猪感染尼帕病毒的流行特点及防控

尼帕病毒病是一种新发人兽共患传染病,1998年在马来西亚首次出现。引起该病的病原为尼帕病毒（Nipah virus,NiV）,其在猪群中具有高度传染性,人感染后死亡率达40%～75%。NiV主要通过猪只间的直接接触传播,也可通过设备、车辆、衣服、靴子以及犬、猫等机械携带传播;猪是NiV传播的放大器,主要通过呼吸道飞沫或被感染组织将病毒传播给人。果蝠是NiV的天然宿主,因此养猪场选址要远离果树种植区。目前还没有批准的人用或兽用尼帕病毒病疫苗或药物,但多种疫苗候选株在动物模型中显示出良好的保护效果,包括病毒活载体疫苗株、病毒糖蛋白亚单位疫苗株、颗粒样病毒疫苗株等;成功防控NiV感染的关键是做到早发现,在NiV传入高风险地区,对猪群持续进行血清学监测,并对猪场进行严格生物安全管理。本文结合已暴发的猪群尼帕病毒病疫情及人间疫情,探讨猪感染NiV的流行特点,并通过分析暴发原因提出防控措施,以期为猪群中防止该病发生及突发疫情时的应急处置提供参考。     

尼帕病毒的研究进展

尼帕病毒(Nipah virus,NiV)是近年来在东南亚地区多发的一种较新且具有极高传染性的病毒,该病毒不但感染生猪,严重危害养猪业的发展,还威胁人类健康,是一种目前已知的较为烈性的人畜共患传染病.该病毒1999年在马来西亚被发现正式命名后,至今已经出现了数次大流行,造成了较为严重的后果.该病毒在猪群体中传播速度较快...     

非洲猪瘟病毒PCR检测在养殖环节的应用

非洲猪瘟是一种对生猪养殖危害性极大的传染性疾病,其传染性极强,可通过多种途径传播,目前为止尚无特效治疗方法,并且疫苗防控的结果也并不理想,该病已对多个国家的生猪养殖业造成严重的经济损失,也是当前我国重点防控的生猪疫病之一.为缓解该病毒在我国的传播流行情况,通过实时荧光定量PCR检测技术,快速对猪场内的猪群进行病毒筛查检...     

简要概述狂犬病毒疫苗的研制进展

<正>狂犬病是由狂犬病病毒引起的人兽共患病,发病死亡率几乎100%,全世界每年有6万人死于狂犬病,我国是狂犬病流行较为严重的国家之一,目前尚无特效治疗药物,最有效的办法是用疫苗预防。1881年巴斯德首先发现了狂犬病病毒,并成功研制出了疫苗。狂犬疫苗按种类可分为灭活疫苗和减毒疫苗;按免疫对象可分为动物疫苗和人用疫苗,目前动物疫苗主要以减毒疫苗为主,人用疫苗主要是灭活疫苗;按病毒培养制备方式可分为组织     

牲畜口蹄疫的研究进展与防控对策

口蹄疫(Foot and Mouth Disease,FMD)是由口蹄疫病毒引起的以偶蹄动物为主的急性、热性、高度传染性疫病,世界动物卫生组织(OIE)将其列为必须报告的动物传染病,我国规定为一类动物疫病.其发病特征是传播途径多,传播速度快,传染性强,病原变异大,危害严重等,因此曾多次在世界上引起流行.FMD可侵害多种动物,以偶蹄兽最易感.口蹄疫病毒传播迅速和传播范围广,其传播具有蔓延式也有跳跃式,一般呈流行性,但也可形成跨地区的大流行.在自然状态下,数个感染性病毒颗粒即可引起动物发病.     

血凝素蛋白稳定性对流感病毒生物学特性影响的研究进展

流感病毒(Influenza A virus,IAV)可引起人、禽、猪、马、蝙蝠等多种动物感染和发病,是人流感、禽流感、猪流感、马流感等人与动物疫病的病原。当前主要通过疫苗接种的方式控制流感的流行,疫苗的开发研究仍然是防控工作的重点。IAV血凝素(Hemagglutinin,HA)蛋白是疫苗研制的主要靶标,HA蛋白是病毒粒子表面主要糖蛋白之一,介导IAV入侵,也是宿主免疫系统的识别对象。文章就IAV HA蛋白的稳定性影响病毒的复制能力、宿主范围、致病性和气溶胶传播能力等生物学特性的相关研究进行综述,探究流感病毒稳定性对疫苗优化的意义。     

