Cytokines alter production of HIV-1 from primary mononuclear phagocytes

Some strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can infect primary monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro. In this report, the effect of cytokines on the production of one of these strains that shows a tropism for mononuclear phagocytes, designated HIV-1JR-FL, was studied. Primary peripheral blood mononuclear phagocytes infected with HIV-1JR-FL were treated with the hematopoietic factors: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN). The M-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-3, and gamma-IFN were able to alter HIV-1 production under different conditions.     

Regulation of alloreactivity in vivo by a soluble form of the interleukin-1 receptor

In vitro studies have shown that cytokines are involved in the regulation of the immune response, but their role in vivo is less well defined. Specific cytokine antagonists enable the identification of particular cytokines involved in the response and offer a means for modifying it. Systemic administration of a soluble, extracellular portion of the receptor for interleukin-1 (sIL-1R) had profound inhibitory effects on the development of in vivo alloreactivity. Survival of heterotopic heart allografts was prolonged from 12 days in controls to 17 days in mice treated with sIL-1R. Lymph node hyperplasia in response to a localized injection of allogeneic cells was completely blocked by sIL-1R treatment. The inhibition was overcome by simultaneous administration of interleukin-1 (IL-1); thus, sIL-1R acts by neutralizing IL-1. These results implicate IL-1 as a regulator of allograft rejection and demonstrate the in vivo biological efficacy of a soluble cytokine receptor.     

Novel pharmacology of substance K-binding sites: a third type of tachykinin receptor

The tachykinins are a family of peptides with the carboxyl terminal amino acid sequence Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2. Three major mammalian tachykinins have been identified--substance K, neuromedin K, and substance P--but only two tachykinin receptors have been postulated. Three tachykinins were labeled with radioiodinated Bolton-Hunter reagent and their binding characteristics were determined in crude membrane suspensions from several tissues. In cerebral cortex labeled eledoisin exhibited high-affinity binding that was inhibited by tachykinins in a manner indicating a definitive SP-E receptor site. In gastrointestinal smooth muscle and bladder, high-affinity binding of labeled substance P was inhibited in a pattern indicating a definitive SP-P site. In intestinal smooth muscle and bladder, however, labeled substance K and labeled eledoisin were both bound in a pattern indicating a preference for substance K itself. The results suggest the existence of three distinct types of tachykinin receptors: SP-P, SP-E, and SP-K.     

Molecular characterization of a functional cDNA encoding the rat substance P receptor

Substance P is a member of the tachykinin peptide family and participates in the regulation of diverse biological processes. The polymerase chain reaction and conventional library screening were used to isolate a complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding the rat substance P receptor from brain and submandibular gland. By homology analysis, this receptor belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. The receptor cDNA was expressed in a mammalian cell line and the ligand binding properties of the encoded receptor were pharmacologically defined by Scatchard analysis and tachykinin peptide displacement as those of a substance P receptor. The distribution of the messenger RNA for this receptor is highest in urinary bladder, submandibular gland, striatum, and spinal cord, which is consistent with the known distribution of substance P receptor binding sites. Thus, this receptor appears to mediate the primary actions of substance P in various brain regions and peripheral tissues.     

Use of genetic profiling in leprosy to discriminate clinical forms of the disease

Leprosy presents as a clinical and immunological spectrum of disease. With the use of gene expression profiling, we observed that a distinction in gene expression correlates with and accurately classifies the clinical form of the disease. Genes belonging to the leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LIR) family were significantly up-regulated in lesions of lepromatous patients suffering from the disseminated form of the infection. In functional studies, LIR-7 suppressed innate host defense mechanisms by shifting monocyte production from interleukin-12 toward interleukin-10 and by blocking antimicrobial activity triggered by Toll-like receptors. Gene expression profiles may be useful in defining clinical forms of disease and providing insights into the regulation of immune responses to pathogens.     

