修复效果较好的模式,为石漠化修复治理提供科技支撑。[方法]以典型断陷盆地云南省建水县为研究区,探究4种植被修复类型(云南松+银木荷人工混交林、柏木+银木荷人工混交林、干香柏人工纯林、自然植被恢复样地)的土壤碳、氮、磷含量和化学计量特征及酶活性特征(淀粉酶、脱氢酶、葡萄糖苷酶、酸性磷酸酶、FDA水解酶、脲酶)。[结果]土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷平均质量分数分别为25.81,1.89,0.41 g/kg,有机碳、全氮含量均为自然植被恢复下最高,全磷含量为干香柏纯林下最高;自然植被恢复下土壤C∶P与N∶P最高,C∶N最高的为柏木+银木荷混交林。土壤淀粉酶活性为干香柏人工纯林最高,自然恢复植被恢复下最低,其余酶活性均为自然植被恢复下最高。相关性分析表明,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、pH值会对土壤酶活性产生影响,且冗余分析结果显示影响土壤酶活性的最主要养分因子为全氮,解释了72.3%的土壤酶活性变异。[结论]不同植被修复模式下土壤养分及酶活性特征不同,经18 a植被修复后,自然植被恢复和干香柏人工纯林两种修复模式下土壤养分条件较好,是该地区较...