尼帕病毒检测技术的研究进展

尼帕病毒(NiV)是新近发现的引发脑部炎症或呼吸道疾病等重症的新型人畜共患病病毒,主要侵害中枢神经系统和呼吸系统,引起急性发热、头痛和不同程度的意识障碍。该病自1998年在马来西亚首次发现以来,已造成严重的经济损失和人员伤亡。狐蝠科的果蝠是该病毒的天然宿主。文章就NiV病原学、流行病学、临床症状、发病机理、病理变化、检测技术等方面进行简单综述,并对检测技术进行重点介绍。     

人畜共患病的危害及预防

<正>人畜共患疾病是指人和动物之间相互传播的传染性疾病,主要是传染病和寄生虫病两大类。其是由病毒、细菌、衣原体、立克次体、支原休、螺旋体、真菌、原虫和蠕虫等病原体引起的各种疾病的总称。现在对人畜共患病的定义为人和脊椎动物由共同病原体引起的,又在流行病学上有关联的疾病。该病原体既可存在于动物体内,也可存在于人体内,既可由动物感染给人,也可由人传染给动物。因此,关注人畜共患疾病的流行现状及发展趋势,是事关国家     

口蹄疫疫苗研究新进展

口蹄疫是由口蹄疫病毒引起的一种急性、热性、高度接触传染性和可快速远距离传播的动物疾病。大多数流行口蹄疫的国家采取以计划免疫为主的措施预防和控制口蹄疫。文章综述了口蹄疫疫苗的研究概况,以期对口蹄疫的防控提供指导。     

口蹄疫疫苗研究新进展

口蹄疫是由口蹄疫病毒引起的一种急性、热性、高度接触传染性和可快速远距离传播的动物疾病。大多数流行口蹄疫的国家采取以计划免疫为主的措施预防和控制口蹄疫。文章综述了口蹄疫疫苗的研究概况,以期对口蹄疫的防控提供指导。     

尼帕病毒流行病学研究进展

尼帕病是由副黏病毒科中的尼帕病毒引起的新型烈性人畜共患传染病,其严重威胁人类与猪等动物的健康。作者就尼帕病毒的病原学特征、流行病学和临床症状等进行了概述,以期初步了解尼帕病毒。     

Animal models of henipavirus infection: A review

Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) form a separate genus Henipavirus within the family Paramyxoviridae, and are classified as biosafety level four pathogens due to their high case fatality rate following human infection and because of the lack of effective vaccines or therapy. Both viruses emerged from their natural reservoir during the last decade of the 20th century, causing severe disease in humans, horses and swine, and infecting a number of other mammalian species. The current review summarises current published data relating to experimental infection of small and large animals, including the natural reservoir species, the Pteropus bat, with HeV or NiV. Susceptibility to infection and virus distribution in the individual species is discussed, along with the pathogenesis, pathological changes, and potential routes of transmission.     

Reactivity of anti-Nipah virus monoclonal antibodies to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung tissues from experimental Nipah and Hendra virus infections

The immunohistochemical reactivity of seven clones of mouse monoclonal antibodies raised to Nipah virus antigens were investigated using formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded porcine and equine lung tissues from experimental Nipah and Hendra virus infection, respectively. Either microwave irradiation or enzymatic digestion effectively unmasked the viral antigens in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Four clones showed positive reaction to both Nipah virus-infected porcine lung tissue and Hendra virus-infected equine lung tissue. Two clones (11F6 and 13A5) reacted with Nipah virus-infected porcine lung tissue, but not with Hendra virus-infected equine lung tissue. These Nipah virus-specific monoclonal antibodies may therefore be useful for immunohistological diagnosis of Nipah virus infection and for further research on Nipah virus pathogenesis.     

尼帕病毒病的研究进展

尼帕病毒病是由副黏病毒科中的尼帕病毒引起的人兽共患病,它是严重危害人类与养猪业等的一种较新的重要病原。文章综述了该病主要病原学特征包括病毒的特性和功能蛋白,分析讨论了传染源、传播途径及人畜的易感性,以及人、猪、犬和猫感染后的病理变化简单描述了其致病机理、临床症状、诊断和防制措施。     

尼帕病毒的研究进展

尼帕病毒(Nipah virus)属副黏病毒科(paramyxoviridae),为非节段性单负链RNA病毒,因1999年首次从马来西亚尼帕镇脑炎患者的脑脊液中分离出而得名,其以高致死性为主要特征,主要侵害中枢神经系统和呼吸系统,引起急性发热、头痛和不同程度的意识障碍。其因感染的宿主广泛、疾病进展迅速、病死率极高而引起人们的高度关注。笔者对尼帕病毒的生物学特性和分子生物学特性、致病性、致病机理及实验室诊断方法进行了综述。     