大鼠脊髓P物质对细胞免疫调节作用的研究

目的：观察大鼠脊髓Ｐ物质对细胞免疫水平的影响，方法：两组新生大鼠分别皮下注射辣椒素（ＣＡＰ）和Ｐ物质抗血清，成年大鼠则于脊髓蛛网膜下腔注射，用丝裂原激活的大鼠脾细胞方法测定了淋巴细胞的白细胞介素－２（ＩＬ－２）水平。结果：大鼠皮下及脊髓蛛网膜下腔各分别注射ＣＡＰ，Ｐ物质抗血清后，ＩＬ－２的水平较对照组显著升高（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结论：新生大鼠（皮下）与成年大鼠（蛛网膜下腔）注射ＣＡＰ或Ｐ物质抗血清垃     

Structure and function of neuropeptide F in insects

Insect neuropeptides are a group of brain neuro-regulatory factors, which plays very important roles in growth and development, molting and metamorphosis, as well as mating and reproduction. The neuropeptide F(NPF), a multi-functional neuropeptide, is one of neuropeptides identified in numerous insect species, which plays important roles in feeding, metabolism, courtship, reproduction, aggression, ethanol sensitivity, locomotor circadian rhythms, learning and stress responses. These roles of NPF are implemented through NPF receptors(NPFR). The NPFR1, a G protein-coupled receptor with 7 transmembrane domains, is one of these receptors and is found to be important for NPF regulation. The NPF usually is consisted of around 36–40 amino acid residues, but the short neuropeptide F(sNPF) consisted of 7–16 amino acid residues have also been found in some insects. In this review, the structure and function of both NPF and sNPF in insects are discussed.     

Cytotoxicity of human pI 7 interleukin-1 for pancreatic islets of Langerhans

Activated mononuclear cells appear to be important effector cells in autoimmune beta cell destruction leading to insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus. Conditioned medium from activated mononuclear cells (from human blood) is cytotoxic to isolated rat and human islets of Langerhans. This cytotoxic activity was eliminated from crude cytokine preparations by adsorption with immobilized, purified antibody to interleukin-1 (IL-1). The islet-inhibitory activity and the IL-1 activity (determined by its comitogenic effect on thymocytes) were recovered by acid wash. Purified natural IL-1 and recombinant IL-1 derived from the predominant pI 7 form of human IL-1, consistently inhibited the insulin response. The pI 6 and pI 5 forms of natural IL-1 were ineffective. Natural and recombinant IL-1 exhibited similar dose responses in their islet-inhibitory effect and their thymocyte-stimulatory activity. Concentrations of IL-1 that inhibited islet activity were in the picomolar range. Hence, monocyte-derived pI 7 IL-1 may contribute to islet cell damage and therefore to the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.     

高密度和高盐度对缢蛏渗透调节和抗氧化水平的影响

以缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)为实验对象,研究密度(60和120粒/m²)和盐度(20和30)对缢蛏渗透调节和抗氧化水平的影响,实验持续72 h,检测了缢蛏血淋巴Na⁺浓度和K⁺浓度,肝胰腺组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量,以及鳃组织中Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase活性、钠氢逆向转运蛋白(Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter)和膜泡质子泵(V-ATPase)基因表达水平。结果显示：密度和盐度对缢蛏血淋巴Na⁺浓度、K⁺浓度无显著交互影响作用,高盐组Na⁺浓度、K⁺浓度显著高于对照组;在实验12 h和24 h时,密度和盐度对Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase活性的影响具有显著交互作用,并且高盐度组和高密度组Na⁺/K⁺-ATPa...     

Immunoregulatory feedback between interleukin-1 and glucocorticoid hormones

The production and action of immunoregulatory cytokines, including interleukin-1 (IL-1), are inhibited by glucocorticoid hormones in vivo and in vitro. Conversely, glucocorticoid blood levels were increased by factors released by human leukocytes exposed to Newcastle disease virus preparations. This activity was neutralized by an antibody to IL-1. Therefore the capacity of IL-1 to stimulate the pituitary-adrenal axis was tested. Administration of subpyrogenic doses of homogeneous human monocyte-derived IL-1 or the pI 7 form of human recombinant IL-1 to mice and rats increased blood levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and glucocorticoids. Another monokine, tumor necrosis factor, and the lymphokines IL-2 and gamma-interferon had no such effects when administered in doses equivalent to or higher than those of IL-1. The stimulatory effect of IL-1 on the pituitary-adrenal axis seemed not to be mediated by the secondary release of products from mature T lymphocytes since IL-1 was endocrinologically active when injected into athymic nude mice. These results strongly support the existence of an immunoregulatory feedback circuit in which IL-1 acts as an afferent and glucocorticoid as an efferent hormonal signal.     

