CLIMEX-GIS预测大豆北方茎溃疡病菌在中国的潜在分布

大豆北方茎溃疡病菌是大豆的重要病原菌,广泛分布于世界主要大豆产区,造成严重的产量和品质损失。本文应用生物模型CLIMEX结合GIS软件预测大豆北方茎溃疡病菌在中国的适生区,并根据EI值划分相应的适生等级。结果表明,大豆北方茎溃疡病菌在我国绝大部分地区适合生长,其中东北地区、华北地区和云贵高原地区处于中适生区或高适生区。该菌在我国还未报道,通过分析其在我国潜在分布区对于防止病菌的传入、传播和蔓延有重要的检疫意义。     

大豆茎溃疡病菌的生物学特性及其传入我国的风险

大豆南北方茎溃疡病菌是为害大豆的重要病原菌,是我国的检疫性有害生物.本文通过对这两种病菌生物学特性的了解,根据我国的作物种植特点及气候条件,对其传入我国的风险进行了评估,结果认为这两种病菌传入中国并在中国定殖、定殖后扩散等的可能性极大,风险为高.     

油菜茎基溃疡病菌在中国定殖的可能性评估

为明确油菜茎基溃疡病菌Leptosphaeria maculans在我国定殖的可能性,并制订针对性的检疫措施,本研究基于该病菌在英国、法国、德国、波兰、加拿大、澳大利亚的分布数据,选取与病害发生有关的温度、降水量等15个变量,利用Max Ent和GARP两种生态位模型预测其在其它地区的潜在分布,并利用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)来评价模型模拟精度。结果显示,2种模型均能够较好地预测L.maculans的分布区域,与已记载的分布区域高度吻合,且全球范围内存在着许多高度适合L.maculans定殖的地区;2种模型也能预测L.maculans在我国的潜在分布区域,并且预测结果一致;GARP结果显示L.maculans在我国的中高度适生区包括内蒙古、吉林、陕西、宁夏、甘肃、新疆、西藏等地。鉴于L.maculans在我国的潜在分布研究结果,建议完善疫情监测体系,采取措施控制病菌的"进入风险",降低病菌"进入"后定殖的可能性。     

大豆南方茎溃疡病菌的分离与鉴定

在对美国进境大豆进行检疫时，从混杂的豆秆上发现并分离到了大豆南方茎溃疡病菌，通过形态学和分子生物学鉴定，确定该菌为Diaporthe phaseolorum（Cke．＆ Ell.）Sacc．var．meridionalis Morgan-jones。该病原菌是国外近年来在大豆生产中新发生的危险性病原真菌，国内未见报道。     

宁波口岸连续检出大豆北方茎溃疡病菌

2005年7月,宁波检验检疫局技术中心植检实验室从北仑局送检的美国进境大豆下脚料中检测到大豆北方茎溃疡病菌（Diaporthe phaseolorum var.cauliuora）,并经浙江大学张敬泽教授复核确认.这是我国首次从进境植物中检出该病菌.不久,该实验室又从阿根廷进境的大豆中检出该病菌.这证实该病菌可以通过种子进行远距离传播.     

大豆北方茎溃疡病菌分离鉴定技术的改进

本文对产生大豆北方茎溃疡病菌子囊壳的豆秆分别进行冷冻和水浸处理,发现2种处理均能促进成熟的子囊壳产孢,并且同一子囊壳经冷冻和水浸处理能够多次喷出子囊,释放子囊孢子,利用此特性有利于在不损失鉴定材料的前提下,多次获得分离物以完成病菌的分离鉴定,特别利于伴生其他真菌和子囊壳数量很少情况下,分离纯化大豆北方茎溃疡病菌。     