Zoonoses as a risk when associating with livestock or animal products

The risk of zoonotic disease transmission when handling livestock or animal products is substantial. In industrialized countries, the classical zoonotic diseases such as tuberculosis or brucellosis are no longer in the foreground. Latent zoonoses such as salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis can cause serious disease in humans and have become a major public health problem during the past years. Since animals infected with these pathogens show only mild transient disease or no clinical signs at all, new concepts in the entire production line ("stable to table") are necessary in order to avoid human infection. Two emerging viruses with zoonotic potential--avian influenza virus and Nipah virus--have been found in Asia in 1997 and 1999. Both diseases had a major impact on disease control and public health in the countries of origin. In order to cope threats from infectious diseases, in particular those of public health relevance, a combined effort among all institutions involved will be necessary. The proposed "European Center for Infectious Diseases" and the "Swiss center for zoonotic diseases" could be a potential approach in order to achieve this goal.     

Nipah virus: epidemiology,pathology, immunobiology and advances in diagnosis,vaccine designing and control strategies – a comprehensive review

Nipah (Nee-pa) viral disease is a zoonotic infection caused by Nipah virus (NiV), a paramyxovirus belonging to the genus Henipavirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. It is a biosafety level-4 pathogen, which is transmitted by specific types of fruit bats, mainly Pteropus spp. which are natural reservoir host. The disease was reported for the first time from the Kampung Sungai Nipah village of Malaysia in 1998. Human-to-human transmission also occurs. Outbreaks have been reported also from other countries in South and Southeast Asia. Phylogenetic analysis affirmed the circulation of two major clades of NiV as based on currently available complete N and G gene sequences. NiV isolates from Malaysia and Cambodia clustered together in NiV-MY clade, whereas isolates from Bangladesh and India clusterered within NiV-BD clade. NiV isolates from Thailand harboured mixed population of sequences. In humans, the virus is responsible for causing rapidly progressing severe illness which might be characterized by severe respiratory illness and/or deadly encephalitis. In pigs below six months of age, respiratory illness along with nervous symptoms may develop. Different types of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays along with molecular methods based on polymerase chain reaction have been developed for diagnostic purposes. Due to the expensive nature of the antibody drugs, identification of broad-spectrum antivirals is essential along with focusing on small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). High pathogenicity of NiV in humans, and lack of vaccines or therapeutics to counter this disease have attracted attention of researchers worldwide for developing effective NiV vaccine and treatment regimens.     

Canine distemper,a re-emerging morbillivirus with complex neuropathogenic mechanisms

Paramyxoviruses are responsible for a wide variety of diseases both in humans and in animals. Common to many paramyxoviruses is the fact that they can cause neurological symptoms in their final host. Newly discovered paramyxoviruses, such as the Hendra and Nipah viruses, show the same pattern of pathogenesis as that of the paramyxoviruses already known. Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a well-studied member of the genus Morbillivirus. Study of the neuropathogenesis of CDV might give insight into disease mechanisms and suggest approaches for the prevention of other recently discovered paramyxovirus infections.     

Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against formalin-inactivated Nipah virus isolated from the lungs of a pig

Eight clones of monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) to Nipah virus (NV) were produced against formalin-inactivated NV antigens. They reacted positive by indirect immunofluorescent antibody test, and one of them also demonstrated virus neutralizing activity. They were classified into six different types based on their biological properties. These Mabs will be useful for immunodiagnosis of NV infections in animals and further research studies involving the genomes and proteins of NV.     

野生动物与外来人兽共患病

近年来,人兽共患病在全球范围内频繁发生,尤其野生动物源性人兽共患病呈上升趋势,我国在防控野生动物源性外来人兽共患病上面临巨大挑战。本文参考了近年来国内外野生动物与外来人兽共患的相关文献,主要介绍了野生动物在人兽共患病传播过程中的重要作用,阐述了尼帕病毒病、西尼罗热、埃博拉出血热等野生动物源性外来人兽共患病的流行现状,从生态环境的改变、跨境野生动物及捕食野生动物3个方面分析了影响野生动物源性外来人兽共患病传播的风险,针对野生动物源性外来人兽共患病监测防控工作提出了"哨卡前移"、"预防为主"、"依靠科技"、"联防联控"等4点建议。