Haematological profile of crossbred dairy cattle to monitor herd health status at medium elevation in Central Himalayas

Haematological profile-haemoglobin concentration (Hb), total erythrocytes count (TEC), packed cell volume (PCV), erythrocyte indices-mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were studied in crossbred dairy cattle (Holstein Friesian x Sahiwal) under various physiological states: non-pregnant heifers (NPH), pregnant heifers (PH), empty dry cows (EDC), pregnant lactating cows (PLC), medium yield early lactating cows (MYELC) and high yield early lactating cows (HYELC) during summer and winter seasons at 1700 metres altitude from mean sea level in the Central Himalayas. On comparison of annual means, the highest values of Hb and PCV were recorded in PH and of TEC in NPH, whereas the lowest values of these parameters were found in EDC. The Hb and TEC tended to decrease with increasing milk yield. Comparison of annual means of erythrocyte indices revealed the highest MCV and MCH in EDC, which simultaneously showed the lowest MCHC. Significant seasonal variations in haematological profile were recorded. The overall group mean (OGM) of Hb, MCV, MCH and MCHC was found to be significantly higher (P < 0.01) during summer whereas the TEC and PCV showed higher OGM (P < 0.01) during the winter season.     

日粮添加免疫生长促进剂C96对雏鸡若干血液指标的影响

选择１２０只１日龄ＡＡ商品健康雏鸡,随机分为４组,每组３０只。初步观察了日粮添加免疫生长促进剂Ｃ９６对血液中红细胞总数（ＲＢＣ）、比容（ＰＣＶ）、血红蛋白含量（Ｈｂ）、网织红细胞比例（ＲＣＣ）、白细胞总数（ＷＢＣ）等的影响。结果表明：肉雏鸡在１５ｄ时,日粮添加Ｃ９６为１１ｍｇ／ｋｇ,饲料的Ｃ９６组和疫苗－Ｃ９６组,与对照组和疫苗组比较,ＲＢＣ和Ｈｂ增高,ＷＢＣ显著下降,ＲＣＣ降低,ＰＣＶ无明显规律性变化;３０ｄ和４５ｄ时,添加Ｃ９６组和疫苗－Ｃ９６组的ＲＢＣ、Ｈｂ和ＰＣＶ,与对照组和疫苗组基本相近,ＷＢＣ和ＲＣＣ均比对照组和疫苗组低或明显低。但３０ｄ时疫苗组的ＷＢＣ比对照组高。整个试验期,ＲＢＣ、ＷＢＣ和ＰＣＶ随日龄的增长呈上升趋势,ＲＣＣ呈波动性下降。     

果寡糖对固始鸡血液生理指标的影响

本试验旨在研究不同添加剂量的果寡糖对固始鸡血液生理指标的影响,并确定果寡糖的最佳添加剂量。选用1日龄固始鸡公雏150只,随机分成5个处理组,1个为对照组,其余4个为试验组,对照组不加果寡糖,其他4个组的果寡糖添加水平分别为3、5、7mg/kg和9mg/kg。测定红细胞压积(PCV)、血红蛋白(Hb)含量、红细胞数量、白细胞数量、平均红细胞体积(MCV)、平均红细胞血红蛋白含量(MCH)和平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)等指标。试验结果表明:1)21和42日龄时,果寡糖试验组的红细胞压积、血红蛋白含量、红细胞数量和白细胞数量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);与对照组相比,试验组的MCH和MCHC均略有升高,并且可以显著提高MCHC(P<0.05);2)日粮中添加5mg/kg果寡糖对提高红细胞压积、血红蛋白含量、红细胞数量、白细胞数量、MCH和MCHC具有最佳效果。     

Effects of vitamin E, age and sex on performance of Japanese quail. 1. Haematological indices and liver function