大豆南方茎溃疡病菌PCR检测方法的建立

大豆南方茎溃疡病是一种世界上危害严重的大豆病害,其病原菌（Diaporthe aspalathi）被列入我国进境植物检疫性有害生物名录。本文基于ITS序列差异设计引物和探针,建立了D. aspalathi常规PCR和荧光PCR检测方法。测试结果表明,常规PCR引物DM-F/DM-R3扩增33个供试菌株,6个D. aspalathi菌株出现394 bp的预期扩增条带,其余供试菌株均无目的条带,检测灵敏度为5 pg菌丝体DNA。探针DM-Pro仅对6个D. aspalathi菌株表现为阳性,其余供试菌株均为阴性,检测灵敏度为500 fg菌丝体DNA。同时,采用这两种方法对进境大豆种子及植株残体等样品进行了验证。以上结果表明,这两种检测方法具有快速、准确、灵敏等优点,可应用于口岸对大豆南方茎溃疡病菌的检疫鉴定及疫情监测。     

大豆茎溃疡病的研究进展及其检疫意义

本文介绍了大豆茎溃疡病的发生与分布,危害,病原菌特征,侵染循环与传播途径等,重点介绍了该病的检测方法;初步分析了该病害传入我国及在我国定殖与传播的可能性,认为该病害对我国的大豆生产具有重要的检疫意义.     

油菜茎基溃疡病菌LAMP-LFD检测方法的建立

本文基于环介导等温扩增技术与横向流动试纸条相结合的方法,建立了一种应用于油菜茎基溃疡病菌(Leptosphaeria maculans)的LAMP-LFD快速检测方法。以油菜茎基溃疡病菌的ITS基因序列为靶序列,设计出一套用于LAMP-LFD检测的引物和探针,优化了反应体系与反应条件(63℃,35 min)。结果表明:只有油菜茎基溃疡病菌出现阳性条带,其他参照菌株和阴性对照均未出现阳性条带,说明LAMP-LFD检测特异性强;灵敏度检测表明,对油菜茎基溃疡病菌的检测极限可低至114 fg/μL,灵敏度比传统PCR高10倍;该方法可从进境船载油菜籽样品中成功检测出油菜茎基溃疡病菌,检测结果与传统的鉴定方法一致。LAMP-LFD检测方法能够快速检测油菜茎基溃疡病菌,具有简便、灵敏、特异性高,不依赖特殊检测设备等优点,极具推广前景。     

苹果壳色单隔孢溃疡病菌的适生区预测

苹果壳色单隔孢溃疡病菌(Botryosphaeria stevensii)是一种寄主十分广泛的进境植物检疫性真菌,在我国尚无分布。近年来,我国口岸多次截获该病菌。为更好地实现对该病菌的针对性检疫防控,本研究采用DIVA-GIS软件对该病菌在我国的潜在适生区进行了预测,并对其适生区内寄主情况进行了深入分析。研究结果表明,苹果壳色单隔孢溃疡病菌在我国的适生区域较为广泛,主要分布在我国华东、华北和华中地区;该病菌在其适生区域内存在大量寄主,尤其是水果类作物,林木寄主也有较多分布。因此,该病菌一旦传入我国,极可能造成十分严重的经济损失,值得高度警惕。本文最后提出了针对苹果壳色单隔孢溃疡病菌的风险防控建议。     

Morphologic, Molecular, and Pathogenic Characterization of Diaporthe phaseolorum Variability in the Core Soybean-Producing Area of Argentina

