褪黑激素受体MTNR1B5′调控区多态及其与鸡产蛋性状的关联分析

为研究褪黑激素受体基因MTNR1B对鸡产蛋性状的影响,本试验用直接测序法检测了434只寿光鸡MTNR1B5′调控区的SNPs,并与寿光鸡的产蛋性状进行关联分析。结果发现,在5′调控区有13个SNPs位点,9个位点中度多态,4个位点低度多态,所有位点处于哈代温伯格平衡状态。-836位点（C→T）,-778位点（G→A）和-629位点（G→A）完全连锁,群体中有CGA和TAG 2种单倍型。CGA使产蛋数增加,在前、中、后期和总产蛋数上,加性效应值分别为1.0、2.5、1.4和4.9枚。在中期、后期和总产蛋数上2种单倍型存在正向互作效应,显性效应分别达到了2.7、2.3和5.6枚。构建的包含TAG、CGA和TGG 3种单倍型启动活性试验表明,-778位点突变是单倍型效应差异的关键。综上所述,MTNR1B的5′调控区有丰富的SNPs位点,-836、-778和-629位点SNPs及单倍型对寿光鸡的产蛋量有显著影响,可作为寿光鸡产蛋量辅助选择的具有潜在应用价值的分子遗传标记。     

褪黑激素受体MTNR1B5′调控区多态性及其与鸡产蛋性状的关联分析

用直接测序法检测了434只寿光鸡MTNR1B 5'调控区的SNPs,并与寿光鸡的产蛋性状进行关联分析。结果发现,在5'调控区有13个SNPs位点,9个位点中度多态,4个位点低度多态,所有位点处于哈代温伯格平衡状态。-836位点(C→T),-778位点(G→A)和-629位点(G→A)完全连锁,群体中有CGA和TAG两种单倍型。CGA使产蛋数增加,在前期、中期、后期和总产蛋数上,加性效应值分别为1.0,2.5,1.4,4.9枚。在中期、后期和总产蛋数上2种单倍型存在正向互作效应,显性效应分别达到了2.7,2.3,5.6枚。构建的包含TAG、CGA和TGG 3种单倍型启动活性试验表明,-778位点突变是单倍型效应差异的关键。综上所述,MTNR1B的5'调控区有丰富的SNPs位点,-836、-778和-629位点SNPs及单倍型对寿光鸡的产蛋量有显著影响,可作为寿光鸡产蛋量辅助选择的具有潜在应用价值的分子遗传标记。     

寿光鸡GPR147基因5′调控区多态性与产蛋性状的关联分析

为了了解GPR147基因多态性及其与产蛋性状的关系,本试验以寿光鸡为试验材料,用直接测序的方法检测了寿光鸡该基因5′调控区的SNPs,并与产蛋性状进行了关联分析。结果发现,GPR147基因的5′调控区在鸡群中共有11个SNPs位点,其中-593和-579位点的不同基因型在后期(45~56周)产蛋量和56周总产蛋数有显著差异(P0.05);-593位点TT基因型对应较高产蛋数,-579位点AA基因型对应较高产蛋数。上述两个位点的单倍型分析结果表明,单倍型TA与CG相比,中期(26~44周)产蛋量多了1.5枚(P=0.041 8),后期产蛋量多2.5枚(P=0.032 6),300天产蛋量多1.6枚(P=0.1),56周总产蛋量多4.4枚(P=0.014 4)。综上,GPR1475′调控区存在丰富的SNPs位点,-593和-579位点SNPs及其单倍型对寿光鸡的产蛋性状有显著影响,是具有潜在应用价值的分子标记。     