1. A trial was conducted to examine the effects of dietary vitamin E content, age and sex on haematological indices and liver enzymes of Japanese quails. A total of 800 1-d-old quail chicks were assigned at random into 4 equal groups and fed on starter and layer diets containing 0, 1, 5 or 10 times the NRC recommended supplements of vitamin E. No selenium was added to the basal deficient diets; the other diets were supplied with 0.2 mg selenium/kg diet. 2. The investigation covered the age span of 3 to 12 weeks in female and male birds. Blood samples were collected at 3-week intervals and tested for haematological indices (erythrocyte count; leucocyte count; susceptibility of erythrocytes to haemolysis; haemoglobin concentration (Hb); packed cell volume (PCV); and mean corpuscular volume (MCV)) and liver enzymes (aspartate transaminase, AST, and glutathione peroxidase, GSH-Px). 3. The significant differences between the 4 dietary treatments indicated that as the levels of selenium and/or vitamin E increased, the percentage of erythrocytes haemolysed and AST activity decreased, whereas Hb and GSH-Px concentrations increased. 4. Differences between age groups showed that older quails had higher erythrocyte susceptibility to haemolysis, higher AST levels and but lower erythrocyte count and PCV. 5. Females had lower erythrocyte haemolysis and higher Hb concentrations than males. 6. The interaction between dietary groups and age groups revealed that the differences between age groups were reduced as the level of selenium and/or vitamin E increased, leading to similar group means over the age period of study. 7. In conclusion, NRC recommended supplements of vitamin E (12 and 25 mg/kg diet) were not adequate. Doses equal to, at least, 5 times that recommended were advised to improve GSH-Px (index of antioxidant status) and Hb concentrations.     

Haematological values of Udah and Yankasa sheep in the northern Guinea savanna of Nigeria

Haematological values of Yankasa and Udah sheep were determined in three clinically healthy flocks and a fourth flock with mixed helminthiasis, predominantly haemonchosis. Values for Hb, PCV, RBC and WBC from the healthy flocks were similar. They were, however, lower than reported values for sheep in temperate zones except the WBC values which were higher. These parameters were lower in the infected flock and had a wider spread. It was concluded that haematological values from the clinically healthy flocks could serve as a baseline for interpreting haematological data from diseased local sheep. It is suggested that management and health status are more important than breed for differences in haematological values.     

Effects of dietary protein and stage of lactation on the haematology and erythrocyte enzymes activities of high-producing dairy cattle.

Blood samples were collected monthly over a nine-month period from 19 high-producing Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. Dry cows on the lowest (13 per cent) protein ration had the highest mean values for packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) and red blood cells (RBC). Among the lactating cows, the group on the 13 per cent protein diet had the highest mean PCV, Hb and RBC values. Other constituents were not affected significantly by dietary protein levels. Packed cell volume, RBC, Hb, serum iron (SI), iron binding capacity (IBC) and serum albumin concentrations decreased early in lactation and rose to pre-lactation levels by mid-lactation. PCV and Hb concentrations remained low for periods up to four months. RBC count was lowest in the second month while albumin concentration was lowest in the first month and remained low up to the second month. IBC was lowest in the first month of lactation while SI concentrations were lowest in the third month. There were no significant variations in the activities of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) and reduced glutathione (GSH). The 13 per cent protein ration had no anaemia-inducing effect on the cows.     

Biochemical and hematologic values for 18 clinically healthy radiated tortoises (Geochelone radiata) on St Catherines Island, Georgia

