Inter‐specific and intra‐specific variability in fruit color preference in two species of Turdus

One of the main hypotheses proposed to explain the evolution of fruit color deals with a preference of avian frugivores for specific colors, mainly black and red, which are the most common fruit colors in many of the studied habitats. I analyzed fruit color preferences by wild birds belonging to 2 species of the highly frugivorous genus Turdus (Eurasian Blackbird Turdus merula Linnaeus, 1758 and Redwing Turdus iliacus Linnaeus, 1758) by means of captivity experiments with artificial fruits. Despite important within‐individual (i.e. temporal) and among‐individual variability, consistent patterns of species‐specific color preferences emerged. Eurasian Blackbirds tended to prefer red over blue, green and black, whereas Redwings seemed to prefer black over the rest. Green was systematically avoided by both species, suggesting that it might signal unripeness of fruits. Both preferred colors have been previously reported as the most common among fleshy‐fruited plants. The high variability, both within and between individuals, in preferences suggests that they can be subject to changes through experience and learning and, therefore, are not likely to drive the evolution of fruit color. The main differences between both species could be related to the most common fruit color they fed upon during the last months before capture.     

Endozoochory of frugivorous birds as potential dispersal of seed parasites from Pistacia chinesis: experimental evidence

The plant–disperser–fruit pest triads involve 3 interacting animals or groups (plants, vertebrates and seed parasites), and the dispersal of both seeds and seed parasites, which can both benefit from endozoochory via defecation or regurgitation by frugivorous vertebrates. However, we have very limited knowledge about the ecological and evolutionary consequences of these plant–disperser–fruit pest triads. Across central Northern China, several seed wasps (mainly Eurytoma plotnikov attack Pistacia chinensis fruits, and seed wasp larvae can develop, diapause and finally emerge as adults inside a seed during the following 1–3 years. In this study, we experimentally investigated whether frugivorous birds discriminated P. chinesis fruits with or without seed parasites, and whether bird endozoochory (by defecation or regurgitation) affected larval survival of seed parasites. The infestation rate by seed parasites was 37% of the P. chinesis fruit crop but with up to 48% of aborted fruits. We found that all 5 bird species can discriminate and then reject all unhealthy fruits (including aborted and insect‐infested). However, 4 of the 5 bird species, in particular bulbul species, consumed 15–41% of aborted and insect‐infested fruits as complementary food only when these unhealthy fruits were provided. Moreover, all larva of seed parasites remained alive after bird defecation or regurgitation. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that endozoochory by frugivorous birds could lead to potential dispersal of seed parasites of P. chinensis but with a very low probability.     

Effect of frugivorous birds on the establishment of a naturally regenerating population of Chinese yew in ex situ conservation

The Chinese yew (Taxus chinensis) is catalogued as an endangered species in China because of the small size and senescent status of most populations. Its lack of natural regeneration is the most important reason for its endangered status. We investigated the regeneration of an ex‐situ conservation population, which was introduced into the Nanjing Botanical Garden Memorial Sun Yat‐Sen in the 1950s, and evaluated the role of frugivorous birds on the establishment of this regenerating population. Two hundred and thirteen individual yew seedlings and saplings were found on the hillside in 2006, and the nearest seedling was found more than 10 m away from mother trees. The spatial pattern of all seedlings and saplings occurred as a clumped distribution, which is typical for vertebrate‐dispersed plants. Six bird species were seen ingesting whole “fruits” at yew trees in the present study and 745 visits by avian frugivores were recorded. Red‐billed blue magpie (Urocissa erythrorhyncha), Chinese bulbul (Pycnonotus sinensis) and azure‐winged magpie (Cyanopica cyana) were the most frequent visitors over the two years of the study. Comparing the flights of departure and perching habitats of the three main bird species, we inferred that U. erythrorhyncha would be the most important disperser. This regeneration population has had good development over the past 20 or more years; frugivorous birds have removed seeds to the hillside every year until now, and seed germination and seedling growth continue to develop well under natural conditions. We suggest that the conservation system of the Chinese yew should be composed of yews, avian dispersers and habitats for seed germination and seedling growth.     