营养调控对三价砷胁迫下苗期水稻叶绿素SPAD值的影响

采用二次正交旋转组合设计,探讨水培液中N、P、K营养元素对三价砷[As（Ⅲ）]胁迫下“明恢63”苗期水稻叶绿素SPAD值的影响.结果表明,K调控对水稻叶绿素SPAD值的恢复率有极显著影响,N、P调控无显著性影响。N、P、K各因子之间的互作不显著,3种营养元素对水稻叶绿素SPAD值恢复率的影响为K〉N〉P,N、P、K最优组合为28.41、6.00和50.00mg·L^-1.根据最优组合方案进行营养调控,在As（Ⅲ）胁迫下,获得“明恢63”苗期水稻叶绿素SPAD值的最优恢复率为（78.46±3.12）％.     

N、P、K营养调控下橡胶实生苗的主要生物学性状表现

对3个品种(GT1、RRIM600、PR107)的橡胶实生苗进行N、P、K营养调控(N、P、K养分胁迫→恢复正常施肥→再胁迫)处理,并分析橡胶实生苗的主要生物学性状指标。结果表明:(1)橡胶实生苗在N、P、K养分调控下出现的缺素症状与橡胶成龄树相似;(2)橡胶实生苗的株高、茎粗,叶蓬距、叶面积等随着N、P、K营养调控而出现生长受阻→恢复生长→再次受阻等规律性变化;(3)橡胶实生苗的叶蓬距、叶面积对N、P、K营养调控的响应较为敏感,可作为主要观测指标;(4)开展橡胶树实生苗N、P、K营养调控研究,应在胁迫处理后新生第3蓬叶时,观测其生物学性状较为适宜。     

神经肽与针刺调整作用的可能关系

当前,对神经肽(neuropeptides)的研究进展十分迅速。应用免疫学方法,神经肽在神经系统中的分布已经能够准确定位,不论中枢或外周神经中均含有肽能神经成份,它已经成为机体正常生理活动的一个新的调节或控制系统。不少学者在论证神经肽的递质作用时,还认为神经肽可以作为神经调制物质(neuromodulator),它能修饰神经元对其它递质的反应。因此,神经肽对机体功能活动的影响是广泛而深刻的。不少针刺穴位所产生的效应与某些神经肽的生理功能十分相似,本文综述有关资料,说明神经肽中的内源性鸦片样物质(OLS),特别是脑啡肽和内啡肽参与针刺镇痛过程。同时,根据现有的有关实验报道和资料,有迹象表明神经肽与针刺对机体的调整作用可能存在着一定的联系。本文就现有资料对其相关性进行了初步分析,提出密切注意神经肽研究的进展,并将神经肽研究和对针刺疗法作用原理的探讨结合起来,以期有助于针刺机理或针刺的部分作用机制的阐明,促进针刺疗法的进一步发展的观点。     

Oxytocin, vasopressin, and the neurogenetics of sociality

There is growing evidence that the neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin modulate complex social behavior and social cognition. These ancient neuropeptides display a marked conservation in gene structure and expression, yet diversity in the genetic regulation of their receptors seems to underlie natural variation in social behavior, both between and within species. Human studies are beginning to explore the roles of these neuropeptides in social cognition and behavior and suggest that variation in the genes encoding their receptors may contribute to variation in human social behavior by altering brain function. Understanding the neurobiology and neurogenetics of social cognition and behavior has important implications, both clinically and for society.     

Endothelial adhesiveness for blood neutrophils is inhibited by transforming growth factor-beta

Adhesion of blood cells to endothelial cells is an essential component of all inflammatory responses. The capacity of the endothelium to support adhesion of neutrophils is increased by cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1, and endotoxin. Another cytokine, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), was a strong inhibitor of basalneutrophil adhesion and also decreased the adhesive response of endothelial cells to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). The ability of cells to respond to TGF-beta was related to the duration of culture of endothelial cells after explantation from umbilical veins. TGF-beta is likely to serve an anti-inflammatory role at sites of blood vessel injury undergoing active endothelial regeneration.     

cDNA expression cloning of the IL-1 receptor, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily

Interleukin-1 alpha and -1 beta (IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta) are cytokines that participate in the regulation of immune responses, inflammatory reactions, and hematopoiesis. A direct expression strategy was used to clone the receptor for IL-1 from mouse T cells. The product of the cloned complementary DNA binds both IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta in a manner indistinguishable from that of the native T cell IL-1 receptor. The extracellular, IL-1 binding portion of the receptor is 319 amino acids in length and is composed of three immunoglobulin-like domains. The cytoplasmic portion of the receptor is 217 amino acids long.     