五星黄鸡BMP15基因多态性与产蛋性能关联性分析

为研究五星黄鸡骨形态发生蛋白15(BMP15)基因多态性及其与产蛋性能的相关性,采用直接测序法检测五星黄鸡BMP15外显子多态性。结果表明:五星黄鸡在BMP15外显子1和外显子2中分别存在4个和9个多态位点,其中,外显子1的C34T突变和外显子2的T424C突变为错义突变,分别导致亮氨酸变为苯丙氨酸和甘氨酸变为丝氨酸,其他均为同义突变;突变位点与300日龄产蛋量的关联分析表明,H系C34T的TT基因型比CT基因型产蛋数多9.6枚(P0.05);而L系G540A的AA基因型产蛋数比GA基因型高16.7枚(P0.05),其他位点在2个品系中与产蛋数相关性差异不显著(P0.05);单倍型分析结果表明,H系BMP15基因不同单倍型组合与300日龄产蛋量的相关性未达到显著水平,L系单倍型组合Block1中L4L4和B1ock3中L1L1产蛋数远高于其他单倍型组合(P0.05或P0.01)。本研究结果表明,BMP15基因多态性能显著影响五星黄鸡产蛋性能,上述多态位点和单倍型组合可能成为潜在的分子标记用于鸡产蛋性能的提高。     

DRD2基因14个多态位点与鸡产蛋性状的相关性

本研究旨在分析DRD2基因与鸡产蛋性状的相关性,寻找可作为鸡产蛋性状的重要标记。在该基因上选取了14个多态位点,采用PCR-RFLP及PCR测序等方法在宁都三黄鸡母系644个个体中进行了鸡产蛋性状的关联分析。结果表明:位于该基因5′调控区的4个突变位点G-38560C、T-38326G、T-32751C和A-16105G与鸡的开产日龄显著或极显著(P0.05或P0.01)相关,位点A-16105G还与300日龄总产蛋数显著相关(P0.05);由G-38560C、G-38544A、I-38463D与T-38326G这4个位点组成的单倍型块与开产日龄呈极显著相关(P=0.006 50.01)。研究结果提示:G-38560C、T-38326G、T-32751C和A-16105G这4个突变位点以及由G-38560C、G-38544A、I-38463D与T-38326G组成的单倍型块可作为产蛋性状标记辅助选择的有效分子标记。     

GNRHR、IGF-1基因对文昌鸡繁殖性状的遗传效应分析

以控制文昌鸡繁殖性状的促性腺激素释放激素受体基因（GNRHR）和胰岛素样生长因子-1基因（IGF-1）为候选基因，采用PCR—RFLP技术检测GNRHR基因和IGF-1基因在文昌鸡中的单核苷酸多态性（SNP），同时对这2个基因与文昌鸡繁殖性状的相关性进行了研究。结果表明，GNRHR基因内含子1的537bp位置有C→T碱基的变异，在文昌鸡中检测到AA、Aa、aa3种基因型，A等位基因的频率为0．69，a等位基因的频率为0．31；在IGF-1基因5′非翻译区（5′UTR）发现C→T碱基的变异，改变了限制性内切酶PstⅠ识别位点，经PCR-RFLP分析，在文昌鸡中检测到BB、Bb、bb3种基因型，B等位基因的频率为0．53，b等位基因的频率为0．47。对其基因型与所检测个体相应的繁殖性状采用GLM分析进行遗传效应研究，结果表明，GNRHR基因对300日龄产蛋数、400日龄产蛋数有显著影响（显性作用），IGF-1基因对300日龄产蛋数有显著影响（加性作用）。因此，推测GNRHR基因和IGF-1基因可能是影响鸡繁殖性状的主效基因或与主效基因紧密连锁的标记基因，并且能够在分子标记辅助选择中用于对鸡繁殖性状的遗传改良和固定。     