BACKGROUND: The radiated tortoise (Geochelone radiata) is a critically endangered species in its native land, the southern portion of the island of Madagascar. Captive breeding programs have generated data on the breeding behavior and ecology of G radiata; however, hematologic and biochemical data also are critically important in managing populations. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate sex and seasonal effects on hematologic and biochemical data from captive radiated tortoises. METHODS: Whole blood was collected in January and August 2001 from 18 radiated tortoises (10 male, 8 female) housed at the Wildlife Survival Center on St Catherines Island, Georgia, as part of a routine health assessment. Routine hematologic and plasma biochemical analyses and electrophoresis were done using standard methods. Data from male and female tortoises were compared within and between seasons using 2-way ANOVA. RESULTS: RBC and HCT values were significantly higher in summer than in winter and were higher in males than in females. Total protein concentration did not differ significantly between males and females; however, female tortoises had significantly higher concentrations of alpha1- and beta-globulins in winter and summer compared to males. Male tortoises had significantly higher sodium and uric acid concentrations and LDH activity during winter, and higher urea concentration and LDH and CK activities in summer, compared with females. Female tortoises had significantly higher triglyceride and phosphorus concentrations in winter, and higher phosphorus, cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations in summer, compared with males. CONCLUSION: Sex and seasonal differences in hematologic and biochemical values for radiated tortoises likely reflect vitellogenesis and egg production in females, and altered hydration status and activity in summer. Data from the tortoises in this study will be useful for the seasonal health assessment of this species.     

家兔在西藏海拔3000m条件下部分生理特性的试验观察

试验对海拔 3 0 0 0m的藏南谷地林芝引入家兔进行了部分生理指标的对比分析。测定了呼吸频率、心率、生理体温、血清蛋白质含量和血红蛋白含量。统计分析表明 :所测定项目的结果在 3品种兔之间均无明显差异 (P >0 0 5) ;但血红蛋白电泳分析 :3品种兔均呈现出A、A2 ,A33个区带 ,发现A3带以青紫兰兔最低 ,与其他 2品种兔差异极显著 (P <0 0 1 ) ;加里福尼亚兔A3带最高 ,显著高于中国白兔 (P <0 0 5)及青紫兰兔 (P <0 0 1 )。血清蛋白质电泳分析表明 :高原家兔的血清白蛋白均明显高于文献报道的低海拔饲养的新西兰白兔 ,血清总蛋白及其球蛋白含量明显下降     

Changes in clinical values of cattle infected with Clostridium chauvoei CH3 strain and a local Kad1 strain. Haematological values

Clostridium chauvoei CH3 and Kad1 strains were found to cause marked changes in the blood parameters during the course of blackleg disease. These changes displayed by CH3 were found to be more marked than the local Kad1 strain. Results of changes in the haematological values in calves infected with blackleg organisms, showed an increase in RBC, PCV, Hb and the total leukocyte count. MCHC and MCH remained within normal range values, however, a terminal significant increase of MCV was obtained. Thrombocytes showed a steady drop after infection to the time of death of the animals.     

The influence of age and gender on haematological parameters in Lipizzan horses

Haematological parameters [red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC), packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration, mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC)] in resting Lipizzan horses were determined for 143 stallions, 104 mares and 25 foals. The mean RBC and WBC values in Lipizzans were in the lower part of the normal range for warm-blooded horses. The mean PCV, MCV and MCH values were higher, but the mean haemoglobin concentration and MCHC values were lower than reported for other warm-blooded horses. In foals, the mean RBC, WBC, PCV, haemoglobin concentration and MCHC values were higher, whereas MCV and MCH were lower than in older animals. Results indicating a significant decrease in WBC (P < 0.01) and an increase in MCV, MCH and MCHC (P < 0.05) with increasing age are consistent with some other reports on warm-blooded horses. The age-related variations in RBC and PCV were less marked. Contrary to some reports, RBC (P < 0.01), WBC and haemoglobin concentration (P < 0.001) were higher in Lipizzan stallions than in mares, but differences in MCHC, MCH and MCV were insignificant. The specific haematological values determined in Lipizzans are presumably a result of selection and should be taken into consideration when dealing with this race of horses.     

