太湖地区水稻土优势反硝化细菌的数量、组成与酶活性

本研究结果表明太湖地区主要水稻土中反硝化细菌常在百万/克干土以上,占细菌总数的50—80%。同一类型土壤中,肥力高者含菌数多于肥力低者。各类土壤中反硝化细菌数与细菌总数呈显著正相关。其优势种中,以巨大芽孢杆菌、荧光假单胞菌和施氏假单胞菌等出现的机率最高,占反硝化细菌的10—50%;地衣芽孢杆菌及坚强芽孢杆菌等出现的机率较少。具有使NO₃^-还原为N₂O的菌株和使N₂O还原为N₂的菌株,分别占供试菌株的67%和56%;使¹⁵NO₃^-异化还原为¹⁵NH₄⁺的菌株占供试菌株的92%,其中以蜡质芽孢杆菌和地衣芽孢杆菌的这种能力特别强。     

冬种绿肥对水稻土硝化作用的影响

冬闲田种植绿肥是传统的水稻土培肥增产措施,但绿肥-水稻种植系统中,不同绿肥种类对硝化作用的影响规律及调控机制尚不明确.采用盆栽试验,研究了冬种紫云英、油菜、黑麦草对土壤性状及硝化作用的影响,并通过特异性细菌抑制剂(卡那霉素和大观霉素)研究了氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA)对硝化作用的相对贡献.结果表明,冬种三...     

中国史前灌溉稻田和古水稻土研究进展

通过连续4 a多的研究,科学地证明了位于江苏昆山绰墩遗址的稻田群是迄今发现的地球上最早的灌溉稻田群(6 280 a BP),提出了一套诊断古水稻田和古水稻土的技术指标;获得了新石器时期"火耕水溽"——原始灌溉稻作技术的科学证据。阐明了史前水稻土和现代水稻土表层有机质、全氮和全钾含量接近,而全磷、有效磷则是前者大大高于后者的事实,是先民长期以动物残余物肥田的结果。古、今水稻土有机质含量均高于同时期旱地土,揭示了稻田生态系统和水稻土固持大气二氧化碳的巨大潜力。新石器时期水稻土也含有较高的多环芳烃(PAHs)等有机污染物,是源于田间秸秆的焚烧。微生物学的研究表明,史前水稻土产甲烷潜势很低,硝化功能完全丢失。提出了今后应进一步研究的问题。     

上海地区水稻土氮素矿化模拟

Six paddy soils of Shanghai, China, were studied after 120 days of anaerobic incubation at 25 ℃ and 35 ℃. Four models, the effective accumulated temperature model, the one-component first-order exponential model (the one-pool model), the two-component first-order exponential model (the two-pool model), and the two-component first-order plus zero-order exponential model including a constant term (the special model), were fitted to the data of observed mineral-N during incubation using non-linear regression procedures. The two-pool model and the special model gave the best fits amongst the four models, and parameters in the special model were more reasonable than those in the other three. Results showed that the special model gave a better prediction of nitrogen mineralization under flooded conditions than the other three models.     

基于区域和亚类水平的中国水稻土氮储量空间分异格局研究

农田氮循环是陆地生态系统氮循环的一个重要环节,因此对中国水稻土氮储量及其空间变异特征的研究有利于了解农田土壤氮循环。本研究基于中国1∶100万土壤数据库和1490个水稻土剖面数据,在水稻土亚类和土壤大区水平上对中国水稻土氮密度和氮储量的空间变异特征进行研究。结果表明:中国水稻土平均氮密度为12.4Mghm-2;中国水稻土氮储量为569Tg。不同亚类水稻土平均氮密度以潜育型水稻土最高(19.7Mghm-2),漂洗型水稻土最低(8.71Mghm-2)。不同土壤分区氮密度最高的是西南区(17.4Mghm-2),最低则是南方区(11.5Mghm-2)。各亚类和区域间水稻土氮密度均有显著差异,但水稻土氮密度在各亚类间的变异大于各区域的差异,这表明水稻土地表水分状况对水稻土氮空间变异的影响程度较气候的影响大。     

有机无机复混肥施用量对热带水稻土微生物群落和酶活性的影响

[目的]研究一次性施用不同量的有机无机复混肥对热带地区水稻产量及土壤微生物群落与酶活性的影响,为该区域水稻高效肥料管理提供科学依据.[方法]水稻田间试验连续进行了3季(2018年早稻-晚稻,2019年早稻).施肥设5个处理:不施肥对照(CK),常规化肥分3次施用(CF),采用一次性基施的等量、减10％和减20％氮磷钾养...     