大田条件下山核桃林地土壤和叶片养分变化规律

对石灰岩母岩土壤山核桃Carya cathayensis林地开展定位研究。通过对土壤养分及山核桃叶片氮、磷、钾质量分数变化的动态分析测定．研究山核桃林地土壤养分水平现状及季节性变化,探讨山核桃叶片养分的变化规律及与土壤养分水平及施肥的关系。结果表明：与10a前相比较,山核桃林地土壤氮、磷、钾养分积累明显,但是土壤酸化严重,土壤pH4．5。对山核桃叶片养分动态分析显示,随着山核桃的生长、开花、结果和果实膨大直至成熟,山核桃叶片氮、磷、钾质量分数水平呈现下降的趋势,叶片氮、磷、钾质量分数分别变幅在10．6～15．4,0．9～2．2和5．2—11．8g·kg^-1。叶片养分水平与果实之间养分供应源库关系明显。综合分析表明,目前山核桃林地氮、磷、钾肥料施用过多,应根据山核桃对养分的需求特点．控制大量元素肥料的施用量,加强微量元素肥料的施用,从而实现稳产高产并提高品质。表3参18     

Defining protective responses to pathogens: cytokine profiles in leprosy lesions

The immunological mechanisms required to engender resistance have been defined in few infectious diseases of man, and the role of specific cytokines is unclear. Leprosy presents clinically as a spectrum in which resistance correlates with cell-mediated immunity to the pathogen. To assess in situ cytokine patterns, messenger RNA extracted from leprosy skin biopsy specimens was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction with 14 cytokine-specific primers. In lesions of the resistant form of the disease, messenger RNAs coding for interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma were most evident. In contrast, messenger RNAs for interleukin-4, interleukin-5, and interleukin-10 predominated in the multibacillary form. Thus, resistance and susceptibility were correlated with distinct patterns of cytokine production.     

FSH处理对猪颗粒细胞中类固醇合成酶基因的表达及其调控区组蛋白H3修饰的影响

【目的】研究FSH处理对猪卵巢颗粒细胞类固醇合成酶、垂体激素受体、凋亡相关等基因表达的影响及此过程中组蛋白H3修饰的变化情况。【方法】首先,采集猪卵巢组织并用注射器抽取方法收集卵泡颗粒细胞,用含血清体系体外培养颗粒细胞至贴壁,血清饥饿16h后用终浓度5IU·mL~(-1)的FSH处理24h,并收集细胞。其次,提取细胞m RNA,采用qRT-PCR方法检测类固醇合成酶(STAR、CYP11A1、HSD3B和CYP19A1)、垂体激素受体(FSHR和LHR)、凋亡相关基因(XIAP和Fas L)m RNA的表达变化,最后,相同处理后固定细胞,采用染色质免疫沉淀结合q PCR(Ch IP-q PCR)方法检测类固醇合成酶基因STAR、CYP19A1和HSD3B上游转录调控区组蛋白H3修饰(H3K4me2、H3K4me3、H3K9ac和H3K14ac)状况。【结果】5IU·mL~(-1)的FSH处理引起类固醇合成酶基因STAR、CYP19A1和HSD3B分别为2倍(P0.01)、2.8倍(P0.01)和3.6倍(P0.05)的显著上调,而CYP11A1表达水平没有显著变化;FSH处理对垂体激素受体FSHR、LHR和凋亡相关基因XIAP、Fas L影响不显著。在上调的三个类固醇合成酶基因中,HSD3B调控区组蛋白H3修饰变化最为显著,H3K4me2、H3K4me3、H3K9ac和H3K14ac结合分别有14.7倍(P0.01)、13.6倍(P0.01)、19.7(P0.01)倍和2.5倍(P0.05)的显著上调;STAR基因调控区的H3K9ac在处理后有11.1倍的显著下降(P0.05);CYP19A基因调控区的H3K4me3和H3K9ac分别有0.5倍的上调(P0.01)和10.4倍(P0.01)的下降,其余组蛋白修饰在处理前后没有显著变化。【结论】FSH处理24h对颗粒细胞类固醇合成酶基因转录有显著上调作用,对其转录过程有H3组蛋白修饰参与,组蛋白修饰模式具有基因特异性。垂体激素受体和凋亡相关基因的应答可能需要FSH和其他因素的联合作用。