IGF-1、OVR基因SNPs位点与玫瑰冠鸡产蛋性能和蛋品质的关联分析

研究旨在探讨IGF-1、OVR作为玫瑰冠鸡产蛋性能和蛋品质性状候选基因的可能性,寻找与产蛋性能和蛋品质相关的分子标记。采用PCR-SSCP技术对IGF-1、OVR进行SNPs检测。结果表明:IGF-1外显子3(A-38965G),OVR外显子3(G-5448A)、6(G-8284A)和8(A-9030T)存在突变位点;χ2检验显示:玫瑰冠鸡群体在A-38965G和A-9030T位点处于Har-dy-Weinberg平衡状态;关联分析表明:G-8284A位点BB型鸡的初生重、开产日龄、300日龄平均蛋重均显著高于AA型(P0.05);A-38965G位点AB型蛋重、哈夫单位、蛋白重均显著高于BB型(P0.05);OVR多态位点构建的单倍型中,GAT的蛋壳强度、蛋重均显著高于GAA(P0.05),开产日龄、300日龄总产蛋数均显著高于GGT(P0.05)。这说明IGF-I、OVR与产蛋性能及蛋品质性状间有一定的相关性,因此BB、AB型及单倍型GAT有望作为与玫瑰冠鸡产蛋性能和蛋品质性状相关联的分子标记。     

NPY和PRL基因SNP位点对如皋黄鸡产蛋性能的组合效应研究

本研究旨在分析鸡神经肽Y(NPY)和催乳素(PRL)基因的SNP位点对产蛋性能的组合效应。实验采用飞行质谱技术对如皋黄鸡NPY基因内含子2的A+1259G(P7位点)突变和PRL基因内含子1的C+79T(P8位点)突变进行单基因和多基因组合效应分析。结果表明:P7位点GG基因型是多态位点上开产日龄和40周龄总产蛋数的优势基因型,5个测定的产蛋性状在P8位点3种基因型间差异均不显著;在9个组合中,GGTT和GGCT组合基因型为优势组合基因型,其中GGCT型个体的开产日龄和开产体重比组合前P7位点GG基因型和P8位点CT基因型个体的均值分别减少了3.7 d、52.6 g,组合效应显著(P0.05),40周龄总产蛋数比组合前增加了9.9枚(P0.05);2个位点间不存在显著的互作效应(P0.05)。     

STAT5b基因2个SNPs位点与京海黄鸡生长和繁殖性状的关联分析

采用PCR-SSCP方法检测京海黄鸡、AA鸡、尤溪麻鸡、边鸡4个鸡品种STAT5b基因5′调控区部分序列的多态性,并分析其对京海黄鸡生长和繁殖性状的遗传效应,利用PHASE软件对2个多态位点进行单倍型分析。在5′调控区检测到C-1591T、G-250A 2个SNPs;单倍型分析产生4种单倍型H1(CG)、H2(TG)、H3(CA)、H4(TA),单倍型组合H1H4对初生重有极显著影响(P0.01);单倍型组合H3H4与8、16周龄体重存在正相关(P0.05),单倍型组合H1H2对开产蛋重有极显著影响(P0.01);单倍型组合H3H4的开产体重极显著高于其他单倍型组合(P0.01);在300日龄体重上,单倍型组合H1H1和H1H3显著高于H4H4(P0.05)。京海黄鸡STAT5b基因5′调控区的多态性对其生长和繁殖性状有一定影响,但是否可以作为影响京海黄鸡生产性状的遗传标记需进一步研究。     

瑶山鸡MTNR1B基因的多态性及其与产蛋性状的关联分析

本研究拟为贵州优质品种资源瑶山鸡的高产选育提供科学依据。运用分子生物学手段,设计2对引物P1、P2采用单核苷酸多态性和测序相结合的方法,研究瑶山鸡MTNR1B基因的遗传多样性,并与产蛋性状进行关联分析。结果表明:P1检测出AA、AC、BC 3种基因型,AA基因型为优势基因型,等位基因A的频率最高为0.90,多态信息含量为0.17,P1位点的3种基因型与开产日龄和38周龄产蛋数差异均不显著;P2检测出AA、AB、AC、AD 4种基因型,AC为优势基因型,等位基因A的频率最高为0.51,多态信息含量为0.46,AD和AC基因型的开产日龄显著高于AA和AB基因型(P0.05),AA和AD基因型的产蛋数极显著高于AB基因型(P0.01),AC基因型的产蛋数显著高于AB基因型(P0.05)。     