不同授粉方式对百香果果实性状的影响

生产上发现授粉方式对百香果发育及果实性状产生较大影响,为揭示其影响方式与机理,本试验以紫果百香果为材料,采取异株异花、同株异花、自花3种授粉方式,对百香果发育性状及品质等外在与内在因子进行测定与分析。结果表明：（1）异株异花授粉和自花授粉座果率较高,分别达到98.3%、96.7%;（2）不同授粉方式,百香果单果重和单果种子数具有显著差异,由高到低依次为：自花授粉>异株异花授粉>同株异花授粉;自花授粉和异株异花授粉可食率较高,而自花授粉果实纵径、横径最大。（3）单果重与果果实横径均呈显著正相关,果实横径与果实纵径也呈极显著正相关;异株异花授粉和同株异花授粉果实单果重与单果种子数呈极显著正相关;同株异花授粉百香果果实固酸比与成熟天数呈极显著正相关,与可滴定酸呈极显著负相关。     

不同砧木对‘建香’猕猴桃果实品质的影响

以中华猕猴桃 ‘建香’（Actinidia chinensis cv.‘Jianxiang’）为接穗材料,以美味猕猴桃（Actinidia deliciosa）实生苗、对萼猕猴桃（Actinidia valvata）和对萼（基砧）+‘米良1号’（Actinidia deliciosa cv.‘Miliang 1’）（中间砧）为砧木,探索不同砧木对猕猴桃果实大小、内在品质以及香气物质形成的调控作用,为生产中筛选合适的砧穗组合提供依据。结果表明,在果实大小和可溶性固形物方面,对萼和中间砧显著高于另一种砧木。然而在可滴定酸、干物质含量和维生素C方面,中间砧显著优于美味和对萼。不同砧木对果实挥发性代谢物种类无影响,对代谢物含量影响较大,差异物质主要包括萜类、酮 类和醛类物质。中间砧处理能显著提高芳烃类及部分酮类、萜类代谢物含量,使香气更浓郁。综上所述,为提高果实大小、内在品质以及充分发挥香气品质,在生产上推荐使用对萼+‘米良1号’作为‘建香’的砧木。     

短稳杆菌对杨梅果蝇的防治效果及对果实品质的影响

果蝇是为害杨梅果实的主要害虫,目前主要依靠乙基多杀菌素防控,成本较高,急需研究替代药剂,短稳杆菌（Empedobacter brevi）是一种新型细菌杀虫剂,为了明确短稳杆菌的防控效果和对果实品质的影响,本试验在杨梅转色成熟期喷雾,设5个处理,1.00×107、1.25×107和1.67×107短稳杆菌以及30和40 mg/L乙基多杀菌素,清水喷雾做对照。结果表明,与对照相比,5个处理药后7 d的果蝇防效为91.92%-96.76%,各处理间虫果率差异不显著,用药后13 d防效在82.76%-88.27%之间,1.67×107短稳杆菌处理虫果率最低;5个处理的果实可溶性固形物含量提高5.41%-7.21%,其中1.67×107短稳杆菌处理的提高幅度最大,果实硬度显著提高33.21%-46.42%,落果率显著下降37.57%-42.86%,硬度和落果率各处理间差异不显著。综合果蝇防控效果和果实品质等因素,短稳杆菌是防治杨梅果蝇乙基多杀菌素的理想替代药剂,值得在产业上大力推广。     

不同品种授粉对广丰马家柚果实品质的影响

为研究广丰县主栽柑橘品种广丰马家柚在生产中授粉与果实品质的关系,实验选用了5个柑橘品种为授粉品种,以生长势健壮,结果盛期的树为母本进行人工授粉。测定了不同授粉品种组合座果率、果实外在品质、内在品质和种子数等几个主要指标。结果表明：不同品种授粉明显影响到座果率、可溶性固形物、在可滴定酸、维生素C,而果实纵径,横径,果型指数,种子数表现不明显。四倍体授粉可以减少果实中种子的数量。     