Haematological responses of repeated large volume blood collection in the horse

The haematological response of regular, repeated blood harvesting was investigated in 40 Thoroughbred and non-Thoroughbred horses that donate 8 litres of blood every 3 weeks for the purposes of commercial blood production. When this volume of blood was removed on five occasions over 12 weeks, no adverse effect on packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (HB), and red blood cell count (RCC) was observed. Although PCV, RCC and Hb values decreased during the first week after blood collection, followed by a gradual increase in values until the next harvest time, all values remained within published reference ranges. Derived red cell indices [mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC)] also remained within reference range. We conclude that the removal of approximately 8 litres of blood (approximately 16 ml kg(-1)or 20 per cent of blood volume for a 500 kg horse) from blood donor horses every 3 weeks allows time for adequate recovery of haematological variables and does not result in adverse haematological changes.     

Haematological effects of 2‐phenoxyethanol and etomidate in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of handling alone versus handling under anaesthesia with 2-phenoxyethanol or etomidate on haematological parameters in carp.Study designProspective, randomized, laboratory experiment.AnimalsSeventy-two juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio) weighing 35.9 ± 10.4 g were divided into six groups of 12 fish.MethodsEither 2-phenoxyethanol or 2% etomidate were administered to induce deep anaesthesia (0.3 mL L⁻¹ and 0.6 mL L⁻¹, respectively) or deep sedation (0.15 mL L⁻¹ and 0.3 mL L⁻¹, respectively). Fish were handled with and without sedation. Blood was sampled at 1 hour and 1 week post-treatment. Phagocyte oxidative activity [nitrotetrazolium blue reduction test (NBT)] and differential erythrocyte [red blood cell (RBC)] and leukocyte (white blood cell) counts were evaluated.ResultsAt 1 hour after the induction of anaesthesia, haematocrit (Ht) and haemoglobin (Hb) were increased in fish anaesthetized with 2-phenoxyethanol, and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) was increased in fish anaesthetized with etomidate. At 1 week, an increase in RBC, erythroblastosis, erythrocyte damage, lymphopenia, neutrophilia, monocytosis and thrombocytosis occurred in both groups. Red blood parameters did not change 1 hour after handling alone, but after 1 week Ht, Hb and mean cell volume decreased, whereas MCH concentration (MCHC) and abnormal erythrocytes increased. Lymphopenia, neutrophilia, monocytosis, thrombocytosis and a decrease in NBT occurred. Fish handled under sedation showed an increase in Hb and MCHC followed by a decrease at 1 week in Ht, Hb and MCH, erythroblastosis and increased abnormal erythrocytes. Lymphopenia and neutrophilia were less pronounced than in fish handled without sedation, but a decrease in NBT was noted at 1 week post-treatment.Conclusions and clinical relevanceDeep anaesthesia with 2-phenoxyethanol or etomidate induced significant haematological alterations in juvenile carp. Deep sedation reduced the immediate immunosuppressive effects of handling but did not eliminate longterm effects. These anaesthetics should be avoided during experimental procedures involving haematological measurements. In contexts that require the short-term handling of carp, these drugs should be used with caution in view of their possible side effects.     

英国布特(BUT)火鸡血液生理生化指标的研究

以 2 0只肉用型英国布特火鸡为材料 ,测定了红细胞、白细胞及其分类、血红蛋白、红细胞压积、红细胞脆性、血沉、尿素氮、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、血浆总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白及血浆无机盐钾、钠、钙、氯等2 3项血液指标值。按统计学原理进行分析 ,并对总体正常值范围进行估计 ,获得了肉用型火鸡血液生理生化指标的参考值 ,为肉用型火鸡的生物学种质特性研究及疾病的临床诊断提供了基础资料。     

The acute effects of dexamethasone on some haematological parameters and serum biochemistry in the camel (Camelus dromedarius)

The effects of dexamethasone at different dose regimens on some haematological parameters and serum biochemistry were studied in the camel. Dexamethasone increased the serum concentration of glucose as well as neutrophils and total leukocyte count in the blood. Conversely, the serum concentrations of potassium and phosphorus and lymphocyte count in blood were decreased by dexamethasone treatment. Dexamethasone, however, had no effect on the activities of CPK and gamma-GT, on the serum concentrations of creatinine, BUN, total bilirubin, cholesterol and Na and on PCV, Hb, ESR, MCV and MCHC values.     