Effect of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on egg shell quality and egg production

1. The effect of replacing dietary cholecalciferol (D3) by 1 alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) on egg shell quality and egg production was tested on 32-week-old White Leghorn laying hens over 9 weeks. 2. Hens fed on a diet supplemented with 5 micrograms 1,25-(OH)2D3/kg diet, tended to lay more eggs, and the eggs had significantly higher specific gravity and percentage shell than eggs from control hens fed on a diet supplemented with 27.5 micrograms D3/kg diet. 3. The effect became apparent after about 4 weeks of treatment and persisted until the end of the test. 4. Hens fed on a diet without D3 supplement started to lay very thin or soft shelled eggs within 4 weeks, suggesting that the birds' reserves of D3 or its metabolites were depleted within this period. 5. The results suggest that 1,25-(OH)2D3 can be substituted for D3 in layer diets to improve egg shell quality.     

VIPR-1基因5′调控区多态位点与鸡就巢性的关联分析

本研究旨在探索血管活性肠肽I型受体(Vasoacitve intestinal peptide type I receptor,VIPR-1)基因5′调控区(-496～-1bp)多态性及其单倍型效应对鸡就巢性的影响,寻找影响肉鸡就巢性的分子标记,为降低或者剔除肉鸡就巢行为的育种研究提供相应依据。采用测序技术对498只清远麻鸡VIPR-1基因5′调控区进行多态性检测及基因型分析,利用最小二乘均数对VIPR-1基因5′调控区的多态位点与就巢性状进行相关分析,利用PHASE软件对多态位点进行单倍型分析。结果,VIPR-1基因5′调控区存在12个多态性位点,G-359T、G-266T、A-134G、A-94G、C-72G对18～43周龄的就巢持续天数影响达到显著水平(P<0.05),A-94G位点对18～54周龄的就巢率的影响达到显著水平(P<0.05);构建的单倍型对18～54周龄的就巢持续天数的影响达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。最小二乘分析结果表明,CCTGGGAAGCAG/TTGGGGAAGCAC型个体的就巢持续天数比其它单倍型个体极显著的延长(P<0.01)。结果表明,VIPR-1基因5′调控区(-496～-1bp)可能存在影响鸡就巢行为的分子标记,CCTGGGAAGCAG/TTGGGGAAGCAC型个体对鸡就巢性具有较大的遗传效应,可作为分子标记应用于家鸡就巢行为的筛选。     

Egg shell quality responses of pullets given saline drinking water at different ages

1. Saline drinking water given to pullets before sexual maturity had no effect on their subsequent egg shell quality. 2. Hens receiving saline drinking water from or after laying their first egg produced significantly more egg shell defects than hens receiving town water. 3. The production of eggs with defective shells occurred more rapidly when saline drinking water was given to 40-week-old hens than to hens during the first few weeks of lay. 4. The high incidence of egg shell defects resulting from the use of saline drinking water was reduced to control levels when hens in early lay were given town water for 5 weeks. This response was not observed with 40-week-old hens.     

Responses in egg shell quality to sodium chloride supplementation of the diet and/or drinking water

1. Supplementing the drinking water of 50-week-old laying hens with sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations between 0.5 and 2 g/l for 7 weeks significantly increased the incidence of egg shell defects and significantly decreased egg shell quality. Dietary NaCl concentrations between 0 and 2 g/kg had little effect on this response. 2. At similar total NaCl intakes egg shell defects were much greater when the NaCl was obtained from the drinking water rather than from the diet. 3. Hens producing eggs with defective shells as a result of receiving saline drinking water failed to recover the ability to lay eggs with good shells after 8 weeks on normal water. 4. The increased incidence of shell damage was not related to decreased food intake or increased egg weight or production.     