番茄营养特征对果实产量的影响

利用室外盆栽方法,就3个不同番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)品种的相对生长率、比叶面积、叶干物质含量、株高和单位叶面积根量等5个营养特征与果实产量的关系进行研究。结果表明,试验所采用的3种番茄在相对生长率、比叶面积、叶干物质含量、株高、单位叶面积根量等营养特征方面表现出较大的差异,因而在果实产量上也表现出显著差异。简单相关分析结果表明,果实产量分别与相对生长率和比叶面积等特征呈显著正相关,与植株高度无相关,而与叶干物质含量和单位叶面积根量呈负相关。但多元逐步回归分析方法对各性状与生物量相关性综合分析的结果表明,只有相对生长率、比叶面积与果实产量具有显著线性关系,其他营养特征与果实产量无显著相关性。由此证明,在探讨番茄营养特征与生产力关系时,不仅要考虑单个特征的作用,更要全面考虑多个特征之间的综合作用效果。     

琼北地区百香果品种引进与筛选试验研究

为选出适于海南北部地区生产的百香果品种,本研究自2018年起引进‘台农一号’、‘小黄金’、‘大黄金’、‘大黄果’、 ‘满天星’5个优质主栽百香果品种（系）,于琼北的澄迈县福山镇、海口市旧州镇和屯昌县屯城镇3个试验点开展试种筛选试验。通过对各品种（品系）植物学特征、农艺性状调查分析及果实品质指标测定进行适应性初步评价。结果表明：各品种百香果生长状况均较稳定,‘台农一号’、‘小黄金’的抗病性、耐热性及丰产性较‘满天星’、‘大黄果’更强,‘大黄金’居于中等水平;‘小黄金’、‘台农一号’、‘大黄金’果重较大,其可食率约在40%,显著高于‘满天星’与‘大黄果’;其果肉蔗糖、TSS含量均显著高于其他品种,而总酸含量则低于其他品种;果肉VC含量以‘台农一号’最高,‘大黄果’居中,其他品种无显著差异;‘满天星’、‘大黄果’固酸比分别为所有品种中最高（69.21%）和最低（51.23%）者且与其他品种差异显著。 综上所述,表现较好的‘台农一号’、‘小黄金’以及‘大黄金’3个品种,可作为琼北地区适宜生产发展的百香果品种（品系）。     

不同修剪期对广西凤梨释迦冬期果生产的影响

凤梨释迦作为广西新兴的热带特色水果,为研究与探讨凤梨释迦在广西区域环境下最佳产期调节的促花修剪时间,本试验以15年生凤梨释迦植株为试材,分别于2015年和2016年的6～10月份进行修剪处理,并且观察调查与统计各处理的成花与座果的影响。结果表明：不同修剪处理时间对凤梨释迦反季生产的成花与座果情况有所差异,从成花率、座果率、裂果率、果实农艺性状和果实品质等综合情况来考虑,7月期间开展促花修剪的综合表现要优于其它月份,是广西凤梨释迦冬期果生产的最佳催花修剪时机。     

叶面肥对油桃果实品质和色素的影响

以6年生油桃‘曙光’为试验材料,研究了4种叶面肥对油桃果实品质和色素的影响。结果表明,喷施高效钙、绿芬威、增效二氢钾、稀土肥4种叶面肥可显著提高油桃果实可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、花青苷、类胡萝卜素含量,稍微提高Vc含量,对可滴定酸、叶绿素含量影响不一致。综合表现,以稀土肥处理效果最佳,其次为绿芬威。     

臭氧水处理对草莓果实营养成分的影响

以大棚栽培的‘甜宝’草莓为试材,研究了臭氧水处理对草莓果实营养成分的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,采用1.0 mg?L-1臭氧水浇灌处理‘甜宝’草莓后,果实鲜重、果实总糖和总蛋白含量、矿质元素含量（包括Ca、Fe、Zn、Se）均显著增加,特别是Se含量增加尤为突出。说明浇灌臭氧水处理有利于草莓产量和品质的提高。     