ABSTRACT Isolates of the Diaporthe/Phomopsis (D/P) complex were collected in the main soybean producing area of Argentina during the 1996-97, 1997-98, and 1998-99 growing seasons. Twenty-three morphologic characters related to type of colonies, stroma, pycnidia and conidia, presence of perithecia, and asci length were studied by principal component analysis (PCA). Genomic DNA were analyzed by the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. From both studies, 18 isolates were identified as D/P complex and grouped in four major taxa: (i) Diaporthe phaseolorum var. meridionalis, (ii) D. phaseolorum var. caulivora, (iii) D. phaseolorum var. sojae, and (iv) Phomopsis longicolla. In addition to distinguishing interspecific and intraspecific variability, molecular markers allowed the detection of differences among isolates within the same variety. Pathogenicity was assayed in the greenhouse, by the toothpick method, inoculating the D/P isolates to soybean genotypes carrying different resistance genes (Rdc1, Rdc2, Rdc3, and Rdc4) against soybean stem canker (SSC). Pathogenic analysis distinguished two main groups: (i) the SSC-producing isolates, including D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis and D. phaseolorum var. caulivora, and (ii) the non-SSC-producing isolates, including D. phaseolorum var. sojae and P. longicolla. Cultivar RA-702 (susceptible control) was compatible with both D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis and D. phaseolorum var. caulivora isolates; meanwhile, Tracy-M (Rdc1 and Rdc 2 genes) was incompatible with D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis but compatible with D. phaseolorum var. caulivora isolates. The fact that Rdc1 and Rdc2 together (as in Tracy-M) confer an almost immune reaction to all assayed isolates of D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis but were ineffective against the D. phaseolorum var. caulivora isolates evaluated suggests that the virulence or avirulence genes in D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis and D. phaseolorum var. caulivora are different. Moreover, physiological races of D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis were detected by using differential soybean genotypes carrying distinct single Rdc genes. As far as we know, this is the first report on the existence of physiological races of D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis in South America. Selective pressure due to deployment of resistant host cultivars may have changed the frequency of the virulence or avirulence genes within the population of D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis. On the whole, our results show that pathogenic variability of D. phaseolorum in the core soybean-producing area of Argentina is higher than previously recognized.     

Molecular Identification and Phylogenetic Grouping of Diaporthe phaseolorum and Phomopsis longicolla Isolates from Soybean

ABSTRACT Diaporthe phaseolorum and Phomopsis longicolla isolates from soybean were examined using traditional mycological characteristics and molecular methods. Cultural characteristics including types of fruiting bodies and conidia were assessed for isolates collected from soybean stems and seeds. Cultures were identified as P. longicolla, D. phaseolorum var. caulivora, D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis, or D. phaseolorum var. sojae. Molecular markers for these groups were developed and analyzed using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR-RFLP) and DNA sequencing in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the 5.8S ribosomal DNA. The ITS(4) and ITS(5) primers amplified PCR products for all isolates studied. Gel electrophoresis of undigested PCR products and DNA sequencing produced various fragment lengths including 604 bp for P. longicolla, 602 and 603 bp for D. phaseolorum var. caulivora, 603 bp for D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis, and from 597 to 609 bp for D. phaseolorum var. sojae. Digestion of these PCR products with enzymes AluI, HhaI, MseI, RsaI, and ScrFI resulted in distinct bands for identification of P. longicolla and the varieties of D. phaseolorum I. All P. longicolla, D. phaseolorum var. caulivora, and D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis isolates were distinguished using AluI and HhaI with RsaI or ScrFI. The banding patterns of D. phaseolorum var. sojae isolates were complex and were separated into 11 subgroups after digestion with AluI, HhaI, MseI, RsaI, and ScrFI. Phylogenetic analysis of 20 isolates of D. phaseolorum and P. longicolla based on the DNA sequence of the ITS region resolved six clades termed A, B, C, D, E, and F. Clade A included all sequenced D. phaseolorum var. caulivora isolates, two from Italy and one from the United States. Isolates in clade B were exclusively associated with D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis. Clades A and B formed a well-supported monophyletic group. Isolates in clades C, D, E, and F were morphologically defined as isolates of P. longicolla, D. phaseolorum var. sojae, and Diaporthe spp. The ITS sequences similarity of seven geographically diverse P. longi-colla isolates illustrated that P. longicolla isolates have a similar genetic background, with some affiliations to some D. phaseolorum var. sojae isolates. Morphological characteristics of the isolates along with the terminal clades of the ITS phylogeny suggest that P. longicolla is an individual species, D. phaseolorum var. caulivora and D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis are varieties of D. phaseolorum, and D. phaseolorum var. sojae is either several varieties of D. phaseolorum or possibly several distinct species.     