欣华鸡DRD2基因多态性及其与蛋用性状的关联分析

试验旨在研究多巴胺受体D2(dopamine receptor D2,DRD2)基因多态性及其与欣华鸡蛋用性状的相关性,寻找可用于欣华鸡蛋用性状选育的分子遗传标记。应用Primer Premier 5.0软件设计4对引物,利用PCR-RFLP技术对欣华E系鸡群的473个个体进行基因型鉴定,使用SPSS 19.0软件将欣华鸡的蛋用性状与DRD2基因多态性进行关联分析。群体多态性分析结果表明,存在4个SNPs位点:A-16105G(SNP1)、G-12510T(SNP2)、G+3360A(SNP3)和T+5042C(SNP4),其中SNP1和SNP2位点符合哈代-温伯格平衡(P>0.05),且杂合度较低,但SNP3和SNP4位点显著偏离哈代-温伯格平衡(P<0.05)。关联分析表明,DRD2基因4个SNPs位点与欣华E系鸡群体蛋用性状存在关联,其中与产蛋性状关联结果:SNP1与开产日龄显著关联(P<0.05),SNP2与33周龄产蛋数、300日龄产蛋总数极显著关联(P<0.01),SNP3与开产体重(P<0.05)、300日龄产蛋总数(P<0.01)、平均连产(P<0.01)和最长连产(P<0.05)关联,SNP4与开产日龄极显著关联(P<0.01);与蛋品质关联结果:SNP1与蛋形指数(P<0.01)、蛋黄颜色(P<0.01)和哈氏单位(P<0.05)关联,SNP2与蛋黄重显著关联(P<0.05),SNP3与蛋壳强度极显著关联(P<0.01),SNP4与蛋黄重、蛋清重和哈氏单位显著关联(P<0.05)。单倍型分析发现,DRD2基因4个SNPs位点的不同单倍型组合与欣华鸡的最长连产长度呈极显著相关(P<0.01),与哈氏单位呈显著相关(P<0.05)。组织表达谱分析发现,DRD2基因主要在欣华E系鸡垂体中表达,在58周龄鸡胸肌中有较高表达,在36周龄鸡脑中有少量表达。结果表明,DRD2基因可作为候选基因辅助用于欣华E系鸡群体蛋用性状的遗传改良。     

Effect of daily feed intake in laying period on laying performance, egg quality and egg composition of genetically fat and lean lines of chickens

1. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of feed intake on laying performance, egg quality and egg composition in a Fat line and a Lean line during the laying period (34 to 54 weeks of age). 2. The experiment was a 2 × 2 factorial design with two dietary intake levels (nutrition recommendation and 75% of recommendation) and two broiler genotypes (Fat line and Lean line). Hens (384 of each line) were randomly divided at 23 weeks of age into 4 treatments, with each treatment represented by 12 replicates of 16 birds each. The experiment started when the rate of lay reached 5% and continued until 54 weeks of age. 3. The results indicated that there was a significant interaction between daily feed intake and genotype on egg production, egg weight, percentage yolk, yolk/albumen ratio and yolk cholesterol content. Fat line hens produced significantly more eggs and had a lower incidence of cracked eggs than the Lean line hens. The reduction in feed intake decreased egg weight and increased egg production, egg-shape index and cholesterol content of yolk significantly.     

Effects of Cage Location and Tier Level with Respect to Light Intensity in Semiconfined Housing on Egg Production and Quality During the Late Laying Period