黑老虎果实提取物对小鼠腹泻模型的干预作用

为了研究黑老虎果实提取物的抗腹泻作用,从而为临床应用提供实验依据。实验首先对黑老虎果实提取物中木脂素、三萜及黄酮含量进行测定,然后对ICR小鼠进行细菌性腹泻、药物性腹泻和小肠炭末推进实验。根据实验要求,将细菌性腹泻模型小鼠和药物性腹泻模型小鼠灌胃不同药物,连续7天,除正常组外,其余小鼠于末次给药30min后分别腹腔注射大肠埃希菌溶液和灌胃番泻叶提取液,观察并记录各组小鼠腹泻情况;小肠炭末推进实验于小鼠末次给药30min后灌胃给予5%炭末,计算小肠炭末推进率 ;结果表明,黑老虎果实提取物中木脂素类、三萜类及黄酮类化合物的含量分别为44.48%、4.57%、14.02%黑老虎果实提取物各剂量组对细菌性小鼠均有较好的预防效果,其中高剂量组 （200mg/kg）最佳,与模型组呈显著差异（P＜0.01）,效果亦优于阳性药物组;提取物各剂量组均能减少番泻叶腹泻小鼠稀便数量,且与模型组呈显著差异,但对潜伏时间没影响;提取物对小鼠小肠炭末推进无明显影响 由此可知,黑老虎果实提取物对细菌性腹泻小鼠具有良好的抗腹泻作用,对药物性致腹泻作用较弱。     

Handbook of the Mammals of the World

Frugivores feed on fruits and nectars that contain different types of sugars in different proportions, which provide these animals with energy. Wahlberg’s epauletted fruit bat (Epomophorus wahlbergi) has a high glucose intake irrespective of sugar concentration of nectar. It is not known how these bats regulate their blood plasma glucose concentrations in order to avoid the negative effects associated with hyperglycemia. Fruit bats have a high amount of sugar intake in a short period of time which could cause a glucose challenge and it is therefore necessary to determine whether these bats are able to regulate their blood plasma glucose concentrations within normal concentrations. This study investigated the diel variations in blood plasma glucose concentrations of E. wahlbergi. Epomophorus wahlbergi‘s blood plasma glucose concentration was lower (5.24 ± 0.38 mmol/l) at 18:00 before feeding and increased during/after feeding (8.19 ± 1.24 mmol/l) but bats appeared to regulate it within limits. Their range in concentrations was higher than the normal mammalian blood plasma glucose concentrations range. Consequently these bats appear to regulate their blood plasma glucose concentration, although at a range higher than normal mammalian levels, and thus reduce the negative consequences associated with hyperglycemia.     

大棚栽培对密斯蒂蓝莓成熟期和果实品质的影响

探讨大棚设施栽培对蜜斯蒂蓝莓果实成熟期及品质的影响,为南方地区蓝莓设施栽培提供理论依据。以‘蜜斯蒂’蓝莓为试验材料,连续2a比较分析其露地栽培、大棚栽培下果实成熟时间及品质指标和抗氧化能力的差异。结果表明,2a大棚设施栽培棚内平均温度分别提高3.87 ℃和2.51℃,蓝莓果实成熟期分别提早19 d和16 d。大棚设施栽培蓝莓果实中的葡萄糖、果糖和总酚的含量分别为74.40、78.21、3.86 mg/g.FW,均显著高于露地栽培的52.31、54.60、3.82 mg/g.FW,可滴定酸、柠檬酸含量分别为0.45%和3.57 mg/g.FW,显著低于露地栽培的0.69%和4.70 mg/g.FW,但对其单果重、可溶性固形物含量和总花色苷含量无显著影响。大棚栽培成熟期中后期采收的蓝莓果实的可溶性固形物含量、总花色苷和总酚含量较高,分别为12.22%、1.64 mg/g.FW和4.17 mg/g.FW,DPPH和FRAP抗氧化能力以及POD、PPO、SOD活性也均显著高于成熟期前期。     