Molecular Detection of Diaporthe phaseolorum and Phomopsis longicolla from Soybean Seeds

ABSTRACT Species-specific detection of Diaporthe phaseolorum and Phomopsis longicolla from soybean seeds was accomplished using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and TaqMan chemistry. To use these detection systems, fungal DNA was released from soybean seed coats using an ultrasonic processor to break the cells. DNA fragment lengths ranged from 200 to 1,200 base pairs (bp), with the majority of fragments <500 bp. Based on DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of ribosomal DNA, three TaqMan primer/probe sets were designed. Primer/probe set PL-5 amplified a 96-bp fragment within the ITS1 region of P. longicolla, D. phaseolorum var. caulivora, D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis, and D. phaseolorum var. sojae. Set PL-3 amplified a 86-bp DNA fragment within the ITS2 region of P. longicolla. Set DPC-3 amplified a 151-bp DNA fragment within the ITS2 region of D. phaseolorum var. caulivora. TaqMan primer/probe sets were able to detect as little as 0.15 fg (four copies) of plasmid DNA. When using PCR-RFLP for Diaporthe and Phomopsis detection, the sensitivity was as low as 100 pg of pure DNA. Among 13 soybean seed lots from Italy and the United States, the total Diaporthe and Phomopsis detected using a traditional seed-plating technique ranged from 0 to 32%. P. longicolla was most prevalent, followed by D. phaseolorum var. sojae. D. phaseolorum var. caulivora, which only occurred in 0.5% of the Italian seed lots, was not detected in the U.S. seed lots. D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis was not detected in either the U.S. or Italian seed lots. Using TaqMan primer/probe set PL-3, the frequency of P. longicolla was 18% in seed lot I3, similar to the frequency obtained from PCR-RFLP and potato dextrose agar plating detection. The frequencies of D. phaseolorum and P. longicolla in each seed lot obtained by the different detection methods were comparable with respect to total infection and individual species detection. However, TaqMan detection provided the fastest results of all the methods tested.     

美国进境大豆北方茎溃疡病菌的分离与鉴定

在对美国进境大豆检疫过程中,对大豆籽粒和夹带茎秆进行病原真菌的分离培养,使用形态学和分子生物学相结合的方法对可疑菌株进行鉴定,确定该菌为Diaporthe phaseolorum(Cke.&; Ell.)Sacc.var.caulivora Athow &; Caldwell。该病原菌是进境植物检疫潜在危险性病原真菌,在国内属首次截获。     

大豆茎溃疡病菌子囊壳诱导及孢子萌发方法探索

大豆茎溃疡病是为害大豆的重要病害,世界上十大大豆生产国中已有7个国家发现大豆茎溃疡病菌的分布,对当地农业造成严重威胁[1]。该病是我国进境植物检疫性有害生物[2],目前没有发生为害的报道。大豆茎溃疡病菌以菌丝和子囊壳在大豆植株及其残体上越冬,子囊壳在干燥35 d     

大豆茎溃疡病菌TaqMan MGB探针实时荧光PCR检测

 The technique of TaqMan MGB real-time fluorescent PCR was established to detect Diaporthe phaseolorum var.caulivora (DPC) and D. phaseolorum var.meridionalis (DPM). The primers and TaqMan MGB probes were designed based on the ITS of DPC, DPM, D. phaseolorum var. sojae and Phomopsis longicolla. A series of genomic DNA dilution were used to detect sensitivity of the technique, the results showed that the limits of detection for DPM and DPC were 7 fg/μL and 6 fg/μL DNA respectively.     

基于高通量测序及分离培养初步研究美国大豆中真菌多样性

中国是全球最大的大豆进口国,进境大豆所携带的病原真菌传入我国的风险极高.基于高通量测序技术对6批美国大豆真菌多样性进行分析,同时采用分离培养获得单一菌株,依据菌落形态、显微结构及分子技术进行鉴定.高通量测序结果显示,大豆中所有真菌共计5门15纲35目63科112属155种,主要为链格孢属(Alternaria)、球腔菌...