Assessment of the effects of different concentrations of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on erythrocytic indices of Nigerian White Fulani cattle and West African Dwarf goat

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of varying concentrations of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on blood samples from White Fulani breed of cattle and West African Dwarf goat from Nigeria. Sample sizes of 20 animals were used for both species. Different concentrations of EDTA (2, 4, 8 and 16 mg/ml) were used. The packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC) and haemoglobin (Hb) concentration of blood samples collected from White Fulani breed of cattle and West African Dwarf goat into bottles containing 16 mg/ml of EDTA were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those samples collected from the same animals into bottle containing 2 mg/ml (control). Similarly, the PCV, RBC and Hb values of the West African Dwarf goats in bottles containing 8 mg/ml of EDTA were significantly lower than those of the samples in the control (2 mg/ml). This study has shown that high concentration of EDTA as an anticoagulant can lead to a false erythrocytic index especially the PCV. In collecting blood samples for evaluation of haematological parameters, therefore, the blood volume/anticoagulant ratio must be strictly adhered to prevent error in the evaluated parameters in cattle and goats. Taken together, there is tendency for haemolytic anaemia to occur in blood sampled at higher concentration of anticoagulants in West African Dwarf goat than in White Fulani breed of cattle.     

Artifactual effects of hypernatremia and hyponatremia on red cell analytes measured by the Bayer H*1 analyzer

Hypernatremia in two cats and hyponatremia in a dog were associated with artifactual changes in red blood cell (RBC) indices and hematocrit (HCT) determined on a Bayer H*1 hematology analyzer. The RBC cytograms and histograms revealed a population shifted towards macrocytic, hypochromic RBC in the hypernatremic cats, and towards microcytic, hyperchromic RBC in the hyponatremic dog. Reference intervals for the difference between manual packed cell volume (PCV) and analyzer-derived HCT in normonatremic dogs, cats and horses were established. The difference between PCT and HCT was outside the reference values for all three patients. Quality control measures, such as measuring PCV, and reviewing cytograms and histograms are essential for detecting spurious changes in automated hematology measurements caused by abnormalities in serum sodium concentration and osmolality.     

Fluid and electrolyte shifts during and after Agility competitions in dogs

This research assesses the relative contribution of splenic contraction and fluid shifts out of the vascular compartment to the increases in packed cell volume associated with Agility exercises. It also aims to evaluate the changes in the concentrations of electrolytes and markers of hydration state. Fifteen dogs of both sexes were subjected to an Agility exercise of an approximate duration of 100 s. Blood samples were obtained within the first 30 s after competition and at 5, 15, and 30 min of recuperation. Resting values were established previously. The following parameters were determined: packed cell volume (PCV), plasma lactate (LA), total plasma protein (TPP), albumin (ALB), urea (BUN), creatinine (CREA), chloride (Cl), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na) and potassium (K). Changes in plasma volume (PV), total RBC volume (V(RBC)) and blood volume (BV) were calculated immediately after exercise and at 30 minutes of recovery. It was found that during Agility competition, BV, V(RBC) and PV increased 12, 21 and 4% respectively, indicating that the spleen contraction was the main determinant on the increase of BV. In comparison with resting values, BV decreased after recuperation (-5%), due to the recapture of erythrocytes by the splenic reserve (V(RBC), -12%). Additionally, Agility exercise induced increases in plasma Cl and LA, with significant reductions of ALB, Ca and P and absence of modifications in Na, K, BUN and CREA concentrations.     

Crossbreeding of exotic and indigenous cattle in Nigeria--haematological correlates.