太湖地区水稻土中的β-葡糖苷酶活性

The electrical conductivity （EC） of 1：5 soil-water extract （EC1：5） was studied utilizing path coefficient analysis. The study focused on revealing the main chemical factors contributing to EC of soil extracts and their relative importance. Results showed that the most important factors influencing the EC1：5 of coastal salt-affected soils were the concentration of salt in 1：5 soil-water extract （So）, Cl^-, and the sodium adsorption ratio （SAR）, while effects of pH, CO3^2-, HCO3^, soluble sodium percentage （SSP）, and sodium dianion ratio （SDR） were very weak. Though the direct path coefficients between EC1：5 and SO4^2- , Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋, K^＋, or Na^＋ were not high, influence of other chemical factors caused the coefficients to increase, making the summation of their direct and indirect path coefficients relatively high. Evidences showed that multiple regression relations between EC1：5 and most of the primary factors （So, Cl^-, and SAR） had sound reliability and very good accuracy.     

赤泥施用量对Cd污染稻田水稻产量和土壤生物性状的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,以不施赤泥为对照,分析不同赤泥施用量对Cd污染稻田水稻产量和土壤生物性状的影响.结果表明,施适宜用量赤泥能提高水稻有效穗和促进水稻生长,实现水稻增产,与不施赤泥处理相比,RM-2处理(0.5%赤泥)的水稻株高、有效穗、结实率和水稻产量分别提高了3.40%,4.20%,3.87%和6.86%.从分蘖期到成熟期,施用赤泥处理各生育期的水稻土微生物量碳、氮明显高于对照RM-0处理的.其中,RM-2处理(0.5%赤泥)各时期水稻土微生物量C(SMBC)、微生物量N(SMBN)都明显高于RM-0处理的(P<0.01).施用赤泥处理的稻田土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量多数情况下高于对照RM-0处理的.RM-2处理土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌菌群数量多数情况下高于其他处理的.RM-2处理土壤脲酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性和过氧化氯酶活性均为最高,分别比RM-0处理的提高了10.5%,32.4%和15.9%,且两处理间差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05).与RM-0处理相比,施用赤泥各处理pH和阳离子交换量均有不同程度增加,但有机质的变化不明显.0.5%(W/W)的赤泥施用量较其他施用量有利于改善Cd污染水稻土生物性状,提高土壤肥力,增加水稻产量.     

冬季作物对水稻生育期土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响

选取我国南方4种冬季作物黑麦草、紫云英、油菜、马铃薯,以冬闲田作对照,对水稻生育期土壤微生物量碳（SMBC）和土壤微生物量氮（SMBN）的短期内动态变化进行了研究。结果表明,早稻田翻耕前,冬季作物处理土壤SMBC和SMBN与冬闲田存在显著差异(P0.05),黑麦草处理SMBC为398.5 mg/kg,显著高于其他作物;紫云英处理SMBN最高,为97.8 mg/kg。在早稻整个生育期,黑麦草处理SMBC显著高于其他处理,晚稻生长过程中各处理无显著差异。冬季作物对稻田土壤微生物商(MQ)的影响,随着水稻生长发育进程有不同程度的变化,黑麦草处理在早稻整个生育期高于冬闲田。     

管理措施对水稻土中电子传输体系活性的影响

Electron transport system(ETS)/dehydrogenase activity in a paddy field soil was measured under a variety of incubation conditions using the reduction of 2-(p-iodophenyl-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride(INT) to iodonitrotetrazolium formazan(INTF).The results exhibited a high positive correlation between the ETS activity and the incubation temperature and soil moisture,Dehydrogenase/ETS activity displayed a negative correlation with insecticide concentrations,and the activity affected adversely as the concentration of the insecticide increased.The hiher doses,5 and 10 field rates(1 field rate=1500mL ha^-1),of insecticide significantly inhibited ETS activity,while lower rates failed to produce any significant reducing effect,Inorganic N( as urea) of concentrations from 0 to 100ug N g^-1 soil showed a positive response to ETS activity,However,at concentrations of 200 and 400ug N g^-1,the activity was reduced significantly.     

中国太湖地区水稻田甲烷排放的估算

Methane fluxes from late rice and single cropping rice fields in Taihu region were measured using closed chamber method in 1992 and 1993 and CH4 emission from this region (total area of paddy soils was about 1.88 million hectares,of which 0.63 million hectares are distibuted in the south of Jiangsu province) was estimated on the basis of the meam CH4 fluxes observed.The results showed that the mean CH4 flaxes from late rice and single cropping rice field were quite similar under the prevailing cultivation practices in the region,being around 5 mg CH4/m^2/h(4.31-5.31mg CH4/m^2/h for various cultivars of the late rice and 3.20-6.22mg CH4/m^2/h for various treatments of the single cropping rice).Total CH4 emission from paddy soils in the region was estimated to e 0.185-0.359 Tg CH4 per year.Continuously flooding the soil with a water layer till ripening caused higher mean CH4 flux;and addition of nitrification inhibitor(thiourea) stimulated CH4 emission.There was no simple repationship between CH4 flux and either soil temperature or soil Eh.     