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of cage location and tier level with respect to light intensity on egg production and egg quality of hens housed in a semiconfined facility. Hens (ISA Brown, n = 225) at 75 wk of age were placed into 3-tier cages as top (T), middle (M), and bottom (B) tiers located in cages illuminated artificially (EI), by window (FW), or between corridors (C) for 2 mo. Light intensity was measured monthly for each cage at 5 cm from feeders every 6 h. Egg production was recorded daily and egg quality was assessed biweekly. Light intensity was the greatest for cages in the FW group (151.9, 119.8, and 89.8 lx for tiers T, M, and B, respectively), followed by EI (52.6, 54.5, and 51.0 lx for tiers T, M, and B, respectively), and C (44.5, 23.4, and 4.7 lx for tiers T, M, and B, respectively). Hens at location EI had greater egg production than hens at FW and C. Egg production for hens at tier T was also greater than for hens at tiers M and B. Egg production for hens at EI and C decreased quadratically, whereas that for hens at FW decreased linearly from tiers T to B. Cage location, but not tier level, affected egg weight. Hens at EI and FW produced heavier eggs than hens at C. Shape index, yolk color, and yolk index were independent of cage location and tier level. Hens at EI and FW produced eggs with thinner and weaker shells than hens at C. Moreover, eggshell strength increased linearly from tier T to B. Both albumen index and Haugh unit were the greatest for hens at FW, followed by EI and C. Their responses to cage location varied with tier levels. In conclusion, variation in light intensity in multitier cage systems in semiconfined laying hen houses may be a contributing factor for depressed laying performance and egg quality.     

副干酪乳杆菌KL1制剂对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及鸡蛋中胆固醇含量的影响研究

旨在利用从藏灵菇中筛选的可显著降低血清胆固醇和耐受胃肠道逆环境的副干酪乳杆菌KL1菌株制备微生态制剂,探讨该制剂在低胆固醇鸡蛋生产中对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及鸡蛋中胆固醇含量的影响。本试验将120只30周龄健康状态良好且产蛋率接近的农大3号矮小蛋鸡随机分为低、中、高剂量试验组和对照组,每组5个重复,每个重复6只蛋鸡,试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加10⁵、10⁶、10⁷ CFU·（只·d）^-1副干酪乳杆菌KL1微生态制剂,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,连续饲喂10周。对蛋鸡的生产性能、蛋品质和鸡蛋中的胆固醇进行测定和计算。结果表明：1）中剂量组的蛋鸡饲养日产蛋率与对照组相比有显著提高（P<0.05）;2）与对照组相比,中、高剂量组的蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度和血清钙水平有显著提高（P<0.05）,蛋黄相对重有极显著提高（P<0.01）;3）低、中、高剂量组的蛋黄胆固醇含量及血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）含量均极显著低于对照组（P<0.01）;高剂量组的血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）含量分别极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）和显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。在饲粮中添加副干酪乳杆菌KL1微生态制剂可显著提高蛋鸡生产能力和蛋壳品质,降低鸡蛋中胆固醇含量,总体来看,以10⁶ CFU·（只·d）^-1作为最终添加剂量效果最佳,在低胆固醇鸡蛋的生产中具有良好的应用价值。     

Effect of beta, beta'-tetramethyl-substituted hexadecanedioic acid (MEDICA 16) on laying hen performance and egg yolk lipid composition.

1. beta, beta'-tetramethyl-substituted hexadecanedioic acid (MEDICA 16), an inhibitor of hepatic cholesterogenesis and lipogenesis in rats, was orally administered to 24-week-old White Leghorn hens for a period of 16 d. Hens were fed maize-soya-bean meal diets containing 0, 1.5, or 3.0 g MEDICA 16/kg. 2. Although MEDICA 16 did not affect egg weight, yolk weight, egg cholesterol content, or the efficiency of food utilisation, egg production was significantly reduced in birds fed 3.0 g MEDICA 16/kg compared to those fed the other two diets. 3. Total yolk monounsaturated fatty acids were significantly higher in eggs of hens fed both inclusion rates of MEDICA 16 compared to those of the control birds. In contrast, egg yolk total polyunsaturated fatty acid content and the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids were both inversely related to the dietary content of MEDICA 16. 4. These results suggest that MEDICA 16 primarily altered hepatic fatty acid metabolism, but not cholesterol synthesis, in laying hens.