不同干燥方式对蓝莓果粉品质的影响

本文分别采用真空冷冻干燥、远红外干燥、热风干燥、真空微波干燥、喷雾干燥5种干燥方式制备蓝莓果粉,研究不同干燥方式对果粉的物理特性、基本营养成分和颗粒结构的影响。试验结果表明：真空冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥的蓝莓果粉容重较低,分别为0.248 g/mL和0.420 g/mL,润湿下沉时间和分散时间较短,分别为37.67s 和 23.77s、1s和1s,水合能力较高,分别为8.54g/g和10.74g/g,游离氨基酸含量较高;扫描电镜图片显示真空冷冻干燥的蓝莓果粉颗粒薄片状,喷雾干燥的蓝莓果粉颗粒球形,空隙适中。综上认为,真空冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥的蓝莓果粉品质较优,能够最大限度的保留营养成分,这对实现蓝莓果粉工业化生产选择合适干燥方式能够提供一定的理论依据。     

套袋柠檬果实外观品质调查研究

2010～2011年对云南省瑞丽柠檬套袋果果面花斑情况进行了系统调查,标本采集、种类鉴定。结果表明,引起柠檬套袋果果面出现花斑的种类有9种,分别为蓟马、黄蜘蛛、锈壁虱、粉蚧、红圆蚧、溃疡病、疮痂病、流胶病和机械损伤,其中以蓟马、黄蜘蛛、锈壁虱和疮痂病是套袋柠檬果的主要花斑。调查结果还表明,在同一管理措施下,不同种植园的柠檬果实纵横径差别不明显,但柠檬花斑危害程度不同,甚至同一种植园,不同方位、不同植株的花斑发生和发展规律也不同。     

不同授粉品种对早酥梨果实品质的影响

摘要：选择11个梨品种作为早酥梨的授粉品种,研究对早酥果实品质的影响。结果表明,所选的11个梨品种处理的座果率均高于69.90%,可满足早酥生产的要求。并通过测定单果重、果实偏斜、果实可食率、可溶性固形物含量、糖酸比、Vc含量等果实品质指标,以及果皮强度、果皮韧性、果肉脆性、果肉硬度、果肉细度等果实质地等指标,综合分析,认为丰水、库尔勒香梨、秋白梨和红香酥可作为早酥的适宜授粉品种。     

阴香叶乙醇提取物对番石榴耐藏性的影响

以珍珠番石榴为试验材料,研究阴香叶乙醇提取物处理对番石榴耐藏性的影响,为番石榴保鲜技术提供参考。分别用不同浓度的阴香叶乙醇提取物处理番石榴果实10min,晾干后置于室温（5~15℃,相对湿度70~85%）条件下存放,贮藏期间每6 d测定1次番石榴果实的好果率、失重率及生理指标。结果表明：阴香叶乙醇提取物不仅能减缓番石榴果实水分散失,还有效抑制番石榴果实的过氧化物酶（POD）活性、呼吸强度和质膜相对透性,减缓苯丙氨酸酶（PAL）活性的下降,有利于延长果实的贮藏期限;以20%阴香叶乙醇提取物处理10min的保鲜效果为佳,贮藏24 d后,番石榴好果率仍达84.21%,贮藏时间比对照组延长了6 d。阴香叶乙醇提取物处理番石榴果实的保鲜效果良好。     

施用不同壮果肥对猕猴桃产量和品质的影响

以树龄 10 年的“贵长”猕猴桃为供试材料,研究用不同肥料（常规用肥、专用肥、生物肥、生物肥 专用肥）作为猕猴桃壮果肥施用对果实品质、产量及贮藏性能的影响。结果表明,4 种追肥处理对猕猴桃的产量和果实品质有不同程度的提高和改善,其中0.25 kg 生物肥 1.0 kg 专用肥能显著地增加猕猴桃的单果体积、单果质量、产量和提高维生素 C、可溶性固形物、可溶性总糖的含量,改善猕猴桃后熟的贮藏性能,对糖酸比和果形指数也有改善作用,猕猴桃专用肥效果次之。用0.25 kg 生物肥 1.0 kg 专用肥作为猕猴桃壮果肥施用综合效果较为理想,可在猕猴桃实际生产中推广使用。