广东主要母质发育水稻土对硅的吸附特性

Silicate adsorption in eight paddy soils developed from four different parent materials in Guangdong Province, China was examined to obtain fundamental knowledge of silicate adsorption to improve the efficacy of silicate fertilizer use in these areas. A correlation analysis showed that silicate adsorption did not obey the Langmuir equation （r = -0.664- 0.301） but did obey the Freundlich and Temkin equations （P〈0.01, r = 0.885-0.990）. When the equilibrium silicate concentration （Ci） was less than 45 mg SiO2 kg^-1, the adsorption capacity was in the following decreasing order of paddy soils： basalt-derived 〉 Pearl River Delta sediment-derived 〉 granite-derived 〉 sand-shale-derived. Stepwise regression and path analysis showed that for the investigated paddy soils amorphous MnO and Al2O3 were the two most important materials that affected silicate adsorption. Moreover, as Ci increased, amorphous Al2O3 tended to play a more important role in silicate adsorption, while the effects of amorphous MnO on silicate adsorption tended to decrease.     

中国东南部某些水稻土的矿物学

Limited information is available concerning the mineralogy of paddy soils in the southeastern China. Using chemical methods in conjunction with X-ray diffractometry, we studied the mineral composition of three paddy soils: Jinghua (paddy soil on Quaternary red clay), Fuyang (Hapl-percogenic loamy paddy soil), and Shaoxing (gleyic clayey paddy soil). All the soils contained quartz, mica, vermiculite, chlorite and kaolinite, and the distribution of these minerals varied with soil particle size fractions. The clay fraction of the Fuyang and Shaoxing soils also contained smectite. Although X-ray data did not show the presence of smectite in the Jinghua soil, this mineral was identified by the chemical method, suggesting a transitional property of the mineral in the soil. Hydroxy-Al interlayered minerals were also present in the clay fraction. The amount of smectite in the soils was 31.6 (Shaoxing), 16.5 (Fuyang), and 21.4 (Jinghua) g kg^-1; for vermiculite it was 33.3 (Shaoxing), 16.5 (Fuyang), and 8.5 (Jinghua) g kg^-1. Smectite was only found in the clay fraction. In contrast, amounts of vermiculite in soil particle size fractions were 3.0~11.4 (sand), 2.1~6.0 (coarse silt), 4.6~18.9 (medium silt), 0.9~40.0 (fine silt), and 17.0~108 (clay) g kg^-1. The amount of noncrystalline aluminosilicates in the soils in g kg^-1 decreased in the order: Shaoxing (2.4) > Jinghua (1.9) > Fuyang (1.7). This study has provided useful mineralogical information that is fundamental in future development of management strategies of the soils.     

绰墩埋藏古水稻土中木质素特征研究

利用CuO氧化方法分析了苏州绰墩山埋藏古水稻土中木质素分解酚酸产物及特征,以此了解长期利用条件下水稻土中木质素的来源、保存及变化。通过比较相邻埋藏土壤剖面植稻和非植稻层次中木质素源的酚酸化合物特征,探讨水稻种植对土壤木质素结构特征的影响。结果表明,在埋藏古水稻土中木质素源的总酚酸含量在0.004～0.035 mg kg-1之间,显著低于现代水稻土(0.27～0.34 mg kg-1),而在埋藏土壤中,植稻与非植稻土壤层次中木质素无显著差异。埋藏古土壤中木质素源酚酸的组成(香草基类/紫丁香基类(S/V)及肉桂类/紫丁香基类(C/V)比分别为0.40～1.55、0.15～0.89),可证实此古土壤曾种植非木本被子植物;而S/V和C/V在植稻与非植稻土壤中没有显著差异,表明利用木质素特征难以区分同类(不同草本)有机质的具体来源。在埋藏古土壤中木质素碳占总有机碳比例很小,说明木质素在土壤中并非如通常所预期的容易被保存。     