The blood values of the German Brown, N'Dama and their three-quarter, half and quarter hybrids were studied to ascertain if and how some haematological parameters changed with crossbreeding. It was found that the red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) count and packed cell volume percentage (PCV) were significantly higher (P less than 0.01) in the N'Dama than in the German Brown; the crosses had values which were intermediate as compared to the two parent breeds. Generally, the changes in the mean blood values paralleled changes in the expected genotypes resulting from crossbreeding of the two parent breeds. The tendency of the blood values to change in direct proportion to the degree of N'Dama contribution was strongest for the WBC, followed by the PCV and RBC, respectively. A small random sample for leucocyte differential count did not reveal any differences amongst the genotypic groups.     

Effect of Luteolin on Blood Indexes,Liver and Kidney in Mice with Acute Mercury Poisoning

To study the effect of luteolin on blood indexes,liver and kidney in mice with acute mercury poisoning,28 mice were randomly divided into four groups:Control group (intraperitoneal injection 0.9% saline),luteolin group (lavage 100 mg/kg luteolin),mercuric chloride group (intraperitoneal injection 4 mg/kg mercury chloride) and mercury chloride+luteolin group (intraperitoneal injection 4 mg/kg mercuric chloride,lavage 100 mg/kg luteolin).The activities of ALT in serum,AST,CREA and BUN contents,blood WBC,RBC,HGB content and GSH and MDA contents of liver tissue were detected.Morphological changes of liver and kidney tissues were observed.The results showed that compared with the control group,the activities of ALT and AST of mercuric chloride group were extremely significantly increased (P < 0.01),serum CREA,BUN,blood WBC and liver tissue MDA contents were significantly increased (P < 0.05) while blood RBC,HGB and liver tissue GSH contents were significantly decreased (P < 0.05).Liver,kidney pathological changes were obviously.Compared with mercuric chloride group,the activities of ALT,AST in serum,CREA,BUN,blood WBC and liver tissue MDA contents of mercuric chloride+luteolin group were significantly decreased (P < 0.05),while blood RBC,HGB and liver tissue GSH contents were significantly elevated (P < 0.05).Liver,kidney pathological changes were attenuated obviously.The poisoning were characterized by inflammation and the occurrence of anemia when acute mercury poisoning occurred,liver and kidney showed different degrees of injury in mice.Luteolin could reduce the toxic effects of acute mercury poisoning on blood,liver and kidney.     

木犀草素对急性汞中毒小鼠血液生化指标、肝脏及肾脏的影响

试验旨在研究小鼠急性汞中毒后血液、肝脏及肾脏的中毒表现及木犀草素对急性汞中毒小鼠血液指标、肝脏及肾脏的影响。将28只小鼠随机分成4组,分别为对照组(腹腔注射0.9%生理盐水)、木犀草素组(灌胃100 mg/kg木犀草素)、氯化汞组(腹腔注射4 mg/kg氯化汞)和氯化汞+木犀草素组(腹腔注射4 mg/kg氯化汞,灌胃100 mg/kg木犀草素)。检测血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活性,肌酐(CREA)和尿素氮(BUN)水平,血液白细胞(WBC)、红细胞(RBC)和血红蛋白(HGB)水平及肝脏组织谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)水平,并观察肝脏、肾脏组织形态学改变。结果显示,与对照组相比,氯化汞组的血清ALT、AST活性极显著升高(P < 0.01),血清CREA、BUN,血液WBC及肝脏组织MDA含量均显著增加(P < 0.05),血液RBC、HGB及肝脏组织GSH水平均显著降低(P < 0.05),肝脏、肾脏病理变化明显。与氯化汞组相比,氯化汞+木犀草素组的血清ALT、AST活性,CREA和BUN,血液WBC及肝脏组织MDA含量均显著降低(P < 0.05);血液RBC、HGB及肝脏组织GSH含量均显著升高(P < 0.05),肝脏、肾脏病理变化减轻。小鼠急性汞中毒后,其中毒表现为炎症和贫血的发生及肝脏、肾脏不同程度的损伤,木犀草素可减弱急性汞中毒小鼠血液、肝脏和肾脏的毒性作用。