重金属污染对水稻田土壤硫酸盐还原菌种群数量及其活性的影响

在实验室条件下,采用重金属Cd2+、As5+、Cu2+、Pb2+和Cr3+处理黄松稻田土壤、紫色稻田土壤和红壤稻田土,28d后分析重金属污染对水稻田土壤的硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)种群数量和硫酸盐还原活性(SRA)的影响。结果表明,在每千克干土中加入200mgPb2+时,对稻田土壤的SRB种群数量和SRA有促进作用;当加入的Cd2+、As5+、Cu2+、Pb2+和Cr3+每千克干土分别超过1.0、30、500、400和200mg时,对稻田土壤SRB种群数量和SRA有明显抑制作用。随着加入量的增加,重金属对水稻田土壤的SRB种群数量和SRA的抑制作用越来越强,水稻田土壤通过自身来恢复SRB种群数量和SRA所需的时间也越长。同一种重金属元素对不同土壤的SRB种群数量和SRA抑制的污染临界值也有差异。     

太湖地区直播稻田氮素渗漏损失试验研究

在太湖流域丹阳地区,通过田间试验研究了旱直播稻田氮素的渗漏损失特征。结果表明,在当地正常的水肥管理模式下,旱直播稻田氮素的渗漏主要发生在水稻生长前期,施入的基肥不易迅速水解,部分仍滞留在表层土壤,灌溉或强降水时增大了氮素渗漏流失的风险。稻田40 cm深度土壤硝态氮和铵态氮浓度平均值分别为5.79和0.49 mg/L,硝态氮浓度最大值出现在苗肥施入后的第7 d,达到21.8 mg/L。以土壤深度40 cm为界面计算的氮素渗漏通量表明,铵态氮和硝态氮在整个稻季的平均渗漏量为N 3.8和28.4 kg/hm2,氮素渗漏的形式主要为硝态氮。直播水稻萌芽至幼苗期对氮素的吸收量少,应适当减少前期基肥或苗肥的施用量,充分利用基肥与苗肥的叠加效应,减少前期氮素渗漏流失。     

Community structure of microaerophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria in Japanese paddy field soils

ABSTRACT

Redox cycle of iron (Fe) is the central process in the biogeochemistry of paddy field soil. Although Fe(II)-oxidizing process is mediated by both abiotic and biotic reactions, microorganisms involved in the process have not been well studied in paddy field soil. The present study investigated the community structure of microaerophilic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB) in the family Gallionellaceae in the plow layer of paddy fields located in the central (Anjo) and northeastern (Omagari) Japan since the members in the family are the typical FeOB in circumneutral freshwater environments and possibly have the significant role for Fe(II) oxidation in paddy field soils. A primer set targeting 16S rRNA gene of Gallionella-related FeOB was newly designed for the polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses. DGGE analysis showed significant differences in the band patterns between the field sites. Besides, minor differences were observed in the patterns between the soil depths (0–1 cm and below 1 cm) in the Anjo field, while the patterns were relatively stable in the Omagari field during the annual rice cultivation practices. In total 54 bands were sequenced and clustered into 20 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) on the basis of the 97% similarity. Eighteen out of twenty OTUs (50 of 54 bands) were affiliated within the FeOB cluster of Gallionellaceae, some of which were clustered with known microaerophilic FeOB, Ferrigenium kumadai, Ferriphaselus amnicola, ‘Sideroxydans lithotrophicus’ and ‘S. paludicola’. The number of the 16S rRNA gene copies was 10⁵–10⁷ and 10⁶–10⁸ copies g^?1 dried soil in the two paddy fields and negatively correlated to the contents of acetate-extractable Fe(II) in the soils during the rice cultivation period. These results suggested inhabitance of considerable number of diverse Gallionella-related FeOB and their potential involvement in the Fe(II)-oxidizing process of soil, especially during the rice cultivation period in the paddy field soils.     

紫色土发育成的水稻土微团粒结构中有机－无机复合体的性质

This paper deals with characteristics of organo-mineral complexing of microaggregates in the paddy soils developed from purple soils in Sichuan, China. Results show that the contents of organic matter in microaggregates are in the order of 1-0.25 mm > smaller than 0.05 mm > 0.05-0.25 mm. But the organic matter in 1-0.01 mm microaggregates accounts for 68.1%-78.7% of that in soil. The organic matter in < 0.05 mm microaggregates is complexed humus on the whole, of which the degree of organo-mineral complexing varies between 96.1% and 99.5%, which is higher than that of the soil or > 0.05 mm microaggregates. The contents of loosely combined humus and the ratios of loosely and tightly combined humus markedly decline with the size of microaggregates. Flesh soil humus formed from semi-decomposed organic material or organic manure added is combined first with < 0.001 mm clay, and then aggregated with other organic and mineral particles to form larger microaggregates, in which the aging of humus happens at the same time; whereas organic matter of the light fraction is mainly involved in the formation of > 0.05 mm microaggregates.